The project is an analysis of technology production of pressure pipes made of aluminum alloys. The basis is a literary study of TIG technology, aluminum heat-tretable and non-heat-treatable materials. The flange-material is EN AW 5083 and the pipe is made of EN AW 6005A. The design of the welding is compromise between the preparation, the cleaning of the welding edges and the weld metal backing strip. Weld was made in real production. Examined impacts are evaluated on the basis of destructive and non-destructive welding test methods. After heating process of weldment material exhibits better mechanical properties. Using the economical and technological evaluation were selected sutiable proces parameters. The result is a suitable weld of the pressure vessel. Further optimization is possible through automation and robotics.

Esta investigación se centrará en analizar las aportaciones de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) al análisis de las variables de información geográfica implicadas en los Estudios de inundabilidad para la caracterización de cuencas mediterráneas de escasa dimensiones, centrándose principalmente en el estudio de aquellas variables que nos van a ayudar a concretar los parámetros fundamentales y que no están claramente definidas para la escala apropiada a la que se deberían realizar estos estudios. Para el tratamiento integral de las variables de información geográfica implicadas en un Estudio de Inundabilidad, los SIG se han mostrado como una herramienta de uso imprescindible. El objetivo general de esta investigación es establecer una metodología que normalice la forma de abordar el análisis de las variables de información geográfica implicadas en los Estudios de Inundabilidad en el ámbito de estudio. A partir de esta sistematización se pretende demostrar las implicaciones de estas variables en todos y cada uno de los apartados que componen este documento técnico. / Esta investigación ha contado con la financiación y forma parte del Proyecto SIOSE- INNOVA (CSO2016-79420-R AEI/FEDERUE. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. España).

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The goal of this research was to design and test an experimental setup capable of performing a TIG welding process and acquiring temperature measurements near the weld with the use of an infrared spot sensor. The data collected can then be used to validate a computer simulation that models the exact same process. An experimental setup was built, and preliminary temperature data were collected. It was determined that infrared measurements taken at the arc contain excessive amounts of interfering radiation emanating from the welding zone. The optimal angle of orientation is normal to the weld line. In this way an infrared spot sensor can be focused on an area just down weld of the arc where the temperatures remain relatively high and thermal gradients, although still large, are at a minimum. Additional data were collected from thermocouples to validate the infrared sensor results and also to provide additional data that can be compared to a computer model. Sources of error were identified and recommendations were made as to how they can be avoided or minimized. / Master of Science

