published_or_final_version / abstract / Anatomy / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Anatomy / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

The stability of DNA is a critical factor for several diseases, the most prevalent of which is cancer. Several neurodegenerative and accelerated aging diseases are also characterized by genomic instability. The number and complexity of DNA repair pathways that human cells possess underscores the importance of genomic stability. These pathways ensure that damaged DNA is repaired and that a cells complement of DNA remains stable upon cell division. How one particular type of DNA alteration, a DNA loop, is processed in human cells was the focus of this study. We have employed an in vitro system to study defined DNA loop substrates by human nuclear extracts. The influence of either a 5 or 3 nick, the range of loop sizes processed, and the role of DNA mismatch repair, DNA nucleotide excision repair, and the Werner Syndrome helicase proteins were variables tested. The results indicate tha t DNA loops containing between 5 to 12 nucleotides are processed in a strand - specific manner when either a 5 or 3 nick is present , with repair being targeted solely to the nicked strand . This repair occurs by both mismatch repair dependent and independent pathways. The processing of DNA loops containing 30 nucleotides in length is directed either by a 5 nick, or by the loop itself, but not by a 3 nick. The nick independent pathway results solely in loop removal. The large loop pathway is independent of mismatch repair, nucleotide excision repair, and the WRN helicase/exonuclease protein. Both of the 5 nick directed pathways occur by excision that initiates at the pre- existing nick and proceeds towards the loop along the shortest path between the nick and loop. DNA resynthesis occurs using either DNA polymerase , , or and also initiates at the pre-existing 5 nick. The 3 nick directed intermediate loop repair pathway proceeds in a similar fashion, likely after a nick is made 5 to the loop region on the strand that contained the pre-existing nick. DNA synthesis inhibition has only a minor affect on the nick independent loop removal pathway as only a short tract of DNA surrounding the loop site is processed. In total, the results point to at least 3 novel pathways that process DNA loops that likely contribute to total genomic stability.

No description available.

Thesis (MMedSc)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2006.

Cytochromes P450 are heme enzymes with very broad substrate specificity, they can oxidize tens to hundreds of different substrates including both eobiotics and xenobiotics, but with varying efficiencies and kinetics. They are responsible for the metabolic activation of many carcinogens resulting in formation of reactive intermediates, these reactive species participate in the formation of DNA adducts and also increase of oxidative stress. Eukaryotic cytochromes P450 are membrane bound enzymes found mostly in the endoplasmic reticulum. In vertebrates, they are expressed in a variety of tissues mostly in the liver, but also in kidney, lung, skin and others. The cytochrome P450 1B1 is an inducible enzyme which occurs mainly in the lung and skin. Its expression is induced predominantly by the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and heterocyclic amines. The human cytochromes P450 are typically obtained using heterologous expression and isolated as a C-terminally modified hexa-histaq constructs using immobilized metal affinity chromatography. This thesis focuses on effect of C-terminal modifications on activity of human cytochrome P450 1B1. First, the two expression vectors encoding the human form of cytochrome P450 1B1 were prepared, one contained a classical C-terminal hexa-histaq...

We attempted to understand the molecular regulators that impact inflammation using a rat model of human sensation-seeking/risk-taking trait for drug and stress vulnerability, based on their exploratory behavior displaying high rates (HRs) or low rates of locomotor reactivity (LRs) to environmental stress. We found that HRs have a pro-inflammatory phenotype as indicated by increased protein expression of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-(Sa(B. Furthermore, we found that HRs have a lower gene expression of the glucocorticoid receptor and histone deacetylase 2 which are known to play an immunosuppressive role. Autophagy (macroautophagy) is a homeostatic process needed for cell maintenance, growth and proliferation and known to assist in tumor survival. FYVE and coiled-coil domain containing 1 (FYCO1) is a novel protein implicated to assist in the plus-end directed trafficking and fusion of autophagosomes. In these studies, we show that FYCO1 gene expression among human breast cell lines of varying degrees of malignancy. / Lillian C. Onwuka-Ekpete. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

