O papel das junções intercelulares comunicantes do tipo gap e das proteínas que as compõem, as conexinas, tem sido alvo de numerosos estudos no campo da oncologia. Com a finalidade de compreender melhor os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos no processo carcinogênico e desenvolver novas armas contra o câncer, estes estudos têm se mostrado promissores, porém com muitas perguntas ainda a serem respondidas. Com o objetivo de avaliar a interferência da conexina 43 no processo carcinogênico, administramos o carcinógeno DMBA, um hidrocarboneto aromático policíclico, nas doses hebdomadárias de 1 mg durante 9 semanas, à camundongos BALB/c geneticamente modificados heterozigotos para a conexina 43 (Cx43+/-) e wild-type (Cx43+/+). O desenvolvimento de neoplasias ocorreu em 100% dos animais que receberam DMBA, porém de forma variável quanto ao tempo, tipo e número de neoplasias. No total, 6 tipos neoplásicos foram observados, incluindo neoplasias mamária, linfoma, pulmonar, gástrica, cutânea e ovariana, nesta ordem de prevalência. Com relação às neoplasias mamárias, as mamas abdominais foram as mais acometidas e o adenoacantoma foi o tipo histológico mais comum. No pulmão, estômago e pele, o tipo neoplásico mais comum em cada um foi, respectivamente, adenocarcinoma alveolar papilar, carcinoma de células escamosas e carcinoma de células escamosas queratinizante. Foi observada diferença estatística significante na incidência de tumores ovarianos, entre os grupos Cx43+/- e Cx43+/-, com maior incidência em animais Cx43+/-, indicando interferência da Cx43 neste processo carcinogênico. Apenas os animais Cx43+/- desenvolveram este tipo neoplásico, o qual foi representado exclusivamente por tumores da célula da granulosa. Não houve diferença estatística significante na incidência dos demais tumores, embora, em números absolutos, a incidência de quase todas, à exceção das neoplasias cutâneas, tenha sido maior nos Cx43+/-. O mesmo se repetiu com relação ao desenvolvimento de metástases, cujo fenótipo foi observado apenas em neoplasias mamárias e gástricas. A utilização de doses elevadas (9mg) de DMBA parece interferir na resposta, mais notadamente a pulmonar. As conexinas atuam de forma complexa e variável entre os diferentes tumores e entendimento da relação das conexinas com o câncer depende do entendimento molecular do controle da expressão das conexinas. Com este trabalho esperamos contribuir para evolução dos estudos relativos ao seu papel no processo carcinogênico e, desta forma, auxiliar no desenvolvimento de meios de previnir e combater o câncer. / The role of the intercellular communication of gap junctions and of the proteins that form these junctions, the connexins, has been the subject of numerous studies in the field of oncology. In order to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the carcinogenic process and develop new weapons against cancer, these studies have shown promising, but with many questions still to be answered. Aiming to evaluate the interference connexin 43 in the carcinogenic process the carcinogen DMBA, one aromatic hydrocarbon polycyclic, was administered to genetically modified BALB;c mice heterozygous for the connexin 43 (Cx43 +/-) and wild-type (Cx43 +/+). The development of cancer occurred in 100% of animals receiving DMBA, but in different timing, types and number of tumors. In total, six types of neoplasm were observed, including breast, lymphoma, lung, gastric, skin and ovarian cancers, in that order of prevalence. Regarding breast cancer, abdominal breasts were the most affected and adenoacanthoma was the most common histological type. In the lung, stomach and skin, the most common tumor type in each was, respectively, papillary alveolar adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. There was statistically significant difference in the incidence of ovarian tumors among groups Cx43 + / - and Cx43 + / -, indicating interference of the expression of Cx43 +/- in the carcinogenic process. Only animals of the Cx43 + / - developed this tumor type, which was represented exclusively by granulosa cell tumors. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of other tumors, although in absolute numbers, the incidence of almost all, except for skin cancers, was higher in Cx43 + / -. The same was repeated with respect to the development of metastases, wereas observed only in breast and gastric cancers. The use of high doses (9 mg) of DMBA appears to interfere with the carcinogenic response, most notably in the lung. Connexins act in complex and variable ways among different tumors and understanding of the relationship of connexins in cancer depends on understanding the molecular control of expression of connexins. With this work we hope to contribute to the development of studies about role of connexins in the carcinogenic process and thus help in developing ways to prevent and fight cancer.

