This thesis deals with identification of wine yeasts isolated during fermentation process of wine cider and grapes of Sauvignon grape variety, grown in the integrated vineyard. The identification and taxonomic classification is faster and easier due to the progress of molecular methods. In this thesis PCR-RFLP method was used for identification of yeasts. Sequences of DNA specific for each species were analysed. These sequences were amplified by means of PCR method and by using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. In following step, they were put through the restrictiction analysis with five restriction endonucleases. Fragments of DNA were separated by horizontal electrophoresis. The electrophoreograms were evaluated by BioNumerics software and final dendrogram representing genetics similarity of isolated yeasts was created by using UPGMA claster analysis. The basic information about yeasts and their identification by molecular methods are described in the theoretical part of this thesis.

The theoretical part discusses the yeasts and their taxonomic classification using traditional methods and using modern methods. Detail the work is concerned with descriptions of modern molecular-biology methods. The practical part was analyzed DNA by PCR-fingerprinting (rep-PCR) type of yeasts, which we received from the CCY and subsequent analysis of yeast samples obtained from grape musts. One of the grape must was obtained in 2009 (white grape variety) and the second in 2010 (red grape variety). Both grape musts come as integrated vineyards and organic. Grape musts samples were obtained from the winery Holánek from Ivaň. The cross-comparison of images PCR-fingerprint type yeasts and yeasts PCR-fingerprint samples using BioNumerics was to evaluate the results and conclude that the diversity of yeast flora in grape must.

This thesis deals with identification of yeasts isolated during spontaneous fermentation of grape juice. For analysis the Pinot Noir grape variety grown in the integrated vineyard was chosen. In the theoretical part of this thesis basic information about yeasts are described. Genera of yeasts that occurs during fermentation process and methods based on PCR are also described. In this thesis PCR-RFLP method was used for identification of yeasts. The amplification of the 5,8S-ITS rDNA sequence was performed by the polymerase chain reaction with use of the primers ITS1 and ITS4. The restriction analysis was performed by applying five restriction endonucleases: HaeIII, HinfI, Taq?, AluI, MseI. The amplicons were split into fragments which length and number are typical for the particular species. These fragments were identified by agarose gel electrophoresis and electrophoreograms were evaluated by BioNumerics software. Dendrograms representing genetic similarity of isolated wine yeasts were created by using UPGMA cluster analysis.

The thesis deals with monitoring of the yeast's impact to the chemical and sensorial characteristics of produced wine. The aim of experimental part was obtaining of the aroma-active substances in the fermenting must and wine Hibernal and wine Pinot Blanc. SPME-GC-MS methods were used for identify wines and must aroma. The same autochthonous yeasts were used for wine production. This yeast was isolated from surface of grapes in our laboratory. It was found that both wines have a similar aromatic profile. The next aim was the monitoring of chemical parameters of samples and their changes. For this measurement were used spectrophotometric methods and HPLC methods. The last goal of the thesis was the isolation and identification of yeasts from wine Pinot Blanc by PCR-RFLP. These yeasts were then compared with yeasts isolated from Hibernal must. Identification of yeasts were done by amplification 5,8S-ITS DNA stretches using primers ITS1 and ITS4. Restriction endonuclease HaeIII, HinfI, HhaI and TaqI. were used for restriction analysis then.

The main goal of my diploma thesis was to identify and characterize yeasts from must Hibernal and also collection yeasts by using methods called RFLP-PCR (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism - Polymerase Chain Reaction). Theory was the first part of my diploma thesis which dealt with wine, yeasts and molecular methods. Theory section was followed by experimental section divided into two parts. The main goal of the first part was to characterize and identify yeasts from must Hibernal by using PCR and RFLP-PCR methods. In the samples there were found yeasts Saccharomyces and Pichia. The second experimental part of my diploma thesis had a goal to extend the database of new yeasts using the same methods mentioned in the first part of experimental section.

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No description available.