O Orlistat é um membro de uma classe de drogas usadas como tratamento para obesidade. No entanto, a segurança de seu uso em longo prazo ainda não é conhecida. O Orlistat exerce sua atividade no lúmen do trato gastrintestinal inibindo a enzima lipase pancreática, responsável pela hidrólise dos triacilglicerídeos normalmente ingeridos com a dieta. Esse medicamento, quimicamente sintetizado, é um derivado da lipstatina, inibidora natural da lipase produzida pelo Streptomyces toxytricini. Assim, a excreção de gordura fecal fica significativamente aumentada com o uso do Orlistat. Estudos epidemiológicos e em modelos experimentais, sugerem que o aumento das dietas hipergordurosas tem efeito promotor para o câncer colorretal. Tal efeito deve ser relacionado, pelo menos parcialmente, às mudanças intra-colônicas causadas pela ação direta da gordura nas células da mucosa do cólon, os colonócitos. O estudo atual tem como objetivo verificar os efeitos do Orlistat na formação colônica de focos de criptas aberrantes (FCA) e na proliferação celular epitelial da mucosa gastrintestinal. Ratos Wistar machos receberam dieta padrão ou dieta com aumento de gordura, suplementada ou não com Orlistat (200 mg/kg), e duas doses semanais do carcinógeno químico Dimetilhidrazina (DMH) (25 mg/kg). Após 30 dias, nos animais tratados com DMH, o Orlistat foi associado a um aumento significativo no número de FCAs colônicos e na proliferação celular epitelial da mucosa do cólon, independentemente da dieta. Os achados obtidos neste trabalho permitem concluir que o aumento do teor de gordura na luz do cólon distal, em decorrência da ação do Orlistat, pode potencializar a ação da DMH na formação de FCAs e no aumento da proliferação celular epitelial da mucosa colônica. / Orlistat is a member of a drug class used as obesity treatment. However, the security of its use in a long period of time is not known yet. Orlistat has its activity in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract inhibiting the pancreatic lipase enzyme responsible for the hydrolyze of the triglycerides that usually are swallowed with the diet. This drug chemically synthesized, is a derived from lipstatina, that inhibit naturally the lipase produced by Streptomyces Toxytricini. So, the excretion of fat excrement stays significantly increased with the use of Orlistat. Epidemiologic studies and in experimental pattern, suggest that the increase of the high-fat diets facilitate the appearance of the colorectal cancer. Such effect must be related, at least partially to the changes intracolonic caused by the direct action of the fat in the cells of the colon mucous, the colonocytes. The current study has as objective to check the effects of the Orlistat on the formation of rat colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and in the epithelial cell proliferation of the gastrointestinal mucous. Male Wistar rats received either a standard diet or a high fat diet (HFD), supplemented or not with Orlistat (200 mg/kg chow) and two doses of the carcinogen dimethyl-hydrazine (25 mg/Kg). After 30 days, Orlistat was associated to a significant increase in the number of colonic ACFs and cell proliferation in DMH-treated animals, independently of the HFD. The find got in this study permit to conclude that the increase in the level of adiposity inside the distal colon, due to Orlistat action, can potencializar the DMH action in the formation of ACFs and in the increase of epithelial cell proliferation of the colônica mucous.