In addition, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of a widely used chemotherapeutic agent 5Fu on laryngeal squamous cell cancer cell lines and evaluated the role of p53 in 5Fu treatment. We found that the apoptosis and G1/S cell arrest mediated by 5Fu in laryngeal cancers is p53-independent but p21 WAF1/CIP1-dependent. We further demonstrated the effect of 5Fu on HPV16-associated laryngeal cancer cells. Using cytotoxicity assay and Annexin V staining, we proved that 5Fu induces apoptosis in all of the transfected cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, suggesting that the process was not prevented by HPV16 E6 or E7. 5Fu induced the accumulation of active pRb and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 together with an increase in Bak and Bax expression and a decrease in Bcl-2 levels in all the transfected cells. In addition, G1/S phase cell cycle arrest was associated with the antiproliferation activity of 5Fu in all cell lines. Through RT-PCR, 5Fu also presented some effects on the E6 and E7 oncoproteins of HPV16 in transfected UMSCC 12 cells. / Our results suggest that HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins do not prevent 5Fu medicated apoptosis and G1/S cell arrest in laryngeal cancers. The anti-cancer effect of 5Fu is probably decided by the level of p21 WAF1/CIP1 while the sensitivity of laryngeal cancer cells responded to 5Fu treatment is associated with the increase of Bak or/and the decrease in Bcl-2, not with the HPV16 viral proteins and p53 status. 5Fu also presented some effects on the E6 and E7 oncoproteins of HPV16 in laryngeal cancer. However, the anti-viral effect of 5Fu still needs further investigation. / Our study indicated that (1) the evasion of apoptosis mediated by HPV16 E6 and E7 plays a critical role in laryngeal carcinogenesis; (2) HPV16 E6 or E7 plays an important role in regulating the expression of Bak, Bax and Bcl-2; (3) The degradation of Bak by HPV16 E6 is not caused by interacting with the promoter of Bak; (4) The induction of Bcl-2 is mediated through HPV16 E7; (5) HPV16 transfection does not interfere with the apoptosis and cell cycle arrest mediated by 5Fu in human laryngeal squamous cancer cells. / There is a growing body of evidence that human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is involved in the development of human laryngeal cancer, especially in Chinese population. The two oncoproteins, HPV16 E6 and E7 that target host cell tumor suppressor proteins p53 and Rb respectively, may generate antiapoptotic effects and induce cell immortalization. However, the effect of both oncoproteins on apoptosis in laryngeal cancers is not completely clear. In this study, we demonstrated the possible mechanism of high risk HPV16 in laryngeal carcinogenesis and evaluated the effect of 5Fu on HPV16-positive laryngeal cancer cells. / We employed two human laryngeal cancer cell lines---UMSCC12 (with truncated p53) and UMSCC11A (with mutant but functional p53) in this study. These two cell lines were stably transfected with HPV16 E6, E7 or empty vector, pcDNA3.1, which provided a good foundation for further study on the carcinogenic mechanism of HPV16 E6 or E7 in human laryngeal cancers. Through Annexin V staining and protein stability assay, we found that the transfection of HPV16 E6 and E7 induced fewer spontaneous apoptosis in both UMSCC11A and UMSCC12 cells accompanied with enhanced protein stability of Bcl-2 and increased protein degradation of Bak. Similar results were obtained when E6- and E7-transfected cells exposed to apoptosis stimuli---TNF-alpha/CHX. These results indicate that stable transfection of E6 and E7 in human laryngeal cancer cells on one hand shortened the half-life of Bak protein, and on the other hand, enhanced the steady-state levels of Bcl-2 protein. In order to gain insight into the role of Bak and Bcl-2 in regulating apoptosis in HPV-associated laryngeal cancer cells, we performed transient transfection of Bcl-2 into E6- and E7-transfected cells. It is found that HPV16 E7 statistically enhanced the expression of Bcl-2 in laryngeal cancer, indicating that the induction of Bcl-2 require the transfection of HPV16 E7. Furthermore, Luciferase assay was performed to investigate whether the viral proteins E6 and E7 altered the stability of Bak through interaction with the promoter of Bak. Negative results were obtained, suggesting that E6 or E7 do not alter the transcription activity of Bak, indicating the degradation of Bak by E6 or E7 may be mediated through other mechanisms. / Liu Han-ching. / "August 2006." / Advisers: C. A. van Hasselt; George G. Chen. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1569. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 245-274). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Wang, Shiyan. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-139). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