Recent work in microbial ecology has focused on elucidating controls over biogeographic patterns and connecting microbial community composition to ecosystem function. My objective was to investigate the relative influences of landscape legacies and contemporary environmental factors on the distribution of soil microbial communities and their contribution to ecosystem processes across a glacial till sequence in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Within each till unit, I sampled from dry areas and areas with visible evidence of recent surface water movement generated by seasonal melting of ephemeral snow packs and hillslope ground ice. Using T-RFLP 16S rRNA gene profiles of microbial communities, I analyzed the contribution of till and environmental factors to community similarity, and assessed the functional potential of the microbial community using extracellular enzyme activity assays. Microbial communities were influenced by geochemical differences among both tills and local environments, but especially organized by variables associated with water availability as the first axis of an NMDS ordination was strongly related to shifts in soil moisture content. CCA revealed that tills explained only 3.4% of the variability in community similarity among sites, while geochemical variables explained 18.5%. Extracellular enzyme activity was correlated with relevant geochemical variables reflecting the influence of nutrient limitation on microbial activity. In addition, enzyme activity was related to changes in community similarity, particularly in wet environments with a partial Mantel correlation of 0.32. These results demonstrate how landscape history and environmental conditions can shape the functional potential of a microbial community mediated through shifts in microbial community composition. / Master of Science

[EN] Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) belong to the Acetobacteriaceae family, within the ¿-Proteobacteria class. These Gram-negative elliptical or cylindrical microorganisms occur in isolation, in pairs or in chains. They have polar flagellar or peritrichous motility. They are non-spore forming, cathalase positive and oxidase negative. They have an obligate aerobic metabolism, with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Currently, the Acetobactereaceae family includes 19 genera and 72 species. Sugar and alcohol oxidising ability result in an accumulation of organic acids as final products, which is widely used in the food industry to produce vinegar from wine and fruits. The objective of this thesis was to isolate and identify AAB in blueberry and citrus epiphyt flora from plants grown in the Salto Grande region (Entre Ríos, Argentina) in order to detect the most suitable bacteria for biotechnological processes such as vinegar. 36 AAB were isolated from these fruits using enrichment techniques and plate isolation. Enrichment broths containing ethanol and acetic acid enabled the maximum recovery of AAB due to the fact that these components promote their growth. Fermented juice yielded a larger number of AAB compared to fresh fruit or peel, due to ethanol occurrence as it is an alcohol-resistant microorganisms selecting agent. Biochemical tests allowed bacteria differentiation at genus level. Six were identified: 13 bacteria isolates were identified as Acetobacter, 5 as Gluconobacter, 7 as Asaia, 5 as Acidomonas, 1 as Gluconacetobacter and 5 as Saccharibacter. Subsequently, those bacteria (Acetobacter, Gluconobacter and Gluconacetobacter genera) that could be used for the development of a suitable starter culture for the bio-oxidation of musts alcoholics obtained from these fruits, in order to obtain vinegars, were identified to specie level. Molecular techniques, such as RFLP-PCR of the 16S rDNA and RFLP-PCR of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer, were utilised. The former enabled the identification of the 16 AAB under study. C7, C8, A80, A160 and A180 isolates were identified as G. frateurii, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, A70 and A210 isolates as A. pasteurianus, A50 and A140 isolates as A. tropicalis and C9 isolate as A. syzygii. 