É ainda bastante controverso na literatura se o HPV pode ou não ser considerado fator etiológico ou de risco para o desenvolvimento de lesões malignas/malignizantes em boca. Já há um consenso de que existe evidência ao menos numérica da relação entre HPV e carcinogênese oral, pois em geral os estudos encontram uma relação de proporção entre grau de malignidade e infecção por HPV ? os índices de HPV encontrados em carcinoma epidermóide oral são maiores do que os encontrados em lesões potencialmente malignas, que por sua vez são maiores do que os encontrados em mucosa normal. Sabe-se, porém, que as lesões potencialmente malignas podem apresentar variados graus de displasia epitelial, o que não permite analisá-las como um grupo. Assim, nesse contexto, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar mais refinadamente a relação entre grau de malignidade e infecção por HPV através da detecção de DNA do vírus em leucoplasias e carcinomas epidermóides orais, desmembrando-se o grupo das lesões potencialmente malignas de acordo com o grau de displasia epitelial. Foram selecionados 50 casos diagnosticados como leucoplasia e carcinoma epidermóide orais, os quais foram divididos em 5 grupos: leucoplasia sem displasia, leucoplasia com displasia discreta, leucoplasia com displasia moderada, leucoplasia com displasia intensa e carcinoma epidermóide. Dados clínicos como idade e sexo do paciente e sítio da lesão foram observados e a presença de DNA de HPV foi pesquisada através do método CSA-ISH com sonda de amplo espectro. Nos casos positivos para a sonda de amplo espectro foi realizada a genotipagem com sondas específicas para HPV dos tipos 6/11, 16/18 e 31/33. A prevalência de infecção por HPV foi de 24%, notadamente maior que a reportada em mucosa normal, que é de 1 a 2%. Os resultados mostraram uma discreta relação de proporção entre grau de malignidade e os índices encontrados em leucoplasia sem displasia, leucoplasia com displasia e carcinoma epidermóide, porém sem significância estatística. Desmembrando-se o grupo das leucoplasias com displasia, essa proporcionalidade não foi observada entre os grupos. Na genotipagem, a maior positividade foi para a sonda dos tipos 16/18, de alto potencial oncogênico, e a positividade para a sonda 6/11 só foi encontrada nos grupos de menor grau de malignidade. Apenas um caso mostrou positividade para duas sondas (16/18 e 31/33). Não houve correlação significante entre nenhuma característica clínica e infecção por HPV. Os resultados sugerem portanto que a detecção do HPV não está relacionada com o grau de malignidade das lesões, haja visto a ausência de proporcionalidade entre os índices de detecção do vírus nos grupos analisados. Entretanto, o fato de que a prevalência em nossa casuística, constituída por lesões malignas/malignizantes, foi maior do que àquela encontrada em mucosa normal e que os tipos de alto risco foram os mais prevalentes dentre os casos positivos não nos permite descartar o HPV como fator de risco para a carcinogênese oral. / It is still highly controversial whether HPV can be considered an aetiological or risk factor for the development of malignant/premalignant lesions of the oral cavity. There is an agreement that there is at least quantitative evidence to relate HPV and oral carcinogenesis, since in general the studies find a proportional relation between degree of malignancy and HPV infection ? the prevalence of HPV in squamous cell carcinoma is higher than in premalignant lesions which is higher than in normal mucosa. It is known, however, that premalignant lesions can present several degrees of epithelial dysplasia, which does not allow analyzing them as a group. Hence, in this context, the aim of this study was to analyze more refinedly the relation between degree of malignancy and infection by HPV by means of viral DNA detection in oral leucoplakias and oral squamous cell carcinomas, dividing the group of premalignant lesions according to the degree of epithelial dysplasia within the lesion. Fifty cases diagnosed as oral leucoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma were selected and divided into 5 groups: leucoplakia with no dysplasia, leucoplakia with mild dysplasia, leucoplakia with moderate dysplasia, leucoplakia with severe dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical data regarding patients? age and gender and anatomic site of the lesion were observed and the presence of HPV DNA was assessed using CSA-ISH method with a wide spectrum probe. In positive cases to the wide spectrum probe, genotyping with specific probes to HPV types 6/11, 16/18 and 31/33 was performed. The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 24%, which is higher than the reported for oral normal mucosa, which stands around 1 and 2%. Results show a discrete proportional relation between degree of malignancy and HPV infection indexes found in leucoplakia with no dysplasia, leucoplakia with dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma, but with no statistical significance. Dividing the group of leucoplakia with dysplasia, this relation of proportion was not observed. In genotyping, most cases were positive to the probe for types 16/18, of high oncogenic potential, and cases positive to the probe for types 6/11, of low oncogenic potential, were only found within groups of lower degrees of malignancy. Only one case was positive for two specific probes (16/18 and 31/33). There was no correlation between clinical features and HPV infection. These results suggest that HPV detection is not related to the degree of malignancy in these lesions. Nevertheless, the fact that the prevalence in these cases, which were all malignant/premalignant lesions, was higher than the one found in oral normal mucosa, and that the high-risk types of HPV were the most frequently found within the positive cases does not allow excluding HPV as a risk factor in oral carcinogenesis.