"Diffusion-weighted nuclear magnetic resonance has gained widespread use in the characterization of various diseases. Developments in the area of porous media theory have been successfully transferred and adapted for the use in biological tissue. Measurement of the displacement of diffusing water molecules can reveal structural information about the environment in which the molecules translate. The return-to-the-origin (RTO) probability and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) are based on the diffusion behavior of water molecules in a restricted environment. Water molecules in restricted space have smaller displacements, for a given diffusion time, than water molecules diffusing in bulk solution. The cell membranes and organelles in healthy biological tissue impart more restrictions on diffusing water molecules as compared to necrotic tumor tissue. In necrotic tissue the degradation of cellular structures by auto- and/or heterolysis allows water molecules to diffuse over larger distances without encountering restrictions. The spectroscopic measurement of the RTO probability and the RTO enhancement in RIF-1 tumors showed that the RTO probability is sensitive to these changes in structure. The study showed that smaller tumors, which are less necrotic, have a larger RTO probability and enhancement than larger RIF-1 tumors with a higher fraction of necrotic tumor tissue. Extension of the methodology to NMR imaging was used to answer the question if the RTO probability can provide spatial information about the necrotic area within RIF-1 tumors. The necrotic area measured by the ADC and histology were compared. While neither ADC or RTO could show its superiority over the other, both methods showed a good correlation between their mean values and the necrotic area fraction as measured by histology. The mean ADC and the mean RTO enhancement had a correlation with the necrotic tumor fraction, as determined by histology, of r = 0.86 and r = -0.82, respectively. Conventional T2-weighted images of the same tumor slice showed a poorer correlation (r = 0.62) with the necrotic fraction and no visual agreement with the histology. The general features of the ADC and RTO enhancement were in agreement with histology, however, more exact comparisons where not possible due to the large differences in slice thickness between the two techniques. Structural changes similar to those caused by tumor tissue necrosis can be induced by chemo- and radiation therapy and ADC and RTO enhancement were used to monitor these changes non-invasively. RIF-1 tumors were grown on the hind leg of C3H mice and monitored daily by diffusion-weighted MRI. ADC and RTO-enhancement maps were created using data acquired from control animals and animals treated with 100 mg/kg 5-Fluorouracil. Both ADC and RTO proved to be useful in the early detection of the efficacy of treatment as well as for monitoring the progress of therapy. Diffusion measurements by pulsed-field-gradient (PFG) MRI have become an important tool for detecting of pathophysiological changes caused by cancer and stroke. The increasing popularity of diffusion measurements has initiated their use on clinical MRI systems that have limited magnetic-field-gradient strength. These limitations make it necessary to lengthen the diffusion-gradient duration to ensure sufficient signal attenuation for calculating the ADC. Unfortunately, increasing of the diffusion-gradient duration to a large extent violates the theoretical model used in the ADC calculation. The diffusion measurements are not performed in the finite pulse width regime, but rather in the constant gradient regime, requiring a different interpretation of the results. Examination of the differences in the measured diffusion coefficient showed that increasing both the diffusion-gradient duration and the echo time have a significant impact on the results of a diffusion measurement. A different way to assess changes in RIF-1 tumors as a function of treatment is the measurement of the tissue oxygen status. Cell hypoxia has long been linked with treatment resistivity and reoccurrence in cancers, where the oxygen status is a determining factor of treatment outcome. Perfluorocarbons (PFC's) have been used successfully to assess the tumor oxygen status in the past, but required a large MRI slice thickness due to compensate for the low PFC concentration. The tissue oxygen status of the tumor is assessed by intravenous injection of a PFC that is subsequently sequestered in the tumor. The measurement of the T1-relaxation time of the PFC allows the calculation of the oxygen content, which is linearly related to the relaxivity and the temperature. Fluorine-19, multiple-slice, inversion-recovery echo-planar imaging (EPI) allowed high spatial resolution assessment of the tissue oxygen status over the entire tumor. The results demonstrated that there is a large variation in tissue oxygenation between adjacent slices. Comparison of the oxygen distribution between various tumors also showed that there is no common pattern in the spatial distribution of oxygen within the tumor. Monitoring of the oxygen status during chemotherapy showed an increase in hypoxic tissue and a reduction in tumor size in response to the toxicity of the chemotherapeutic agent. As the effects of the treatment subsided, rapid cell proliferation caused the tumor to regrow and a subsequent decrease in tissue oxygen tension was observed. The study clearly demonstrated the changes in oxygen tension in response to chemotherapy and the need for multi-slice MRI acquisition at high spatial resolution to detect these changes."

