A indústria sucroenérgetica gera grande quantidade de resíduos, sendo a torta de filtro e as cinzas os principais resíduos sólidos. Uma das tecnologias desenvolvidas para o manejo destes resíduos é a compostagem. A aplicação do composto tem mostrado efeitos positivos na cultura da cana-de-açúcar no que diz respeito à fertilização fosfatada. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: I. Observar o comportamento das comunidades bacterianas durante a compostagem e o efeito da inoculação de estirpes bacterianas mobilizadoras de fósforo sobre a disponibilidade de fósforo no composto final; II. Avaliar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes fontes de P e de bactérias mobilizadoras de fósforo no desenvolvimento de plantas de cana-de-açúcar e o efeito sobre as comunidades bacterianas do solo. Nesse sentido, pilhas de compostagem foram instaladas na Usina São José da Estiva em Novo Horizonte, SP. Os tratamentos consistiram de pilhas com e sem rocha fosfática; e pilhas com e sem a inoculação das estirpes Pseudomonas aeruginosa PSBR12 e Bacillus sp. BACBR1. Amostragens foram realizadas quinzenalmente durante 60 dias. Adicionalmente determinou-se a atividade enzimática, e parâmetros químicos do composto. A comunidade bacteriana foi acessada por meio da técnica independente de cultivo T-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) e sequenciado por meio da plataforma de nova geração MiSeqTM System (Illumina). Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do composto e da inoculação de bactérias mobilizadoras de P no desenvolvimento da cana-de-açúcar foi instalado um experimento em casa de vegetação com plantas de cana de açúcar, utilizando-se composto, rocha fosfática e super fosfato triplo como fontes de P, além da inoculação dos seguintes: Inoculante 1: Pseudomonas sp. PSBR10, Azotobacter sp. AZTBR19, Rhizobium sp. RIZBR01; e o Inoculante 2: Bacillus simplex BACBR04, Bacillus sp. BACBR06, Rhizobium sp. RIZBR01. O experimento foi conduzido durante 75 dias. Ao fim do experimento foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: biomassa seca, acúmulo de P, N, e K na parte aérea, e fosfatases no solo. A estrutura das comunidades bacterianas no solo foram avaliadas por meio do sequenciamento na plataforma Illumina. A aplicação de bactérias mobilizadoras de P durante a compostagem diminuiu o P ligado ao Ca. A mudança nas comunidades bacterianas durante a compostagem foi temporal, no início dominaram membros da ordem Lactobacillales, após 15 dias as ordens Bacillales e Clostridiales passaram a dominar o processo. As comunidades bacterianas são influenciadas principalmente pelos parâmetros pH, temperatura e umidade. Quanto ao experimento em casa de vegetação, o uso dos inoculantes (principalmente o inoculante 2) aumentou o acúmulo de P, N e K na parte aérea nos tratamentos que receberam composto e super fosfato triplo como fonte de P. A aplicação dos inoculantes e a adição do composto modificou a estrutura das comunidades bacterianas do solo; essa alteração quando os inoculantes são aplicados pode estar relacionada com o incremento no acúmulo de nutrientes. O uso de bactérias mobilizadoras de P é uma tecnologia potencial para o uso na agricultura, tanto na compostagem de resíduos da indústria sucroenergética com rocha fosfática, como no aumento da eficiência da fertilização fosfatada na cana-de-açúcar. / Sugarcane industry generates large amounts of waste, filter cake and ashes being the main solid wastes. One of the technologies developed for the management of this waste is composting. The application of compost has shown positive effects on the sugarcane culture with regard to phosphorus fertilization. The objectives of this study are: I. To study the diversity of bacterial communities during composting and the effect of inoculation of phosphorus mobilizing bacterial strains on the phosphorus availability in the final compost; II. To evaluate and compare the effects of the application of different sources of phosphorus and P mobilizing bacteria on the development of sugarcane and the effect on soil bacterial communities. Therefore, compost piles were installed at Usina São José da Estiva in Novo Horizonte, Brazil. Treatments consisted of piles with and without rock phosphate and with and without inoculation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PSBR12 and Bacillus sp. BACBR1 strains. Samples were taken