Avaliou-se a eventual atividade quimiopreventiva por parte da vitamina A (VA) quando administrada a ratas Sprague-Dawley durante a etapa de pós-iniciação da carcinogênese mamária induzida pelo 7-12 dimetilbenz(a)antraceno (DMBA). Com exceção de 10 animais que constituíram um grupo controle à parte de ratas consideradas normais [grupo normal (N)], e que não foram submetidas a qualquer procedimento experimental durante todo o estudo, 40 ratas com 50 dias de idade receberam o agente carcinogênico DMBA, por meio de entubação gástrica na dose de 60 mg/kg/peso corpóreo. Após 2 semanas, as ratas iniciadas receberam durante 12 semanas consecutivas, por entubação gástrica, 0,25 mL/100 g de peso corpóreo de óleo de milho (grupo OM; controle, n=20) e 2,5 mg/100 g de peso corpóreo de vitamina A (grupo VA, n=20), sendo, então, eutanasiadas. Não houve diferenças (p>0,05) entre os grupos OM e VA quanto à latência de aparecimento da primeira neoplasia mamária, incidência, multiplicidade e peso médio das neoplasias mamárias, todas classificadas como malignas. Em comparação ao grupo OM, o grupo VA apresentou maior concentração (p<0,05) de retinol no tecido mamário neoplásico e hepático, além de maiores concentrações hepáticas (p<0,05) de palmitato de retinila. Não se detectou palmitato de retinila em neoplasias mamárias de ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre neoplasias mamárias do grupo OM e o tecido mamário do grupo N quanto à metilação global do DNA. Em comparação a neoplasias mamárias do grupo OM, neoplasias do grupo VA apresentaram menor (p<0,05) metilação global do DNA. Conclui-se que a VA não apresentou atividades quimiopreventivas e seu metabolismo encontra-se alterado em neoplasias mamárias. / The potential chemopreventive activity of vitamin A (VA) was evaluated when administered to Sprague-Dawley rats during the stage of post-initiation of mammary carcinogenesis induced by 7-12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Except for 10 animals that constituted a separate control group of normal rats [normal group (N)], that were not subjected to any experimental procedure throughout the study, 40 rats with 50 days of age received the carcinogen DMBA by gavage at the dose of 60 mg/kg/body weight. After 2 weeks, the rats received for 12 consecutive weeks, by gavage, 0.25 mL/100 g body weight of corn oil (OM group, control, n = 20) or 2.5 mg/100 g body weight of vitamin A (VA group, n = 20), being then euthanized. There were no differences (p> 0.05) between the OM and VA groups regarding the latency of onset of first breast neoplasm, incidence, multiplicity and average weight of breast tumors, all classified as malignant. Compared to the OM group, the VA group had a higher concentration (p <0.05) of retinol in neoplastic breast tissue and liver as well as higher concentrations (p <0.05) of retinyl palmitate in the liver. Retinyl palmitate was not detected in breast tumors of both groups. There was no difference (p> 0.05) between breast tumours of OM group and mammary tissue of N group regarding global DNA methylation. Compared to breast tumors of OM group, breast tumors of VA group had lower (p <0.05) global DNA methylation. VA did not show chemopreventive activity when administered to rats during the stage of post-initiation of mammary carcinogenesis. Furthermore, the metabolism of VA is altered in breast tumors.