Orientador: Janete Dias Almeida / Coorientador: Celina Faig Lima Carta / Banca: Emília Ângela Lo Schiavo Arisawa / Banca: Ana Lia Anbinder / Banca: Alberto José de Araújo / Banca: José Benedito Oliveira Amorim / Resumo: Os carcinógenos do tabaco estão relacionados a diversos tipos de câncer incluindo o carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) bucal. Aliado ao álcool, o tabaco contribui para o desfecho desfavorável destes casos. A susceptibilidade individual ao câncer pode estar relacionada a expressão das enzimas que metabolizam tais carcinógenos. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a expressão dos genes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2A6 e CYP2E1 no CCE bucal por meio de qPCR. Foram coletadas amostras de 32 indivíduos com CCE e de 15 controles submetidos a cirurgias bucais por lesões benignas. Foram constituídos quatro grupos: Grupo CCE fumante (n=26), Grupo CCE não fumante (n=6), Grupo controle fumante (n=9) e Grupo controle não fumante (n=6). O Teste de Fagerström para Dependência a Cigarros (TFDC) foi usado para avaliar a dependência nicotínica (DN) e AUDIT para avaliação do consumo de etílicos. Houve diminuição da expressão do gene CYP1B1 nos casos de CCE comparados aos controles. Foram encontradas diferenças estaticamente significativas de expressão gênica de CYP1B1 entre os Grupos CCE fumante e controle fumante (p=0,0018), Grupo CCE não fumante e controle não fumante (p=0,0079) e CCE fumante com CCE não fumante (p=0,0385) e entre os quatro grupos (p<0,0001). Houve diminuição da expressão do CYP2A6 no Grupo CCE fumante em relação ao Grupo controle, mas apenas um paciente do Grupo controle expressou este gene. Houve aumento da expressão de CYP2E1 entre os Grupos CCE fumante e controle fumante (p=0,0424... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Tobacco carcinogens are related to various types of cancer, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Allied to alcohol, tobacco contributes to the unfavorable outcome of the cases. Individual cancer susceptibility may be related to an expression of the enzymes that metabolize such carcinogens. The aim of this work is to evaluate the expression of the genes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 on OSCC by qPCR. Samples were collected from 32 individuals with OSCC and 15 controls submitted to oral surgeries due to benign lesions. There were four groups: Smoker SCC group (n = 26), nonsmoker SCC group (n = 6), Smoker control group (n = 9) and nonsmoker control group (n = 6). The Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (TFCD) was used to evaluate nicotinic dependence (ND) and AUDIT for the evaluation of alcohol consumption. There was a decrease in CYP1B1 gene expression in cases of SCC compared to controls. (P = 0.0018); smoker CCE and non-smoker control (p = 0.0079); smoker SCC with nonsmoker SCC (p = 0.0385) and between the four groups (p <0.0001). There was a decreased expression in CYP2A6 in the smoker SCC Group compared to the control group, but only one control group patient expressed this gene. There was an increased expression of CYP2E1 between the smoking and nonsmoking SCC groups (p = 0.0424). In conclusion, large interindividual variability was found in the study of the expression of the genes studied. There was greater expression of CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 in samples from... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Les papillomavirus humains (HPV), dont on dénombre plus de 300 types différents, infectent spécifiquement les épithéliums. Ces infections sont communes et généralement asymptomatiques. Cependant, lorsqu’elles persistent, elles peuvent donner lieu à des lésions bénignes, telles que les verrues, ou cancéreuses, telles que le cancer du col de l’utérus. Les facteurs de l’hôte impliqués dans la persistance et la pathogénie des infections par les HPV restent largement méconnus. Les premières évidences du rôle de l’axe de signalisation CXCL12/CXCR4 dans la pathogénie virale proviennent d’observations faites dans le contexte d’un déficit immunitaire rare, le syndrome WHIM. En effet, ce syndrome est dû à des dysfonctions de l’axe CXCL12/CXCR4 − causées par des mutations de CXCR4 conduisant à un gain de fonction de l’axe CXCL12/CXCR4 − et est caractérisé par une susceptibilité sélective des patients à des infections sévères, persistantes et parfois malignes par les HPV. Au vu de cette susceptibilité, l’objectif de ma thèse a été d’approfondir cet éventuel lien causal entre les dysfonctions de l’axe CXCL12/CXCR4 et la pathogenèse associée aux infections par les HPV et de caractériser les mécanismes moléculaires en jeu.Afin de répondre à cette problématique, je me suis intéressée dans la première partie de mes travaux de thèse aux conséquences des dysfonctions de l’axe CXCL12/CXCR4 − à travers le gain de fonction de CXCR4 associé au syndrome WHIM − sur le cycle biologique d’HPV18 étudié dans des cultures organotypiques épithéliales tridimensionnelles. Ces travaux nous ont permis de mettre en évidence que les dysfonctions de CXCR4 limitaient la production virale au profit de la mise en place d’un processus de transformation cellulaire. Les mécanismes en jeu impliquent une augmentation de la prolifération cellulaire et un changement du profil d’expression des protéines virales en