16S-23S PCR-RFLP technique validated identifications performed using 16S; however, C1 showed a different restriction pattern from the first identification. Genus 16S partial sequencing solved this discrepancy. Growth dynamics and acetic acid production capacity were studied in the isolates in order to determine the most suitable ones to acetify fruits musts. Growth was assessed in different ethanol and acetic acid concentrations as high cell count values (109 cells/mL) are essential for the inoculum to start vinegar production, in order to achieve a short lag phase and therefore reduce process times. Three ethanol concentrations were assayed (4%, 6% and 8%) to study acetic acid production capacity. Results showed that cultures identified as A. pasteurianus (A210 and C1), A. syzygii (C9) and G. frateurii (A80) could be used as inoculum to produce vinegars, due to their high acetic acid production capacity when ethanol concentration values are 4% and 6% v/v. Finally, the most suitable culture preservation method was determined to maintain purity and activity through time. AAB may be lyophilised with 20% w/v mannitol or 10% w/v dried milk since these lyoprotective agents demonstrated they are effective at maintaining cells viability. Nevertheless, these agents did not allow acetic acid production from ethanol. This study has demonstrated that glycerol (20% v/v) and mannitol (20% w/v) can be used as cryoprotective agents during freezing since they not only protect AAB and maintain bacteria viability but also help to preserve the functional properties, such as its ability to grow and produce acetic acid in alcoholic musts. / [ES] Las bacterias del ácido acético (BAA) pertenecen a la familia Acetobacteriaceae; están incluidas en el grupo de las ¿-Proteobacterias. Son microorganismos Gram-negativos, de forma elipsoidal o cilíndrica que pueden encontrarse aislados, en parejas o formando cadenas. Son móviles por flagelación polar o perítrica. Presentan actividad catalasa positiva, oxidasa negativa y no forman endosporas. Poseen metabolismo aeróbico estricto, con el oxígeno como aceptor final de electrones. Actualmente, la familia Acetobactereaceae está compuesta por 19 géneros y 72 especies. Es conocida la habilidad de las BAA para oxidar azúcares y alcoholes, obteniéndose como producto final una acumulación de ácidos orgánicos, capacidad que es aprovechada en la industria de alimentos para la elaboración de vinagres de vinos y de frutas. La presente Tesis Doctoral planteó el aislamiento e identificación de BAA a partir de la flora epifítica de arándanos y frutas cítricas cultivadas en la región de Salto Grande (Entre Ríos, Argentina), con el fin de encontrar las más adecuadas para ser utilizadas en procesos biotecnológicos, tales como el vinagre. Se aislaron 36 BAA a partir de estas frutas mediante técnicas de enriquecimiento y aislamiento en placas. Los caldos de enriquecimiento que contenían etanol y ácido acético permitieron recuperar el mayor número de BAA, ya que dichos componentes favorecen el crecimiento de las mismas. Del jugo fermentado de las frutas cítricas se obtuvo un mayor número de BAA respecto del jugo fresco o la cáscara, debido a la presencia de etanol, el que actuó como agente de selección para estos microorganismos alcohol-resistentes. Las pruebas bioquímicas permitieron diferenciar las bacterias a nivel de género. Se reconocieron 6 géneros: 13 aislados fueron identificados como Acetobacter, 5 como Gluconobacter, 7 como Asaia, 5 como Acidomonas, 1 como Gluconacetobacter y 5 como Saccharibacter. Posteriormente, se identificaron a nivel de especie aquellas bacterias (géneros Acetobacter, Gluconobacter y Gluconacetobacter) que podrían ser utilizadas para el desarrollo de un cultivo iniciador apto para la bioxidación de mostos alcohólicos obtenidos a partir de estos frutos, con el fin de obtener vinagres. Para esto, se emplearon técnicas moleculares, tales como PCR-RFLP del gen 16S y PCR-RFLP del espaciador intergénico 16S-23S. Con la primera, se identificaron las 16 BAA estudiadas. Los aislados C7, C8, A80, A160 y A180 fueron identificados como G. frateurii, los aislados C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, A70 y A210 como A. pasteurianus, los aislados A50 y A140 como A. tropicalis y el aislado C9 como A. syzygii. Se estudió la dinámica de crecimiento y la habilidad de las BAA aisladas para producir ácido acético, con el fin de elegir las más aptas para la acetificación de mostos de frutas. El crecimiento se evaluó con distintas concentraciones de etanol y ácido acético. En cuanto a la habilidad para producir ácido acético, se ensayaron tres concentraciones de etanol, 4%, 6% y 8%, evidenciándose que los cultivos, identificados como A. pasteurianus (A210 y C1) A. syzygii (C9) y G. frateurii (A80) podrían ser utilizados como inóculo para la