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar, por meio de teste de microdureza e técnicas de caracterização metalúrgica, que inclui a metalografia, microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia por dispersão de energia (energy dispersive spectroscopy EDS), propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas de juntas soldadas pelos métodos TIG e brasagem em uma liga odontológica à base de Ni-Cr (FIT-CAST SB). As regiões estudadas em cada amostra foram o metal de base (MB), a zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) e a zona de fusão (ZF). Foram confeccionados 40 corpos-de-prova cilíndricos, em forma de bastão, com 2,5mm de diâmetro e 18,0mm de comprimento, obtidos apartir de fundição odontológica por centrifugação (técnica da cera perdida). Foram separados vinte cilindros para cada técnica, que após a soldagem formaram grupos de dez amostras para cada procedimento. A microestrutura do MB apresentou-se como uma matriz de uma solução sólida à base de Ni-Cr contendo um típico arranjo dendrítico de estrutura eutética. A liga apresentou precipitados metálicos na região interdendrítica da estrutura eutética. A análise química semi-quantitativa obtida através da técnica de EDS apresentou resultados compatíveis com a composição química quantitativa fornecida pelo fabricante da liga. Na brasagem, o MB e a ZF apresentaram microestruturas distintas. A ZF apresentou uma morfologia dendrítica grosseira com a presença de precipitados e porosidades. A análise química semiquantitativa por EDS da ZF mostrou-se bastante semelhante aos resultados obtidos para o MB. Nos corpos de prova unidos pelo processo de brasagem, a média de microdureza Vickers para o MB, a ZTA e a ZF foram respectivamente 83,501, 87,782 e 127,520. A análise estatística t-Student revelou diferenças significativas entre as regiões MB e ZF. No processo TIG, a microestrutura da ZF apresentou aspecto semelhante a do MB, porém, com o arranjo dendrítico mais refinado. A análise química semiquantitativa por EDS da ZF apresentou resultados semelhantes aos obtidos para o MB. Os corpos de prova apresentaram média de microdureza Vickers para o MB, a ZTA e a ZF respectivamente de: 74,607, 71,649 e 75,409. A análise estatística t-Student não revelou diferenças significativas entre as regiões analisadas. De acordo com a metodologia aplicada neste estudo e apartir da análise estatística dos dados obtidos, pode-se concluir que: o processo de união por brasagem gerou diferenças microestruturais e de microdureza Vickers entre a ZF e o MB; nas juntas soldadas pelo método TIG, os ensaios de microdureza Vickers revelaram uniformidade no comportamento mecânico entre a ZF, a ZTA e o MB; o processo de soldagem TIG gerou uma microestrutura bem semelhante entre a ZF e o MB e acarretou naquela apenas um arranjo dendrítico de estrutura eutética mais refinado; a análise química por EDS revelou que não houve variação de composição química significativa entre o MB e a ZF das juntas soldadas por ambos os métodos. / The purpose of this study was to compare, by means of microhardness testing and metallurgical characterization techniques as metallography, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), mechanical and metallurgical properties of welded joints by TIG and brazing methods in a dental alloy based on Ni-Cr (FIT-CAST SB). The studied regions in each sample were the base metal (MB), the heat affected zone (ZTA) and the fusion zone (ZF). Forty cylindrical bodies-of-proof, stick-shaped, with 2.5mm diameter and 18.0mm in length were made from dental casting by centrifugation (lost wax technique). Twenty cylinders were used for each technique, which formed, after the welding, groups of ten samples for each procedure. The microstructure of the MB is presented as a matrix of a solid solution based on Ni-Cr with a typical dendritic arrangement of eutectic structure. The alloy presented metallic precipitates in the interdendritic region of the eutectic structure. The semiquantitative chemical analysis obtained by EDS technique showed results consistent with the quantitative chemical composition provided by the alloy manufacturer. In the brazing method, the MB and ZF showed different microstructures. The ZF showed a rough dendritic morphology with the presence of precipitates and porosities. The semiquantitative chemical analysis by EDS of the ZF had very similar results to those obtained for the MB. In the bodies-of-proof joined by the brazing process, the average Vickers microhardness for the MB, ZTA and ZF were respectively 83.501, 87.782 and 127.520. The t-Student statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the MB and ZF regions. In the TIG process, the microstructure of ZF presented similar aspect to the MB, but with a more refined dendritic arrangement. The semiquantitative chemical analysis by EDS of ZF presented similar results to those obtained for the MB. The bodies-of-proof had an average Vickers microhardness of the MB, ZTA and ZF respectively: 74.607, 71.649 and 75.409. The t-Student statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the studied regions. According to the methodology applied in this study and from the statistical analysis of the obtained data, we can conclude that the process of union by brazing created microstructural and Vickers microhardness differences between the ZF and MB; in welded joints by the TIG method, the Vickers microhardness tests showed uniformity in the mechanical behavior among the ZF, ZTA and MB; the TIG welding process generated a very similar microstructure between the ZF and MB and made on that just a dendritic arrangement of more refined eutectic structure; the EDS chemical analysis revealed that there was no significant change in the chemical composition between the MB and ZF of welded joints by both methods.