faveur des oncoprotéines et au détriment de celles impliquées dans la réplication virale.Dans la seconde partie de mes travaux, je me suis attachée à déterminer les effets du blocage de l’axe CXCL12/CXCR4 dans un modèle murin de néoplasie épithéliale induite par HPV16 (souris K14-HPV16). Le traitement de ces souris par l’AMD3100, un antagoniste sélectif de CXCR4, induit une tendance à la normalisation se manifestant par une diminution significative de l’hyperplasie induite par HPV16. Cet effet est associé à une réduction de l’hyperprolifération des kératinocytes et de l’infiltrat de cellules immunitaires dans le derme.En conclusion, ce travail de thèse identifie l’axe CXCL12/CXCR4 comme un facteur de l’hôte impliqué dans la carcinogenèse induite par les HPV, et révèle le bénéfice de stratégies thérapeutiques basées sur le blocage de cet axe. / Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which encompass almost 300 different types identified so far, specifically infect epitheliums. Most of the time, HPVs are associated with asymptomatic infections suggesting an efficient control by the host immune system. However, when these infections persist, HPVs can cause cutaneous warts but also mucosal lesions that can progress to dysplasia and cancer (e.g. cervical cancers). The host factors involved in HPV persistence and derived-pathogenesis remain quite obscure. The first evidence for a role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling axis in HPV pathogenesis came from observations made in the context of a rare immunodeficiency disorder, the WHIM syndrome. This syndrome is caused by dysfunctions of the axis formed by the chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 – caused by inherited heterozygous mutations in CXCR4 leading to a gain-of-function of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis – and featured by a high susceptibility to severe, persistent and sometimes malignant HPV infections. In light of this susceptibility, the aim of my thesis was to characterise the molecular mechanisms involved and to find out whether it extend to a more general interplay between the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and HPV biological cycle and pathogenesis.In the first part of my work, I investigated the consequences of CXCL12/CXCR4 dysfunctions – through the CXCR4 gain-of-function – on the HPV18 life cycle in three-dimensional organotypic epithelial cultures. We found that CXCR4 dysfunctions limited the viral replication at the benefit of cell transformation. The mechanisms included an increased in cell proliferation and a change in viral protein expression profile in favour of oncoproteins and at the expense of proteins involved in viral replication.In the second part of my work, I determined the impact of the CXCL12/CXCR4 blockade on a murin model of HPV16-induced neoplasia (K14-HPV16 mice). Treatment of these mice by AMD3100, a selective antagonist of CXCR4, results in a normalisation of HPV-induced lesions manifested by a significant decrease of skin hyperplasia. This effect is associated with a reduction in keratinocyte hyperproliferation and immune cell infiltration in dermis.To conclude, this thesis work identifies the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as a new host factor involved in human papillomavirus-induced carcinogenesis, and reveals the benefit of therapeutic strategies based on the blockade of this axis.

In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which PBRM1 functions as a tumor suppressor in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. PBRM1, also known as BAF180 or Polybromo, is a member of the PBAF SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Cancer sequencing studies have revealed that SWI/SNF components are widely mutated in cancer. PBRM1 is recurrently mutated in various human malignancies, but it has a particularly high mutation rate in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: ~40% of clear cell renal cell carcinomas have a PBRM1 mutation, making it the second most highly mutated gene in clear cell renal cell carcinoma behind VHL. Although many recent studies have looked at how other SWI/SNF components function in cancer control, relatively little is known about the tumor suppressive mechanisms of PBRM1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. To investigate PBRM1 function, we manipulated its expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell lines. In cell lines with intact PBRM1, we stably knocked down its expression using shRNA. In a cell line with mutant PBRM1, we stably restored expression of the wild-type protein. We found that PBRM1 deficiency significantly enhanced the growth properties of cells, but only when the cells were grown under stressful conditions, such as reduced serum or a 3-D culture environment. To investigate genes and pathways influenced by PBRM1 that may confer this growth advantage, we compared gene expression differences in the clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell lines and murine embryonic fibroblasts with or without PBRM1. We found that PBRM1 regulated numerous cancer-related genes and pathways. One gene, ALDH1A1, was consistently upregulated with PBRM1 deficiency across our cell lines. Further expression analysis using two different clear cell renal cell carcinoma primary tumor