every two weeks for 60 days. In addition, the enzymatic and chemical composition of the compost was determined. The bacterial community was assessed through T-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and was sequenced through the new generation platform MiSeqTM System (Illumina). The abundance of bacteria was evaluated by qPCR. In order to evaluate the effect of compost and of inoculating P mobilizing bacteria on sugarcane development, a greenhouse experiment was installed with sugarcane using compost, rock phosphate and triple superphosphate as P sources, besides inoculations, as follows: Inoculant 1: Pseudomonas sp. (PSBR10) Azotobacter sp. (AZTBR19), Rhizobium sp. (RIZBR01); and Inoculant 2: Bacillus simplex (BACBR04), Bacillus sp. (BACBR06), Rhizobium sp. (RIZBR01). The experiment was conducted during 75 days. At the end of the experiment the following parameters were analyzed: dry plant biomass, accumulation of P, N, and K in the shoot, and phosphatases in soil. Bacterial soil communities were sequenced through the new generation Illumina. The application of P mobilizing bacteria during composting decreased the Ca-linked P. Changes of the bacterial communities during composting were temporal. In the beginning, members of the order Lactobacillales were dominant and after 15 days a succession of bacterial communities occurred, when Bacillales and Clostridiales began to dominate. Bacterial communities are mostly influenced by the parameters pH, temperature and humidity. Moreover, in the greenhouse experiment, the use of inoculants (mainly inoculant 2) increased the accumulation of P, N and K in shoots in the treatments that received compost and triple superphosphate as P source. Inoculant application and compost addition modified soil bacterial community structures. Changes in the soil microbiome when inoculant was applied may be related to the increase in nutrients accumulation. The use of P mobilizing bacteria is a potential technology for use in agriculture, when composting waste from the sugarcane industry with rock phosphate or when increasing P fertilization efficiency in sugarcane in the field.

A abundância e diversidade dos microrganismos do solo podem ser influenciadas por grande número de fatores, associados, principalmente, ao tipo de solo, sua cobertura e uso. A microbiota do solo apresenta grande importância pelos processos desempenhados pelos seus organismos, essenciais para todos os ecossistemas terrestres. Apesar da grande complexidade associada a esses estudos, os fatores que influenciam as comunidades microbianas podem ser melhor elucidados pela pesquisa com grupos específicos. Nesse sentido, o filo bacteriano Verrucomicrobia, grupo ubíquo em solos, apresenta elevada abundância em diferentes ambientes, o que sugere sua grande importância ecológica. Mas, pela dificuldade de isolamento de seus organismos, ainda pouco se sabe a respeito da ecologia do filo. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de analisar os efeitos do uso do solo e da rizosfera de cana-de-açúcar nas comunidades de Bacteria e do filo Verrucomicrobia. Com essa finalidade, amostras de solo foram coletadas em áreas sob diferentes usos em uma usina sucroalcooleira na cidade de Piracicaba (SP). As amostras foram utilizadas em dois estudos distintos. No primeiro, foram analisadas as comunidades microbianas presentes nas amostras de solo obtidas na coleta das áreas de estudo e, no segundo, retiradas de um experimento controlado conduzido em estufa para analisar o efeito do uso do solo e, principalmente, da rizosfera nas mesmas. As comunidades foram avaliadas quanto a sua abundância, pela técnica de qPCR, e estrutura, pela técnica de T-RFLP. No primeiro estudo, a diversidade do filo também foi acessada pelo desenvolvimento de bibliotecas do seu gene 16S rRNA. Os resultados dos estudos indicam que a comunidade bacteriana e, principalmente, do filo foram afetadas pelo uso do solo e pelo manejo adotado em cada área, o que evidencia a importância de sistemas conservacionistas. A análise das bibliotecas demonstrou que o filo Verrucomicrobia apresentou maior diversidade na mata nativa do que nos canaviais. Adicionalmente, a incidência e a abundância das subdivisões do grupo foram alteradas de acordo com o uso do solo. As comunidades também foram influenciadas pela rizosfera em sua estrutura e abundância, resultados de grande interesse para o estudo