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar, por meio de teste de microdureza e técnicas de caracterização metalúrgica, que inclui a metalografia, microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia por dispersão de energia (energy dispersive spectroscopy EDS), propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas de juntas soldadas pelos métodos TIG e brasagem em uma liga odontológica à base de Ni-Cr (FIT-CAST SB). As regiões estudadas em cada amostra foram o metal de base (MB), a zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) e a zona de fusão (ZF). Foram confeccionados 40 corpos-de-prova cilíndricos, em forma de bastão, com 2,5mm de diâmetro e 18,0mm de comprimento, obtidos apartir de fundição odontológica por centrifugação (técnica da cera perdida). Foram separados vinte cilindros para cada técnica, que após a soldagem formaram grupos de dez amostras para cada procedimento. A microestrutura do MB apresentou-se como uma matriz de uma solução sólida à base de Ni-Cr contendo um típico arranjo dendrítico de estrutura eutética. A liga apresentou precipitados metálicos na região interdendrítica da estrutura eutética. A análise química semi-quantitativa obtida através da técnica de EDS apresentou resultados compatíveis com a composição química quantitativa fornecida pelo fabricante da liga. Na brasagem, o MB e a ZF apresentaram microestruturas distintas. A ZF apresentou uma morfologia dendrítica grosseira com a presença de precipitados e porosidades. A análise química semiquantitativa por EDS da ZF mostrou-se bastante semelhante aos resultados obtidos para o MB. Nos corpos de prova unidos pelo processo de brasagem, a média de microdureza Vickers para o MB, a ZTA e a ZF foram respectivamente 83,501, 87,782 e 127,520. A análise estatística t-Student revelou diferenças significativas entre as regiões MB e ZF. No processo TIG, a microestrutura da ZF apresentou aspecto semelhante a do MB, porém, com o arranjo dendrítico mais refinado. A análise química semiquantitativa por EDS da ZF apresentou resultados semelhantes aos obtidos para o MB. Os corpos de prova apresentaram média de microdureza Vickers para o MB, a ZTA e a ZF respectivamente de: 74,607, 71,649 e 75,409. A análise estatística t-Student não revelou diferenças significativas entre as regiões analisadas. De acordo com a metodologia aplicada neste estudo e apartir da análise estatística dos dados obtidos, pode-se concluir que: o processo de união por brasagem gerou diferenças microestruturais e de microdureza Vickers entre a ZF e o MB; nas juntas soldadas pelo método TIG, os ensaios de microdureza Vickers revelaram uniformidade no comportamento mecânico entre a ZF, a ZTA e o MB; o processo de soldagem TIG gerou uma microestrutura bem semelhante entre a ZF e o MB e acarretou naquela apenas um arranjo dendrítico de estrutura eutética mais refinado; a análise química por EDS revelou que não houve variação de composição química significativa entre o MB e a ZF das juntas soldadas por ambos os métodos. / The purpose of this study was to compare, by means of microhardness testing and metallurgical characterization techniques as metallography, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), mechanical and metallurgical properties of welded joints by TIG and brazing methods in a dental alloy based on Ni-Cr (FIT-CAST SB). The studied regions in each sample were the base metal (MB), the heat affected zone (ZTA) and the fusion zone (ZF). Forty cylindrical bodies-of-proof, stick-shaped, with 2.5mm diameter and 18.0mm in length were made from dental casting by centrifugation (lost wax technique). Twenty cylinders were used for each technique, which formed, after the welding, groups of ten samples for each procedure. The microstructure of the MB is presented as a matrix of a solid solution based on Ni-Cr with a typical dendritic arrangement of eutectic structure. The alloy presented metallic precipitates in the interdendritic region of the eutectic structure. The semiquantitative chemical analysis obtained by EDS technique showed results consistent with the quantitative chemical composition provided by the alloy manufacturer. In the brazing method, the MB and ZF showed different microstructures. The ZF showed a rough dendritic morphology with the presence of precipitates and porosities. The semiquantitative chemical analysis by EDS of the ZF had very similar results to those obtained for the MB. In the bodies-of-proof joined by the brazing process, the average Vickers microhardness for the MB, ZTA and ZF were respectively 83.501, 87.782 and 127.520. The t-Student statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the MB and ZF regions. In the TIG process, the microstructure of ZF presented similar aspect to the MB, but with a more refined dendritic arrangement. The semiquantitative chemical analysis by EDS of ZF presented similar results to those obtained for the MB. The bodies-of-proof had an average Vickers microhardness of the MB, ZTA and ZF respectively: 74.607, 71.649 and 75.409. The t-Student statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the studied regions. According to the methodology applied in this study and from the statistical analysis of the obtained data, we can conclude that the process of union by brazing created microstructural and Vickers microhardness differences between the ZF and MB; in welded joints by the TIG method, the Vickers microhardness tests showed uniformity in the mechanical behavior among the ZF, ZTA and MB; the TIG welding process generated a very similar microstructure between the ZF and MB and made on that just a dendritic arrangement of more refined eutectic structure; the EDS chemical analysis revealed that there was no significant change in the chemical composition between the MB and ZF of welded joints by both methods.