datasets revealed that PBRM1 mutation in primary tumors was also associated with higher ALDH1A1 levels. ALDH1A1, or aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, is part of the retinoic acid metabolic pathway and irreversibly converts retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. It functions in hematopoietic stem cell development, white versus brown fat programming, and insulin signaling. Numerous studies have also identified ALDH1A1 as a marker of tumor-initiating cells, also known as cancer stem cells. Not much is known about the regulation of ALDH1A1 expression in cancer, and it has not previously been linked to PBRM1 or SWI/SNF. We confirmed that stable knockdown of PBRM1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell lines resulted in higher ALDH1A1 mRNA and protein expression, and also higher ALDH1-class enzyme activity. Alternatively, re-expression of wild-type PBRM1, but not cancer-associated mutant PBRM1, lowered ALDH1A1 expression and activity in the PBRM1-mutant line. Additionally, inhibiting ALDH1A1 or knocking it down in the context of PBRM1 deficiency reduced anchorage-independent growth, while over-expressing ALDH1A1 in the PBRM1-normal setting increased tumorsphere-forming capacity. These results suggest that ALDH1A1 is not only a marker of tumor-initiating cells, but can also increase the tumorigenic potential of cells. Based on our gene expression analysis, we additionally explored PBRM1 regulation of the EGFR and IFN pathways. PBRM1 decreased total EGFR protein levels and dampened downstream signaling. These changes had functional consequences, as PBRM1 deficiency led to faster growth in response to EGF stimulation. However, it did not create a setting of oncogenic addiction, as PBRM1 deficient cells were also more resistant to EGFR inhibition. Alternatively, PBRM1 deficiency reduced basal and IFNα-induced levels of IFI27, a pro-apoptotic interferon response gene, and made cells more resistant to growth inhibition by IFNα. PBRM1 mutations in cancer would thus be expected to have wide-ranging effects on a cell, and the targeting of any one specific downstream pathway might have limited efficacy. Finally, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of how PBRM1 deficiency could alter transcription, keeping in mind that PBRM1 is one subunit of the larger PBAF complex. In our clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell lines, we found that mRNA and protein levels of another PBAF-specific subunit, ARID2, increased with PBRM1 deficiency. PBRM1 mutation in primary tumors was also associated with significantly higher ARID2 expression. Immunoprecipitation and glycerol gradient fractionation experiments suggested that more ARID2 may associate with the SWI/SNF components BRG1 and SNF5 after PBRM1 knockdown. ARID2 ChIP-seq analysis revealed that this remnant PBAF-like complex was bound to fewer locations in the genome, and its binding locations were broadly redistributed. Both gained and lost ARID2 binding were associated with differential gene expression, of both upregulated and downregulated genes, indicating that the genomic context influences whether PBAF-binding is activating or repressive. Interestingly, we also found that ARID2 was required for some of the pro-tumorigenic changes associated with PBRM1 deficiency, such as upregulation of ALDH1A1 and EGFR levels, but not others, such as decreased IFI27 levels, implying alternative modes of transcriptional regulation. In total, this study implicates PBRM1 in the regulation of numerous cancer-related genes and pathways in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. PBRM1 mutation would alter the genomic binding of a residual PBAF-like complex containing ARID2, leading to transcriptional changes that promote tumor formation and growth. A better understanding of this oncogenic mechanism may reveal novel therapeutic opportunities.

As a master regulator of the epithelial state, p63 is a family member of the well-known tumor suppressor p53. It has previously been connected to a cancer-associated process, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and here we find that it can be regulated by oncogenes involved in breast tumorigenesis. Specifically, activated forms of PIK3CA and H-RAS are able to strongly repress expression of ∆Np63α, which is the major p63 isoform in epithelial cells. In mammary epithelial lines, this oncogene downregulation occurs at the transcriptional level, and complete repression occurs over the course of several days. As p63 is repressed, the cells undergo EMT and acquire the ability to invade individually through a 3D collagen matrix. Strikingly, even when p63 is suppressed but no oncogene action is present, these cells undergo a mesenchymal shift, suggesting the importance of this gene in maintaining the epithelial state. Furthermore, it is particularly interesting that p63 protein and RNA levels are often low in breast tumors. By connecting H-RAS and PIK3CA signaling to p63, it is hypothesized that such oncogene suppression could account for tumor progression in cases where p63 levels are low. Here, it is proposed that p63 acts in a tumor-suppressive manner, although it can be overcome by oncogenes leading to changes in differentiation state and migratory capability, therefore drastically affecting breast carcinogenesis.