do filo, pois poucos trabalhos analisaram o efeito rizosférico em seus organismos. Além disso, a sua elevada abundância encontrada no estudo, que tem sido comumente subestimada, ressalta a importância de trabalhos com foco específico em grupos de interesse / The abundance and diversity of soil microbial communities can be influenced by many factors, mainly associated with soil type, its coverage and use. The soil microbiota has great importance due to the processes performed by its organisms, essential for all terrestrial ecosystems. Despite the great complexity associated with these studies, the factors that affect the microbial communities can be better explained through the research of specific groups. In this sense, the bacterial phylum Verrucomicrobia, a ubiquitous soil group, presents high abundance in different environments, which suggests its great ecological importance. But due to the difficulty of isolating its organisms, little is known about the ecology of the phylum. The present work was developed with the objective of analyzing the effect of land use changes and sugarcane rhizosphere on the structure and abundance of Bacteria and Verrucomicrobia communities. For this purpose, soil samples were collected in areas under different land uses in a sugarcane mill in Piracicaba (SP). The samples were used in two separate studies. In the first, the microbial communities present in soil samples obtained in the sampling areas were analyzed and, in the second, taken from a controlled experiment conducted in a greenhouse to analyze the effect of land use and, especially, the rhizosphere on the communities. The communities were evaluated for their abundance, by the qPCR technique, and structure, by T-RFLP. In the first study, the phylum diversity was also accessed with the development of 16S rRNA gene libraries. The results from the studies indicate that bacterial and, especially, the phylum community were affected by land use and the management adopted in each area, which evidences the importance of conservationist systems. The analysis of the clone library demonstrated that the phylum Verrucomicrobia presented greater diversity in native vegetation than in the sugarcane fields. Additionally, the incidence and abundance of the group subdivisions have been changed in accordance with land use. The structure and abundance of the communities were also influenced by the rhizosphere, results of great interest to the reserach of the phylum, since few studies have analyzed the rhizosphere effect on its organisms. Furthermore, the high abundance of the phylum found in the study, which has been commonly underestimated, emphasizes the importance of research with specific focus on groups of interest

Dans les environnements côtiers, soumis à l’impact des marées noires, les microorganismes jouent un rôle crucial dans le devenir des hydrocarbures pétroliers. Toutefois, de nombreux facteurs influencent les activités microbiennes, notamment par les organismes bioturbateurs qui modifient la pénétration de l’oxygène dans les sédiments. Le travail de la thèse vise à mieux comprendre l’impact d’une pollution pétrolière sur les communautés microbiennes dans des sédiments bio turbés. Il s’agissait de comparer les remaniements structuraux de la communauté microbienne liée à la contamination pétrolière dans des sédiments présentant une faible et une forte activité de bioturbation. Des sédiments marins ont été maintenus en microcosmes durant 9 mois et soumis à quatre conditions : (i) pas de traitement (contrôle), (ii) pétrole, (iii) bioturbation et (iv) pétrole et bioturbation. Les efficacités de dégradation des hydrocarbures pétroliers se sont révélées similaires dans les deux types de sédiments. Par des approches moléculaires, la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle des communautés microbiennes totales et métaboliquement actives a été évaluée au cours du temps. Les communautés microbiennes ont subi d’importants remaniements structuraux spécifiques à chaque traitement. Nous suggérons que le fonctionnement global de la communauté est modifié par l’activité bioturbatrice sans pour autant modifier l’activité de dégradation. