Orientador: Jayme Augusto de Souza Neto / Resumo: Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) é o principal vetor de dengue e é também responsável por transmitir outras arboviroses de importância em saúde pública, como as febres zika e chikungunya. Devido a falhas no controle da transmissão destas arboviroses, que tem como base a eliminação do mosquito vetor, o Brasil é um país endêmico para a dengue e a cada ano nos deparamos com epidemias cada vez mais graves. Ao se alimentar de sangue humano infectado o primeiro local de interação do vírus com o organismo do mosquito é o intestino. Além das respostas imunológicas antivirais para conter a infecção, neste ambiente também está presente a microbiota intestinal do mosquito, um importante modulador na infecção de patógenos. Compreender como a microbiota intestinal de mosquitos é definida e se modifica em uma determinada população é de grande interesse uma vez que isso pode elucidar a relação entre mosquitos e seus organismos simbiontes, e consequentemente auxiliar em processos de paratransgênese. A principal forma de aquisição das bactérias intestinais é através do contato com o ambiente, mas outros mecanismos como transmissão transestadial e vertical também devem influenciar no estabelecimento da microbiota intestinal. Neste estudo, nós analisamos a composição da microbiota intestinal de mosquitos Ae. aegypti de uma população de campo, coletados na cidade de Botucatu, SP, através do sequenciamento em larga escala da região hipervariavel V4 do gene 16S rRNA, e acompanhamos como esta composição... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Orientador: Hermione Elly Melara de Campos Bicudo / Coorientador: Lílian Madi-Ravazzi / Banca: Alba Regina de Abreu Lima Catelani / Banca: Francisco Chiaravalloti Neto / Banca: Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo Oliveira / Banca: Eduardo Alves de Almeida / Resumo: Hoje se sabe que as enzimas esterásicas estão relacionadas com o desenvolvimento de resistência a inseticidas, em muitos organismos. Em Aedes aegypti, a dedução desse envolvimento tem resultado mais de testes que permitem a avaliação da atividade das esterases no extrato total dos mosquitos (mostrando valores maiores nas populações resistentes) do que de estudos mais profundos de padrões e bandas individualizadas e sua relação com a resistência. Com o objetivo básico de contribuir para o conhecimento desse aspecto, no presente trabalho 11 populações geográficas daquele vetor, sendo seis classificadas como resistentes, três como suscetíveis e duas como tendo suscetibilidade diminuída, foram analisadas quanto ao polimorfismo de esterases, por eletroforese em géis de poliacrilamida. O resultado do estudo de cerca de 30 amostras de larvas e adultos de cada população mostrou 24 bandas que foram tentativamente associadas com oito loci genéticos. Considerando também os dados de Lima-Catelani et al. (2004) e de Sousa-Polezzi & Bicudo (2005), temos o total de 25 bandas esterásicas, incluídas em 12 supostos loci, em 15 populações daquele vetor, até a presente data. A população de São José do Rio Preto, analisada em intervalos de cinco anos entre aqueles dois estudos, e sete anos entre Sousa-Polezzi & Bicudo (2005) e o presente trabalho, mostrou modificações no padrão de esterases, que ocorreram ao longo do tempo paralelamente ao surgimento e aumento da resistência aos inseticidas utilizados no controle, nessa população. Essas modificações abrangeram, basicamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: It is presently known that the esterases are involved in the process of resistance to insecticides, in several organisms. In Aedes aegypti, the conclusion about such involvement resulted rather from tests in which the total amount of esterases is computed in extracts of the mosquitoes (showing greater quantities in the resistant ones) than from deeper studies of esterase patterns or particular esterase bands and their relationship with resistance. With the basic aim to contribute to the knowledge of this relationship, in the present study the esterase polymorphism of 11 geographic populations of that vector, being six classified as resistant, three as susceptible and two as presenting decreased susceptibility, was studied by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. The results of the analysis of about 30 individual samples of larvae and adults of each population showed 24 esterase bands which were tentatively associated to eight loci. Considering also the data from Lima-Catelani et al. (2004) and Sousa-Polezzi & Bicudo (2005), a total of 25 bands and 12 loci, in 15 populations, was obtained. The population from São José do Rio Preto, analyzed at intervals of five years between those two studies and seven years between Sousa-Polezzi & Bicudo (2005) and the present study, showed changes in the esterase pattern, which occurred along time concomitant to the increase of insecticide resistance in that population, including frequency increase or decrease of some bands and absence of bands previously detected. The search for specific esterase patterns related to the resistance development indicated some bands and combinations of bands as deserving a deeper study. They are EST-1 alone, due to high frequency in five of the six resistant populations, or the combination of EST-1 with EST-4, both occurring... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-02-16T16:49:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JANAYNA ARAÚJO VIANA.pdf: 1343410 bytes, checksum: 3112c3ab2297fbbfd7754d3ad902db38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T16:49:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JANAYNA ARAÚJO VIANA.pdf: 1343410 bytes, checksum: 3112c3ab2297fbbfd7754d3ad902db38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-30 / Arboviruses caused by Aedes aegypti such as Dengue, Zika and Fever Chikungunya become a threat to the well-being of individuais and the environment. Objectives: To investigate the epidemiological and environmental aspects of Dengue. Zika and Chikungunya fever in the Municipality of Augustinópolis, State of Tocantins, considering environmental aspects in a temporal cut Methods: The study was carried out in the town of Augustinópolis, in the northern State of Tocantins, Brazil. The population of this study was composed of all reported cases of Dengue, Zika and Fever Chikungunya, in the town between January 2007 and December 2016 available in the SINAN. Results: 960 cases of Dengue. 39 cases of Zika Virus and 7 cases of Chikungunya Fever were reported. Among the 960 reported cases of Dengue in the period from 2007 to 2016, the frequency of the number of cases was higher in the age group > 18 years (p <0.001) in areas from the partial sewage system. On the other hand. there is a greater frequency of individuais in the age group <18 years, when the sewer is completely absent (p <0.001). Arboviruses when associated revealed that the number of female notifications with Zika virus was significantly higher (82.1) than the number of female notifications for Dengue (59.6) (p = 0.03) with HRAug with a higher number of notifications for Dengue (18.4) and USF III for Zika (35.9) (p <0.001). The incidence rate for notifications of Dengue and Zika was higher in the rainy season. Conclusion: This study contributed to know the epidemiological behavior of Dengue, Zika and Fever Chikungunya in the last ten years. Therefore, strategies and measures of prevention and control should always be evaluated and modified, since both the the vector Aedes aegypti have high power of adaptation and proliferation according to the environmental and seasonal changes. / As arboviroses causadas pelo Aedes aegypti, como Dengue, Zika e Febre Chikungunya tornam-se uma ameaça ao bem estar dos indivíduos e do meio ambiente. Objetivos: Investigar as características expansivas e epidemiológicas da Dengue, Zika e Febre Chikungunya no Município de Augustinópolis, Estado do Tocantins e sua relação com aspectos ambientais, considerando um recorte temporal. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado no Município de Augustinópolis, norte do Estado do Tocantins, Brasil. A população desse estudo foi composta por todos os casos notificados de Dengue, Zika e Febre Chikungunya, no município entre o período de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro do ano de 2016 disponibilizados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Resultados: Foram notificados 960 casos de Dengue, 39 casos de Zika Vírus e sete casos de Febre Chikungunya. Dentre os 960 casos notificados de Dengue no período de 2007 a 2016 a frequência do número de casos foi superior na faixa etária ¿ 18 anos (p<0,001) em áreas provenientes do sistema parcial de esgoto. Por outro lado, há uma frequência maior de indivíduos na faixa etária <18 anos, quando o esgoto é completamente ausente (p<0,001). As arboviroses quando associadas revelou que o número de notificações do sexo feminino com Zika vírus foi significativamente maior (82,1) do que o número de notificações do sexo feminino para Dengue (59,6) (p=0,03) estando o HRAug com maior número de notificações para Dengue (18,4) e a USF III para Zika (35,9) (p<0,001). A taxa de incidência para as notificações de Dengue e Zika foi maior na estação chuvosa. Conclusão: A realização deste estudo contribuiu para conhecer o comportamento epidemiológico da Dengue, Zika e Febre Chikungunya nos últimos dez anos. Por isso, estratégias e medidas de prevenção e controle devem ser sempre avaliadas e (re)modificadas, uma vez que, o vetor Aedes aegypti tem alto poder de adaptação e proliferação de acordo com as mudanças ambientais e sazonais.