As junções comunicantes são canais protéicos formados entre células adjacentes que permitem a passagem de moléculas e íons menores do que 1kDa; conexinas são proteínas que formam estas junções. Vêm sendo demonstradas na literatura a diminuição da capacidade de comunicação celular e alterações na expressão e/ou localização das conexinas em neoplasias. Este estudo foi realizado com o intuito de se verificar a influência da deleção de um dos alelos da Cx43 na carcinogênese pulmonar. Para tanto, camundongos geneticamente manipulados heterozigotos (Cx43± ou selvagens (Cx43±) de ambos os sexos receberam 3g/kg de uretana aos 15 e 17 dias de idade, e foram sacrificados após 25 semanas. As quantificações macro e microscópicas das lesões revelaram que os camundongos Cx43± apresentaram maior multiplicidade de adenomas pulmonares. Estes apresentavam também maior taxa de proliferação celular, avaliada pela quantificação de núcleos positivos para o PCNA. As expressões das Cxs 26, 32, 43 e 46, presentes no epitélio pulmonar, foram avaliadas por PCR em tempo real (RT-PCR) e por imunoistoquímica. A expressão da Cx43 revelou-se cerca de 50% menor em camundongos Cx43± quando comparada à dos correspondentes Cx43+/+, como esperado. Estudos in vitro mostraram que os pneumócitos de tipo II (APTII) extraídos de camundongos Cx43±, apresentaram capacidade de comunicação menor do que os APTII de camundongos Cx43+/+. Quando submetidos ao tratamento com uretana, a expressão de Cx 43 aumentou em 100% no tecido pulmonar. As demais Cxs tiveram a expressão reduzida pelo tratamento e não foram evidenciadas no epitélio pulmonar livre de lesões após o tratamento com uretana. Não foi detectada a expressão da Cx43 e da Cx32 nos adenomas provenientes dos camundongos Cx43±. A expressão das Cxs 26 e 46 foi correlacionada com o fenótipo papilífero das lesões. Constatou-se que a Cx32 acumulava-se no citoplasma das células epiteliais pulmonares e teve sua expressão, juntamente com a da Cx43, associada ao sexo, provavelmente contribuindo para a menor susceptibilidade das fêmeas aos adenomas induzidos pela uretana. Em conclusão, a redução da expressão da Cx43 conferiu maior susceptibilidade ao desenvolvimento de adenomas pulmonares pela uretana. Este foi o primeiro estudo in vivo mostrando a influência da deleção de um único alelo da Cx43 na carcinogênese / Gap junctions are communicating protein channels formed between adjacent cells that allow the exchange of molecules and ions smaller than 1kDa; connexins are proteins that form these junctions. Studies in the literature have been showing the lower level of cell communication capacity and alterations in the expression and/or localization of connexins in neoplasia. This study was performed to verify the influence of the deletion of one allele of Cx43 on lung carcinogenesis. Genetically manipulated heterozygous (Cx43Gap junctions are communicating protein channels formed between adjacent cells that allow the exchange of molecules and ions smaller than 1kDa; connexins are proteins that form these junctions. Studies in the literature have been showing the lower level of cell communication capacity and alterations in the expression and/or localization of connexins in neoplasia. This study was performed to verify the influence of the deletion of one allele of Cx43 on lung carcinogenesis. Genetically manipulated heterozygous (Cx43± or wild type mice (Cx43+/+) were injected with 3g/kg of at the age of 15 and 17 days and were euthanized after 25-weeks. Macroscopic and microscopic quantification of pulmonary lesions revealed that Cx43± mice presented higher multiplicity of pulmonary adenomas. These presented also a higher cell proliferation index, as evaluated by counting PCNA positive nuclei. Cxs 26, 32, 43 and 46 expressions in the pulmonary epithelium were investigated by Real-Time PCR and by immunohistochemistry. Cx43 expression was about 50% lower in Cx43± mice, in comparison to Cx43+/+ mice, as expected. In vitro studies showed that the APTII cells extracted from Cx43± mice presented a reduced communication capacity. When treated with urethane, the expression of Cx43 was increased by 100%. Other Cxs were down-regulated after the treatment with urethane, and were not observed lung areas devoid of adenomas after the treatment with urethane. Cx43 and Cx32 were not detected in Cx43± mouse adenomas. However, Cx26 and Cx46 were correlated with papillary lesions. Cx32 was cumulated in the cytoplasm of the lung epithelial cells and its expression, together Cx43, were associated with the sex, maybe contributing to the lower susceptibility of the female mice to urethane. In conclusion, the reduced expression of Cx43 determines a higher susceptibility to the development of pulmonary adenomas by urethane. This study was the first in vivo showing the influence of the deletion of one allele of Cx43± or wild type mice (Cx43+/+) were injected with 3g/kg of at the age of 15 and 17 days and were euthanized after 25-weeks. Macroscopic and microscopic quantification of pulmonary lesions revealed that Cx43± mice presented higher multiplicity of pulmonary adenomas. These presented also a higher cell proliferation index, as evaluated by counting PCNA positive nuclei. Cxs 26, 32, 43 and 46 expressions in the pulmonary epithelium were investigated by