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence une redondance fonctionnelle de l’activité de biodégradation des hydrocarbures pétroliers des communautés microbiennes. L’isolement de communautés hydrocarbonoclastes a permis de confirmer cette redondance fonctionnelle. / Coastal areas such as mudflats are affected by oil spills. In these environments, microorganisms play a crucial role in the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons. However, many factors influence microbial activities, especially the bioturbating organisms, which altered the oxygen penetration in sediments. The present work attempts to better understand the impact of petroleum contamination on microbial community associated with petroleum contamination in sediments with low and high bioturbation activity. This study is based on microcosm experiments with a device simulating tidal cycles. Marine sediments were maintained for 9 months in microcosms and subjected to four conditions: (i) no treatment (control), (ii) oil, (iii) bioturbation and (iv) oil and bioturbation. Chemical, microbiological and biological analyses were conducted throughout the experiment. The efficiencies of degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons were similar in both sediments. By molecular approaches, we assessed the dynamic of the functional and taxonomic diversity of the total and metabolically active communities during the oil contamination. Microbial communities showed significant structural rearrangements specific for each treatment that resulted in distinct microbial communities in both sediments. Hence, the overall microbial community structure was changed by bioturbating activity without changing the degradation capacity revealing a functional redundancy of the biodegradation capacity of hydrocarbons. This result was further supported by the isolation and characterization of hydro carbonoclastic communities.

A abundância e diversidade dos microrganismos do solo podem ser influenciadas por grande número de fatores, associados, principalmente, ao tipo de solo, sua cobertura e uso. A microbiota do solo apresenta grande importância pelos processos desempenhados pelos seus organismos, essenciais para todos os ecossistemas terrestres. Apesar da grande complexidade associada a esses estudos, os fatores que influenciam as comunidades microbianas podem ser melhor elucidados pela pesquisa com grupos específicos. Nesse sentido, o filo bacteriano Verrucomicrobia, grupo ubíquo em solos, apresenta elevada abundância em diferentes ambientes, o que sugere sua grande importância ecológica. Mas, pela dificuldade de isolamento de seus organismos, ainda pouco se sabe a respeito da ecologia do filo. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de analisar os efeitos do uso do solo e da rizosfera de cana-de-açúcar nas comunidades de Bacteria e do filo Verrucomicrobia. Com essa finalidade, amostras de solo foram coletadas em áreas sob diferentes usos em uma usina sucroalcooleira na cidade de Piracicaba (SP). As amostras foram utilizadas em dois estudos distintos. No primeiro, foram analisadas as comunidades microbianas presentes nas amostras de solo obtidas na coleta das áreas de estudo e, no segundo, retiradas de um experimento controlado conduzido em estufa para analisar o efeito do uso do solo e, principalmente, da rizosfera nas mesmas. As comunidades foram avaliadas quanto a sua abundância, pela técnica de qPCR, e estrutura, pela técnica de T-RFLP. No primeiro estudo, a diversidade do filo também foi acessada pelo desenvolvimento de bibliotecas do seu gene 16S rRNA. Os resultados dos estudos indicam que a comunidade bacteriana e, principalmente, do filo foram afetadas pelo uso do solo e pelo manejo adotado em cada área, o que evidencia a importância de sistemas conservacionistas. A análise das bibliotecas demonstrou que o filo Verrucomicrobia apresentou maior diversidade na mata nativa do que nos canaviais. Adicionalmente, a incidência e a abundância das subdivisões do grupo foram alteradas de acordo com o uso do solo. As comunidades também foram influenciadas pela rizosfera em sua estrutura e abundância, resultados de grande interesse para o estudo do filo, pois poucos trabalhos analisaram o efeito rizosférico em seus organismos. Além disso, a sua elevada abundância encontrada no estudo, que tem sido comumente subestimada, ressalta a importância de trabalhos com foco específico em grupos de interesse / The abundance and diversity of soil microbial communities can be influenced by many factors, mainly associated with soil type, its coverage and use. The soil microbiota has great importance due to the