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-09-15T01:16:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o+de+Juliana+Andrade_PPGBiotec.pdf: 1768229 bytes, checksum: bb090cd36fb6e87ace64aecf5e4d3280 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-15T01:16:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o+de+Juliana+Andrade_PPGBiotec.pdf: 1768229 bytes, checksum: bb090cd36fb6e87ace64aecf5e4d3280 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Dengue is an endemic disease caused by Aedes aegypti Linnaeus that besides have caused major epidemics in recent years in Brazil, does not have an effective vaccine. The larvae of these mosquitoes demonstrates high resistance to chemical larvicides commonly used in vector control activities and therefore some plants ictiot?xicas studies are targets for discovery of promising substances present in plant extracts that can be leveraged or even transformed into natural insecticides. This work began with an ethnobiological study conducted in the municipality of Maragogipe by using open and semi-structured interviews with local residents in order to collect information in different sociocultural levels, focusing on which plant is commonly used as ichthyotoxic, and then with possible larvicidal effect. Outo of the ichthyotoxic plants recorded, the species most cited was Phyllanthus acuminatus Vahl. The crude extract of the leaf and stem of this plant, as well as their different concentrations were tested in larvae of the mosquito A. aegypti checking the mortality rate at 24 and 48 hours at laboratory conditions to 25?C in a growth chamber to assess its action as biopesticide agent. Although not standardized a suitable dosage of a larvicide from natural plant extracts tested, it was found that in higher concentrations it is possible to achieve the desired effect contributing to breaking the cycle of development of dengue vector and contributing to the reduction the indiscriminate use of synthetic larvicides that have high power toxicity. / A dengue ? uma endemia disseminada pelo Aedes aegypti Linnaeus que al?m de ter provocado grandes epidemias nos ?ltimos anos no Brasil, ainda n?o possui uma vacina efetiva. A larva deste mosquito demonstra grande resist?ncia aos larvicidas qu?micos comumente usados nas a??es de controle do vetor e, portanto, algumas plantas ictiot?xicas s?o alvos de estudos para descoberta de subst?ncias promissoras presentes em extratos vegetais que possam ser aproveitados ou at? transformados em inseticidas naturais. Este trabalho iniciou-se com o estudo etnobiol?gico conduzido no munic?pio de Maragogipe, utilizando entrevistas abertas e semi-estruturadas com os moradores locais com o objetivo de coletar informa??es em n?veis socioculturais distintos, enfocando qual planta ? comumente utilizada como ictiot?xica e com poss?vel efeito larvicida. Das plantas identificadas como ictiot?xicas, a mais citada pela comunidade visitada foi a esp?cie Phyllanthus acuminatus Vahl. O extrato bruto do caule e da folha desta planta, assim como suas diferentes concentra??es, foram testados em larvas do mosquito A. aegypti verificando a taxa de mortalidade em 24 e 48 horas em condi??es de laborat?rio com temperatura de 25?C em c?mara B.O.D. a fim de avaliar a sua a??o como agente bioinseticida. Embora n?o tenha sido padronizada uma dosagem adequada de um larvicida natural a partir de extratos da planta testada, verificou-se que em maiores concentra??es ? poss?vel obter o efeito desejado contribuindo para o rompimento no ciclo de desenvolvimento do vetor da dengue e colaborando para a diminui??o no uso indiscriminado de larvicidas sint?ticos que apresentam alto poder de toxidade.

Transposable elements (TEs) are found in nearly all eukaryotic genomes and are a major driving force of genome evolution. The hAT superfamily of TEs are found in a variety of organisms, including plants, fungi, insects and animals. To date, only 14 hAT TEs in the Aedes aegypti genome have been annotated as having a hAT transposase coding sequence. In this study, extensive bioinformatic approaches have been employed to find hAT TEs that encode transposases in the A. aegypti genome. A total of six newly-identified TEs belonging to the hAT superfamily were discovered in the A. aegypti genome. Furthermore, a computer program called TE Displayer was developed to analyze TEs in genome sequences. TE Displayer detects TE-derived polymorphisms in genome datasets and presents the results on a virtual gel image. TE Displayer enables researchers to compare TE profiles in silico and provides a reference profile for experimental analyses.