elaboración de vinagres, por poseer una alta capacidad de producción de ácido acético cuando la concentración de etanol es de 4% y 6% v/v. Las BAA podrían ser liofilizadas con manitol 20% p/v o leche en polvo 10% p/v, ya que estos lioprotectores demostraron ser efectivos para mantener la viabilidad de las células. Sin embargo, éstos no permitieron mantener la producción de ácido acético a partir de etanol. El presente estudio demostró que el glicerol (20% v/v) y el manitol (20% p/v) pueden ser utilizados como crioprotectores en el proceso de congelación, ya que no sólo protegen a las BAA, manteniendo su viabilidad, sino que también ayudan a conservar las propiedades funcionales de las mismas, tales como su capacidad de crecer y producir ácido / [CA] Els bacteris de l'àcid acètic (BAA) pentanyen a la família Acetobacteriaceae i estan incloses en el grup dels ¿-Proteobacteris. Són microorganismes gram-negatius, de forma elipsoidal p cilíndrica que pot trobar-se aïllada, emparellada o formant cadenes. Són mòbils per flagel¿lació polar o perítrica. Presenten activitat catalasa positiva, oxidasa negativa i no formen endospores. Posseeixen metabolisme aeròbic estricte, amb l'oxigen com aceptor final d'electrons. Actualment, la familia Acetobactereaceae està composta per 19 gèneres i 72 espècies. Es coneguda l'habilitat dels BAA per a oxidar sucres i alcohols, obtenint-se com a producte final una acumulació d'àcids orgànics, capacitat aprofitada en la industria dels aliments per a l'elaboració de vinagres de vins i fruites. La present Tesi Doctoral planteja l'aïllament i identificació dels BAA a partir de la flora epifítica dels nabius i cítrics cultivats en la regió de Salto Grande (Entre Ríos, Argentina), amb la finalitat de trobar les més adequades per ser utilitzades en processos biotecnològics, tals com el vinagre. S'aïllaren 36 BAA a partir d'aquestes frutes mitjançant tècniques d'enriquiment i aïllament en plaques. Els brous d'enriquiment que contenien E i AA permeteren recuperar el major numero de BAA, ja que tals components afavorien el seu creixement. Del suc fermentat dels citrics es va obtenir un major nombre de BAA respecte del suc fresc o la pell, degut a la presència de E, que actuà com agent de selecció per a aquestos microorganismes alcohol-resistents. Es reconegueren 6 gèneres: 13 aïllats foren identificats com Acetobacter, 5 com Gluconobacter, 7 com Asaia, 5 com Acidomonas, 1 com Gluconacetobacter i 5 com Saccharibacter. Posteriorment, s'identificaren a nivell d'espècie aquells bacteris que podríen ser utilitzats per al desenvolupament d'un cultiu indicadorstarter apte per a la biooxidació de mostos alcohòlics obtinguts a partir d'aquestos fruïts, amb la finalitat d'obtenir vinagres de fruites (gèneres Acetobacter, Gluconobacter i Gluconacetobacter). Amb aquesta finalitat, s'utilitzaren tècniques moleculars, com PCR-RFLP del gen 16S i PCR-RFLP de l'espaciador intergènic 16S-23S. Amb la primera, s'identificaren els 16 BAA estudiats. La tècnica PCR-RFLP del 16S-23S va confirmar les identificacions realitzades amb el 16S, tanmateix C1 va mostrar un patró de restricció que no es corresponia amb la primera identificació realitzada. Aquesta discrepància fou resolta per la seqüenciació parcial de gen 16S, que va confirmar el resultats obtinguts per PCR-RFLP. Els aïllats C7, C8, A80, A160 i A180 foren identificats com G. Frateurii, els aïllats C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, A70 i A210 com A. pasteurianus,els aïllats A50 i A140 com A.tropicalis i l'aïllat C9 com A. syzygii. S'estudià la dinàmica de creixement i la habilitat per produirAA dels BAA aïllades, amb la finalitat de triar les més aptes per a l'acetificació de mostos de frutes. El creixement s'evaluà amb diferents concentracions de E i AA. Quan a l'habilitat per a produir AA, s'assajaren tres concentracions d'etanol, 4%, 6% i 8% v/v, evidencianse que els cultius , identificats com A. pasteurianus (A210 i C1) A. syzygii (C9) i G. frateurii (A80) podrien ser utilitzats com inòcul per a l'elaboració de vinagres, per poseïr una alta capacitat de producció de AA quan la concentraició de E és de 4% i 6% v/v. Els BAA podrien ser liofilitzats amb manitol 20% p/v o llet en pols 10% p/v, ja que aquestos lioprotectors demostraren ser efectius per a mantenir la viabilitat de les cèl¿lules. Tanmateix, aquestos no permeteren mantenir la producció de AA a partir de E. El present estudi va demostrar que el glicerol (20% v/v) i el manitol (20% p/v) poden ser utilitzats com crioprotectors en el procés de congelació, ja que no sols protegeixen els BAA, mantenint la seua viabilitat, sinò que també ajuda a conservar les seues propietats funcionals, tals com la se / Gerard, LM. (2015). Caracterización de bacterias del ácido acético destinadas a la producción de vinagres de frutas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59401