processes performed by its organisms, essential for all terrestrial ecosystems. Despite the great complexity associated with these studies, the factors that affect the microbial communities can be better explained through the research of specific groups. In this sense, the bacterial phylum Verrucomicrobia, a ubiquitous soil group, presents high abundance in different environments, which suggests its great ecological importance. But due to the difficulty of isolating its organisms, little is known about the ecology of the phylum. The present work was developed with the objective of analyzing the effect of land use changes and sugarcane rhizosphere on the structure and abundance of Bacteria and Verrucomicrobia communities. For this purpose, soil samples were collected in areas under different land uses in a sugarcane mill in Piracicaba (SP). The samples were used in two separate studies. In the first, the microbial communities present in soil samples obtained in the sampling areas were analyzed and, in the second, taken from a controlled experiment conducted in a greenhouse to analyze the effect of land use and, especially, the rhizosphere on the communities. The communities were evaluated for their abundance, by the qPCR technique, and structure, by T-RFLP. In the first study, the phylum diversity was also accessed with the development of 16S rRNA gene libraries. The results from the studies indicate that bacterial and, especially, the phylum community were affected by land use and the management adopted in each area, which evidences the importance of conservationist systems. The analysis of the clone library demonstrated that the phylum Verrucomicrobia presented greater diversity in native vegetation than in the sugarcane fields. Additionally, the incidence and abundance of the group subdivisions have been changed in accordance with land use. The structure and abundance of the communities were also influenced by the rhizosphere, results of great interest to the reserach of the phylum, since few studies have analyzed the rhizosphere effect on its organisms. Furthermore, the high abundance of the phylum found in the study, which has been commonly underestimated, emphasizes the importance of research with specific focus on groups of interest

A indústria sucroenérgetica gera grande quantidade de resíduos, sendo a torta de filtro e as cinzas os principais resíduos sólidos. Uma das tecnologias desenvolvidas para o manejo destes resíduos é a compostagem. A aplicação do composto tem mostrado efeitos positivos na cultura da cana-de-açúcar no que diz respeito à fertilização fosfatada. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: I. Observar o comportamento das comunidades bacterianas durante a compostagem e o efeito da inoculação de estirpes bacterianas mobilizadoras de fósforo sobre a disponibilidade de fósforo no composto final; II. Avaliar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes fontes de P e de bactérias mobilizadoras de fósforo no desenvolvimento de plantas de cana-de-açúcar e o efeito sobre as comunidades bacterianas do solo. Nesse sentido, pilhas de compostagem foram instaladas na Usina São José da Estiva em Novo Horizonte, SP. Os tratamentos consistiram de pilhas com e sem rocha fosfática; e pilhas com e sem a inoculação das estirpes Pseudomonas aeruginosa PSBR12 e Bacillus sp. BACBR1. Amostragens foram realizadas quinzenalmente durante 60 dias. Adicionalmente determinou-se a atividade enzimática, e parâmetros químicos do composto. A comunidade bacteriana foi acessada por meio da técnica independente de cultivo T-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) e sequenciado por meio da plataforma de nova geração MiSeqTM System (Illumina). Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do composto e da inoculação de bactérias mobilizadoras de P no desenvolvimento da cana-de-açúcar foi instalado um experimento em casa de vegetação com plantas de cana de açúcar, utilizando-se composto, rocha fosfática e super fosfato triplo como fontes de P, além da inoculação dos seguintes: Inoculante 1: Pseudomonas sp. PSBR10, Azotobacter sp. AZTBR19, Rhizobium sp. RIZBR01; e o Inoculante 2: Bacillus simplex BACBR04, Bacillus sp. BACBR06, Rhizobium sp. RIZBR01. O experimento foi conduzido durante 75 dias. Ao fim do experimento foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: biomassa seca, acúmulo de P, N, e K na parte aérea, e