Transposable elements (TEs) are found in nearly all eukaryotic genomes and are a major driving force of genome evolution. The hAT superfamily of TEs are found in a variety of organisms, including plants, fungi, insects and animals. To date, only 14 hAT TEs in the Aedes aegypti genome have been annotated as having a hAT transposase coding sequence. In this study, extensive bioinformatic approaches have been employed to find hAT TEs that encode transposases in the A. aegypti genome. A total of six newly-identified TEs belonging to the hAT superfamily were discovered in the A. aegypti genome. Furthermore, a computer program called TE Displayer was developed to analyze TEs in genome sequences. TE Displayer detects TE-derived polymorphisms in genome datasets and presents the results on a virtual gel image. TE Displayer enables researchers to compare TE profiles in silico and provides a reference profile for experimental analyses.

Causative influences that impact the separation of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations in different geographic areas were determined, as well as how they are affected by the abiotic conditions as seen in the habitats they frequent in Texas. The eggs of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti collected from McAllen and Brownsville, Texas, and laboratory populations of these two species were subjected to 25 different temperature and relative humidity conditions for up to three months. In most treatments, Ae. aegypti eggs had a greater percent hatch than Ae. albopictus, regardless of temperature or relative humidity. With an increase in relative humidity, the percent hatch for both species increased, but at the higher temperatures of 32° and 35°C the amount of time the eggs were exposed to those temperatures had a greater negative effect on the percent hatch than did the positive effect of increase in relative humidity. The surface area, volume and surface-area-to-volume ratio of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus eggs with and without the chorionic egg pad, and the size of the chorionic egg pad were calculated for fifty eggs of each species of mosquito from populations collected in McAllen and Brownsville and from the laboratory populations. Ae. aegypti had a larger egg volume, and a larger surface area; but, it is likely their larger egg pad compensates for this high surface-area-to-volume ratio by holding moisture along the egg’s surface and that the egg pad is associated with the high desiccation resistance seen in Ae. aegypti eggs. Development rates for both species of mosquitoes from populations collected in Galveston and Brownsville, Texas, and laboratory populations were produced by measuring the development time from a hatched egg to the adult at seven temperatures. The temperature optima (28°-33°C) were similar for all populations; however, the rate of development for Ae. aegypti was significantly faster at the temperature optima. It is likely that this faster development rate in the Ae. aegypti population helps to maintain a population in climates that have this range of temperatures given that Ae. albopictus is a superior competitor in the larval and adult stages.

Identifying the molecular interactions of pathogens in different mosquito species is critical for understanding how mosquitoes transmit diseases. In this study, the role of the Jak-STAT immune signalling pathway in two different mosquito species, (Aedes aegypti L.) and (Culex quinquefasciatus L.) was assessed. Using in silico analysis tools, cell culture, and molecular techniques, changes in gene expression were assessed during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and West Nile virus (WNV) infection in the two species. It was found that activation of the Jak-STAT pathway occurred more quickly in Ae. aegypti cells compared to Cx. quinquefasciatus cells during LPS exposure. During WNV infections, no significant differences were observed, although preliminary evidence suggests that differential activation of the Jak-STAT pathway may exist between the two species. This research extends our understanding of the mosquito immune system while demonstrating the critical importance of vector-virus interactions across different mosquito species.

Identifying the molecular interactions of pathogens in different mosquito species is critical for understanding how mosquitoes transmit diseases. In this study, the role of the Jak-STAT immune signalling pathway in two different mosquito species, (Aedes aegypti L.) and (Culex quinquefasciatus L.) was assessed. Using in silico analysis tools, cell culture, and molecular techniques, changes in gene expression were assessed during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and West Nile virus (WNV) infection in the two species. It was found that activation of the Jak-STAT pathway occurred more quickly in Ae. aegypti cells compared to Cx. quinquefasciatus cells during LPS exposure. During WNV infections, no significant differences were observed, although preliminary evidence suggests that differential activation of the Jak-STAT pathway may exist between the two species. This research extends our understanding of the mosquito immune system while demonstrating the critical importance of vector-virus interactions across different mosquito species.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.