This thesis deals with usage of hybrid technology Laser-TIG for welding of boron enhanced steel 22MnB5. This thesis evaluates the influence of preheating using technology of TIG arc welding to a weld quality in comparison with laser welds. In practical part of thesis there were 1,8 mm metal sheets of 22MnB5 welded. This metal sheet specimens were welded by using constant parameters of laser with varying parameters of TIG technology. There were 12 specimens of sheet metal created including 3 specimens using only laser and 9 specimens using Laser-TIG hybrid technology while varying magnitude of current (I=20 A, 40 A a 60 A). Welds created this way were evaluated by tensile test and strength limits compared. Then metalografic survey was carried out examining macro and microstructure. Results of metalografic survey were confronted with Vickers hardness test.

PRŮŽA Štěpán: Welding of fuel filters. This project, worked out in within engineering studies, branch M2307 – 02 Manufacturing technology, submits suggestions for decreasing of scrap during production – mechanized welding of fuel filters made out of aluminum EN AW – Al 99,5 using WIG/TIG methods. The theory is focused on arc welding issue. Verification of possible influences on the weld joints was tested during following experiments: top cover misalignment against the body of the filter, top cover deformation, gas flow, welding parameters setup, welding area purity, mechanization propositions. Evaluations of experiments – recommendation for elimination and prevention of bad quality weld joints. Key words: Welding, aluminum EN AW – AL 99,5, WIG/TIG method, weld’s joints defects, experiment, evaluation.

This thesis made in the frame of my engineer studies is focused on technologic process of welding the door-case of bakery ovens. The project will suggest and rate used based material and then the choice of filler material, methods, welding characteristics and welding procedure. At the conclusion of the thesis is brief economical analysis.

Tendo em vista a tendência mundial de se buscar a diminuição de peso de estruturas metálicas de veículos, o desenvolvimento de aços de resistência mecânica superior apresenta-se como um importante fator para a competitividade e sustentabilidade da indústria brasileira, além da segurança do usuário. No setor automobilístico, as reduções no peso e no consumo de combustível requerem não somente a pesquisa de novos aços, mas também a utilização de componentes híbridos, resultantes, entre outros, da união entre os aços austeníticos inovadores de alta liga e baixo custo (TRIP) e aços ferríticos comerciais (ARBL). Na presente dissertação foram investigadas as propriedades mecânicas microestruturais, antes e após o processo de soldagem TIG, dos aços TRIP e ARBL utilizados pela indústria automotiva. O principal objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar possíveis estruturas e modificações nas propriedades das juntas soldadas de acordo com parâmetros de soldagem pré-determinados. Primeiramente, verificaram-se as extensões da zona termicamente afetada dos corpos de prova soldados. Os perfis de microdureza indicaram que não houve uma alteração significativa de dureza na zona termicamente afetada do aço de efeito TRIP, enquanto que para o aço ARBL observa-se um considerável aumento. Os limites de escoamento determinados pelos ensaios de tração realizados permitiram a obtenção dos níveis de resistência mecânica das juntas soldadas. Através dos ensaios de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia ótica foi possível observar a influência do aporte térmico na zona termicamente afetada do aço ARBL. A análise de EDX nas juntas dissimilares permitiu observar a presença de zonas parcialmente diluídas na zona fundida do lado do metal de base ARBL, a caracterização da composição química nas interfaces entre os metais de base e o metal de solda e prever a microestrutura destas regiões. As fases presentes nos metais de base e na zona fundida foram caracterizadas também pela difração de raios x. Por meio da estereologia quantitativa caracterizou-se as fases presentes na zona fundida e determinou-se suas proporções em função do aporte térmico. / In view of the global trend of searching for the weight reduction of metal frames in vehicles, the development of superior mechanical resistance steels presents itself as an important factor for the competitiveness and sustainability of the Brazilian industry, as well as to user safety. In the automotive industry, the reductions in vehicle weight and fuel consumption not only require research of new types of steel but also the use of hybrid components, which result, amongst other things, between the union of austenitic innovative high alloy and low cost (TRIP) with commercial ferritic steels (HSLA). This dissertation analyses the microstructural mechanical properties before and after the TIG welding process, the TRIP steel, and HSLA used by the automotive industry. The main objective of this study was to evaluate possible phase changes in steel structures and transformation in the properties of the welded joints according to pre-determined welding parameters by analyzing extensions of the heat-affected and melted zones of welded specimens. The micro hardness profiles showed no significant changes in hardness in the heat affected HSLA steel, while the TRIP steel showed considerable increase. Additionally, the yield point determined by the traction tests performed, allowed the obtainment of the mechanical resistance levels of the welded joints. Through the tests of scanning electron and optical microscopy was observed the influence of heat input on heat affected zone of HSLA steel. EDX analysis allowed us to observe the presence of molten zones partially diluted in the side of the base metal HSLA, characterization of the chemical composition at the interface of the base metal and weld metal and predicting the microstructure in these regions. The phases present in the base metal and weld zone were characterized too by x-ray diffraction. By quantitative stereology characterized by the phases present in the weld zone and their proportions were determined as a function of heat input.