fosfatases no solo. A estrutura das comunidades bacterianas no solo foram avaliadas por meio do sequenciamento na plataforma Illumina. A aplicação de bactérias mobilizadoras de P durante a compostagem diminuiu o P ligado ao Ca. A mudança nas comunidades bacterianas durante a compostagem foi temporal, no início dominaram membros da ordem Lactobacillales, após 15 dias as ordens Bacillales e Clostridiales passaram a dominar o processo. As comunidades bacterianas são influenciadas principalmente pelos parâmetros pH, temperatura e umidade. Quanto ao experimento em casa de vegetação, o uso dos inoculantes (principalmente o inoculante 2) aumentou o acúmulo de P, N e K na parte aérea nos tratamentos que receberam composto e super fosfato triplo como fonte de P. A aplicação dos inoculantes e a adição do composto modificou a estrutura das comunidades bacterianas do solo; essa alteração quando os inoculantes são aplicados pode estar relacionada com o incremento no acúmulo de nutrientes. O uso de bactérias mobilizadoras de P é uma tecnologia potencial para o uso na agricultura, tanto na compostagem de resíduos da indústria sucroenergética com rocha fosfática, como no aumento da eficiência da fertilização fosfatada na cana-de-açúcar. / Sugarcane industry generates large amounts of waste, filter cake and ashes being the main solid wastes. One of the technologies developed for the management of this waste is composting. The application of compost has shown positive effects on the sugarcane culture with regard to phosphorus fertilization. The objectives of this study are: I. To study the diversity of bacterial communities during composting and the effect of inoculation of phosphorus mobilizing bacterial strains on the phosphorus availability in the final compost; II. To evaluate and compare the effects of the application of different sources of phosphorus and P mobilizing bacteria on the development of sugarcane and the effect on soil bacterial communities. Therefore, compost piles were installed at Usina São José da Estiva in Novo Horizonte, Brazil. Treatments consisted of piles with and without rock phosphate and with and without inoculation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PSBR12 and Bacillus sp. BACBR1 strains. Samples were taken every two weeks for 60 days. In addition, the enzymatic and chemical composition of the compost was determined. The bacterial community was assessed through T-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and was sequenced through the new generation platform MiSeqTM System (Illumina). The abundance of bacteria was evaluated by qPCR. In order to evaluate the effect of compost and of inoculating P mobilizing bacteria on sugarcane development, a greenhouse experiment was installed with sugarcane using compost, rock phosphate and triple superphosphate as P sources, besides inoculations, as follows: Inoculant 1: Pseudomonas sp. (PSBR10) Azotobacter sp. (AZTBR19), Rhizobium sp. (RIZBR01); and Inoculant 2: Bacillus simplex (BACBR04), Bacillus sp. (BACBR06), Rhizobium sp. (RIZBR01). The experiment was conducted during 75 days. At the end of the experiment the following parameters were analyzed: dry plant biomass, accumulation of P, N, and K in the shoot, and phosphatases in soil. Bacterial soil communities were sequenced through the new generation Illumina. The application of P mobilizing bacteria during composting decreased the Ca-linked P. Changes of the bacterial communities during composting were temporal. In the beginning, members of the order Lactobacillales were dominant and after 15 days a succession of bacterial communities occurred, when Bacillales and Clostridiales began to dominate. Bacterial communities are mostly influenced by the parameters pH, temperature and humidity. Moreover, in the greenhouse experiment, the use of inoculants (mainly inoculant 2) increased the accumulation of P, N and K in shoots in the treatments that received compost and triple superphosphate as P source. Inoculant application and compost addition modified soil bacterial community structures. Changes in the soil microbiome when inoculant was applied may be related to the increase in nutrients accumulation. The use of P mobilizing bacteria is a potential technology for use in agriculture, when composting waste from the sugarcane industry with rock phosphate or when increasing P fertilization efficiency in sugarcane in the field.