Diseases like malaria claim the lives of millions of people every year. This deadly disease can result in considerable morbidity, which presently affects countries in Africa, Eurasia, and South America. Anopheline mosquitoes transmit this disease. Studies look at the identification first of the species to accurately determine their distribution. For identification, sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 region of the ribosomal DNA is analyzed. Although African Anophelines are very well studied species, there has been no recent significant research for Holarctic Anophelines. In particular, in North America and Eurasia, because of the eradication of malaria in the northern territories and the focus on other diseases transmitted by Aedes and Culex mosquitoes. In this study, we first look at the Holarctic species Anopheles punctipennis in North America from the Midwest to the eastern United States. Then we look at samples received from Eurasia, in particular Russia and Iran. We physically harvested 500 mosquitoes from ten breeding sites to analyze the identity and distribution of An. punctipennis. We received 110 samples from Russia and 180 samples from Iran to examine the identification and geographic distribution of An. daciae and An. persiensis. Mosquito ITS2 ribosomal DNA was extracted and amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The PCR products were then sequenced and analyzed based on GenBank information obtained. An analysis by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism using ITS2 PCR products on An. punctipennis was conducted. Seven hundred ninety samples were processed to look at the identity and geographic distribution of Holarctic Anophlines. An. puntipennis has no current ITS2 records in GenBank. The distribution of An. daciae and An. persiensis was analyzed by ITS2 and location data. The identity and presence of a malaria vector in new areas or existing areas would prove to be vital if the disease were to re-emerge due to climate changes. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Diseases like malaria claims the lives of millions of people every year. This deadly disease can result in considerable morbidity which presently affects countries in Africa, Eurasia, and South America. Anopheline mosquitoes transmit this disease. African Anophelines are very well studied species however, there has been no recent significant research for Holarctic Anophelines, in particular in the United States because of the eradication of malaria in the northern territories and the focus on other diseases transmitted by Aedes and Culex mosquitoes. One of the understudied neglected malaria vectors that has an extensive geographic distribution throughout the United States is Anopheles punctipennis. This species can transmit both forms of human malaria Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Accurate morphological or molecular identification of mosquitoes is important for proper surveillance, control and diagnostic measures. Identifying this mosquito on a molecular level is pivotal for future genomic research in identifying vector competence, and insecticide resistant genes associated with this species. Internal Transcribe Spacer 2 sequencing is an efficient molecular tool for the identification of Anopheline mosquitoes. This tool has been successfully developed for species from the Maculipennis group and A. crucians complex but not for An. punctipennis type species. The goal of this study was to develop simple and robust molecular tools for identifying this species in the fields. Anopheline mosquito collections were made from multiple locations in the Mid-west to eastern U.S. Sequencing on the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2) of the genome provides positive and accurate identification of An. punctipennis. Developing a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assay using the ITS2 PCR products reduces time and cost in molecular identification and proves to be an accurate method of identification. This research will enable future population genetic studies that are important for the development of mosquito population control.