Real-Time PCR and by immunohistochemistry. Cx43 expression was about 50% lower in Cx43± mice, in comparison to Cx43+/+ mice, as expected. In vitro studies showed that the APTII cells extracted from Cx43± mice presented a reduced communication capacity. When treated with urethane, the expression of Cx43 was increased by 100%. Other Cxs were down-regulated after the treatment with urethane, and were not observed lung areas devoid of adenomas after the treatment with urethane. Cx43 and Cx32 were not detected in Cx43± mouse adenomas. However, Cx26 and Cx46 were correlated with papillary lesions. Cx32 was cumulated in the cytoplasm of the lung epithelial cells and its expression, together Cx43, were associated with the sex, maybe contributing to the lower susceptibility of the female mice to urethane. In conclusion, the reduced expression of Cx43 determines a higher susceptibility to the development of pulmonary adenomas by urethane. This study was the first in vivo showing the influence of the deletion of one allele of Cx43 in carcinogenesis

A flora brasileira possui várias plantas com grande potencial quimiopreventivo contra processos neoplásicos, sendo uma delas o fruto do Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb). Essa fruta da região central do Brasil contêm na sua polpa e principalmente no extrato do óleo da sua polpa, várias substâncias antioxidantes. Relatos científicos recentes indicam que as substâncias no Pequi estão relacionadas com a intensificação do sistema imunológico e a redução do risco de doenças degenerativas como o câncer. Portanto, o presente trabalho avaliou o potencial quimiopreventivo do óleo de Caryocar brasiliense contra lesões hepáticas pré-neoplásicas induzidas quimicamente pela dietilnitrosamina (DEN) em camundongos. O iniciador dietilnitrosamina (DEN) na concentração de 10ug/g foi injetado intraperitonialmente em camundongos de 14 dias de idade. Foram formados cinco grupos experimentais: C (controle sem nenhum tratamento); DEN (Dietilnitrosamina 10ug); OP400 (óleo de Pequi 400mg/kg); DEN+OP100 (DEN+100mg/kg de óleo de Pequi); e DEN+OP400 (DEN+400 mg/kg de óleo de Pequi). Estes três últimos grupos receberam o óleo a partir do 30º dia até o 189° dia de vida. Os parâmetros estereológicos densidade de volume (Vv) e volume total (VTot) das lesões pré-neoplásicas (LPN) foram avaliados juntamente com a expressão das citoqueratinas CK8/18. O óleo de C. brasiliense reduziu o volume total das lesões pré-neoplásicas em 51% no fígado dos camundongos e em 20% no número total de animais acometidos com estas lesões na dose de 400 mg/kg. Redução no número de perfis de focos de hepatócitos alterados (FHA) CK8/18 - positivos foram observados no grupo DEN+OP400. Estes efeitos foram atribuídos às substâncias antioxidantes como os carotenóides (com ou sem atividade pró-vitamina A) e vitamina C que possivelmente atuaram na fase de promoção inibindo a proliferação celular e também pela indução da remodelação dos FHA. Portanto, concluímos que o óleo de C. brasiliense possui efeito hepatoprotetor no desenvolvimento de lesões pré-neoplásicas em fígado de camundongos induzidos por DEN e com potencial para uso na prevenção do câncer hepático / The brazilian flora has several plants with large chemopreventive potential against neoplastic processes, being one of them the Pequi fruit (Caryocar brasiliense Camb). This fruit of the central region of Brazil contains at its pulp and especially in the oil extract of its pulp, various antioxidant substances. Recent scientific reports indicate that the substances in Pequi are related to the intensification of the immune system and the reduction of risk of degenerative diseases, such as cancer. Therefore, this study evaluated the chemopreventive potential of the Caryocar brasiliense oil against pre-neoplastic liver lesions chemically induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in mice. The initiator diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at a concentration of 10ug/g was intraperitoneally injected into14 days of age mice. Five experimental groups were formed: C (control without any treatment); DEN (diethylnitrosamine 10ug); OP400 (oil Pequi 400 mg/kg); DEN+OP100 (DEN + 100 mg/kg of Pequi oil); and DEN+OP400 (DEN + 400 mg/kg of Pequi oil). These last three groups received oil from the 30th day to the 189th day of life. The stereological parameters volume density (Vv) and total volume (VTot) of pre-neoplastic lesions (PNL) were evaluated together with the expression of cytokeratins CK8/18. The oil of C. brasiliense reduced the total volume of pre-neoplastic lesions in the liver in 51% of mice and 20% in the total number of affected animals with these lesions at a dose of 400 mg / kg. Reduction in the number of foci of altered hepatocytes (FAH) CK8/18 profiles-positive were observed in DEN+OP400 group. These effects have been attributed to antioxidants substances such as carotenoids (with or without provitamin A activity) and Vitamin C which possibly acted on the promotion stage inhibitting cell proliferation and also by inducing remodeling of FHA. Therefore, we conclude that the oil of C. brasiliense has hepatoprotective effect on the development of pre-neoplastic lesions in the mice liver induced by DEN and with potential for use in the prevention of liver cancer