Aufgrund der ökologischen und ökonomischen Problematik der chemischen Phosphatfällung ist eine Optimierung der Effizienz und Stabilität der biologischen Verfahren zur Phosphat-elimination erforderlich. Hierfür ist jedoch ein fundiertes Wissen über die daran beteiligten Organismen eine entscheidende Vorraussetzung. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die mikrobielle Populationstruktur von zwei Belebtschlamm-anlagen im Labormaßstab mit Hilfe von drei unterschiedlichen 16S rDNA basierenden molekular-biologischen Methoden zu charakterisieren. Ein besonderer Schwer-punkt ist hierbei die Analyse der Bakterien, die mit der erhöhten biologischen Phosphat-elimination in Verbindung gebracht werden. Dies sind Vertreter der Rhodocyclus-Gruppe, der Gattung Tetrasphaera und der Gattung Acinetobacter. Als Untersuchungsobjekte wurden zwei Hauptstromverfahren zur erhöhten biologischen Phosphatelimination gewählt, die sich im Schlamm-alter, der Schlammbelastung und der sich daraus resultierenden Nitrifikationsleistung unterscheiden. Aufgrund der gewählten Verfahrensweisen wurde der Einfluss der Nitrifikation auf die Zusammensetzung der Belebtschlammbiozönose ebenfalls untersucht. Um praxisnahe Verhältnisse zu erreichen, wurden die Anlagen mit kommunalem Abwasser beschickt. Für einen Vergleich sollten Proben aus kommunalen Kläranlagen mit deutlich anderen Verfahrensweisen in die Untersuchungen mit einbezogen werden.

Mikrobielle Prozesse spielen eine wichtige Rolle im Sediment von Talsperren und Seen. Demgegenüber stehen nur unzureichende Erkenntnisse über die Zusammensetzung mikrobieller Biozönosen in Sedimenten sowie deren Aktivität zur Verfügung. Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Untersuchung und der Vergleich der Zusammensetzung und der Struktur mikrobieller Gemeinschaften in Sedimenten um eine Abschätzung der mikrobiellen Diversität in Talsperrensedimenten unterschiedlicher Trophie zu erreichen. Durch die Kombination der in dieser Arbeit verwendeten Methoden (Vergleichende 16S rDNA Analyse, Fingerprinttechniken, klassische Methoden) konnte eine Charakterisierung der mikrobiellen Zusammensetzung der obersten 5 cm von den Talsperrensedimenten Neunzehnhain, Muldenberg, Quitzdorf und Saidenbach erzielt werden. Die vergleichende 16S rDNA Analyse offenbarte in 2541 analysierten rekombinanten Klonen 528 verschiedene Sequenztypen, welche zu 293 OTUs zusammengefaßt werden konnten. Obwohl die Gemeinschaften der verschiedenen Talsperren nur schwach auf der Ebene der phylogenetischen Gruppen differierten, konnte durch die Verwendung von Ähnlichkeitsindices gezeigt werden, dass jede Talsperre eine spezifische mikrobielle Sedimentgemeinschaft aufweist. Über 60% aller Klone zeigten Ähnlichkeiten von mehr als 97% zu 16S rDNA-Sequenzen kultivierter Organismen oder phylogenetisch eingeordneten Sequenzen (14 bekannte phylogenetische Gruppen). Alle anderen Klone zeigten hohe Sequenzhomologien zu unidentifizierten, phylogenetisch bisher nicht eingeordneten Bakterien. Diese Bakterien waren mit Anteilen zwischen 19,8% (Muldenberg) und 54,6% (Saidenbach) in den 16S rDNA Bibliotheken repräsentiert. Mittels Fingerprinttechniken (DGGE, T-RFLP, ARISA) konnten komplexe Muster der mikrobiellen Diversität erzeugt werden. Dabei konnten die Ergebnisse der 16S rDNA Analyse bestätigt werden. Durch die verwendeten Methoden konnte eine komplexe mikrobielle Diversität in den Sedimenten aufgedeckt werden und die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die mikrobielle Diversität in Sedimenten wesentlich höher ist als bisher angenommen.

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L’étude des communautés microbiennes de la baie de raisin dans des conditions de production à l’échelle de la parcelle montre une dynamique temporelle des populations cultivables, qui se traduit par une augmentation des niveaux de population à partir des stades de début véraison et début maturité. Concernant la communauté bactérienne cultivable, 44 espèces appartenant à 21 genres ont été identifiées. Parmi les huit genres identifiés pour la population fongique, les espèces appartenant au genre Aureobasidium sont les plus abondantes, contrairement aux espèces fermentaires qui restent minoritaires. L’incidence des facteurs biotiques et abiotiques sur différents paramètres de population microbienne tels que la structure, la densité et l’activité métabolique a été analysée. Nous avons observé que les zones climatiques plus fraîches et humides, favorisent le développement des microorganismes. Ces travaux mettent en évidence l’impact écotoxique du cuivre sur la communauté microbienne, en particulier dans sa fraction bactérienne. Le développement de Botrytis cinerea sur la grappe modifie la communauté microbienne des baies de raisin sain : le nombre d’espèces bactériennes augmente ainsi que leur diversité. La communauté bactérienne de la baie de raisin est proche de celle des feuilles d’un point de vue de sa structure, et mais éloignée de celles des écorces et du sol, avec des indices de diversité et de richesse plus faibles. / The study of microbial communities associated with wine grapes under field conditions revealed changes in the size and structure during the berry ripening process, with levels rising gradually and reaching their highest value when the berries were over ripe. During this work several bacteria and fungi species, including fermentative yeast, have been isolated and identified. From cultured bacteria, over 44 species were identified from 21 genera. Concerning fungi population, among eight genera identified, the genus Aureobasidium was the most abundant. Our study reveals the impact of different abiotic and biotic factors over microbial community structure, density and metabolic activity. Comparing different vineyards in the same region, we observed that areas presenting more humid and colder climate favor the growth of microorganisms. Our results also show that the farming system has a clear impact on the microbial community, especially in the bacterial fraction. One of the reasons is the inhibiting effect of copper-based fungicides, frequently used in both organic and conventional farming systems. The presence of Botrytis cinerea in grape berries without visual symptoms of infection can change the microbial community of the grapes, increasing bacterial population density and diversity.

Aufgrund der ökologischen und ökonomischen Problematik der chemischen Phosphatfällung ist eine Optimierung der Effizienz und Stabilität der biologischen Verfahren zur Phosphat-elimination erforderlich. Hierfür ist jedoch ein fundiertes Wissen über die daran beteiligten Organismen eine entscheidende Vorraussetzung. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die mikrobielle Populationstruktur von zwei Belebtschlamm-anlagen im Labormaßstab mit Hilfe von drei unterschiedlichen 16S rDNA basierenden molekular-biologischen Methoden zu charakterisieren. Ein besonderer Schwer-punkt ist hierbei die Analyse der Bakterien, die mit der erhöhten biologischen Phosphat-elimination in Verbindung gebracht werden. Dies sind Vertreter der Rhodocyclus-Gruppe, der Gattung Tetrasphaera und der Gattung Acinetobacter. Als Untersuchungsobjekte wurden zwei Hauptstromverfahren zur erhöhten biologischen Phosphatelimination gewählt, die sich im Schlamm-alter, der Schlammbelastung und der sich daraus resultierenden Nitrifikationsleistung unterscheiden. Aufgrund der gewählten Verfahrensweisen wurde der Einfluss der Nitrifikation auf die Zusammensetzung der Belebtschlammbiozönose ebenfalls untersucht. Um praxisnahe Verhältnisse zu erreichen, wurden die Anlagen mit kommunalem Abwasser beschickt. Für einen Vergleich sollten Proben aus kommunalen Kläranlagen mit deutlich anderen Verfahrensweisen in die Untersuchungen mit einbezogen werden.