Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:59:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Elio Barbieri Junior.pdf: 7095685 bytes, checksum: 1bcdc77a8d686ebd516a400693c004ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Among the biochemical properties related to the use of nitrogen (N) for the plants, chlorophyll pigments occupy a relevant position. For that reason, and given the importance of the N fertilization for pasture productivity, it has been developed methodologies that allow determining leaf chlorophyll contents for indirect and non destructive procedures. With the purpose of supplying subsidies for N fertilization management in in pastures of Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85 was installed an experiment with purpose of verifying the performance of a commercial chlorophyll meter. The experimental strategy consisted of the induction of three levels of soil N availability, through N fertilization. The working hypotheses were the following ones: i) different soil N availabilities result in differentiated leaf chlorophyll contents in leaves recently emerged and fully expanded; ii) readings obtained with a chlorophyll meter are related with foliar Total chlorophyll contents; iii) chlorophyll contents are related with foliar N concentrations; e iv) chlorophyll content indicators keep relationship with green dry matter production. This study was carried out on a Haplic Planosol at the Experimental Campus of the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, during the period of July to December 2008. An entirely randomized block design was used, with four repetitions. Main treatments were allocated in plots (4x4 m) and consisted of three N fertilization levels (0; 75 and 150kg N-ur?ia). Four sampling dates designed as days from a standardization cut made 131days after planting were allocated in sub-plots. Three of the sampling dates (8, 16 and 24 days) were pre-fixed, while the last was accomplished when the sward interception level of photosynthetically active radiation reached a value of 95%. Structural dynamics was followed by monitoring the following canopy variables: sward height; tiller density, leaf area index, green cover index and green dry mass accumulation. Chlorophylls a, b and (a+b) were measured always in the first fully expanded leaves of sun tillers by the Arnon method with modifications, and indirectly, with the chlorophyll meter ClorofiLOG?. In the same type of leaves, total N content was determined by Kjeldhal routine procedures. Principal results showed that concentrations of chlorophylls a, b and (a + b) in Tifton leaf blades were affected by nitrogen fertilization and sampling dates reaching maximal differences at the 24th day after cut. Chlorophyll meter readings (Falker Chlorophyll Index, FCI) and foliar N contents also responsed very sensibly to N rates, reaching maximal values at the16th day after cut. In the same day, Total chlorophyll contents and Total N leaf contents were also significantly correlated with FCI values, with r2 coefficients of 0,93 and 0,89 respectively. Correlation coefficient between total green dry matter and FCI values was 0,867. Total green dry matter accumulation at the last sampling date and FCI readings at 16th day after cut also resulted significantly related (r2 = 0,72), a promising relation for purposes of forage yield estimation. In conclusion, the obtained results allow affirming that, in Tifton 85, total chlorophyll content present in the first leaf totally expanded is a sensitive marker of soil N availability and therefore of N fertilization needs. Total chlorophyll content through its relationship with leaf N contents may be also a valuable tool for foliar N diagnosis. Both attributes were discriminated properly by the chlorophyll meter under evaluation. This apparatus maximized its performance in the period were happened Among the biochemical properties related to the use of nitrogen (N) for the plants, chlorophyll pigments occupy a relevant position. For that reason, and given the importance of the N fertilization for pasture productivity, it has been developed methodologies that allow determining leaf chlorophyll contents for indirect and non destructive procedures. With the purpose of supplying subsidies for N fertilization management in in pastures of Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85 was installed an experiment with purpose of verifying the performance of a commercial chlorophyll meter. The experimental strategy consisted of the induction of three levels of soil N availability, through N fertilization. The working hypotheses were the following ones: i) different soil N availabilities result in differentiated leaf chlorophyll contents in leaves recently emerged and fully expanded; ii) readings obtained with a chlorophyll meter are related with foliar Total chlorophyll contents; iii) chlorophyll contents are related with foliar N concentrations; e iv) chlorophyll content indicators keep relationship with green dry matter production. This study was carried out on a Haplic Planosol at the Experimental Campus of the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, during the period of July to December 2008. An entirely randomized block design was used, with four repetitions. Main treatments were allocated in plots (4x4 m) and consisted of three N fertilization levels (0; 75 and 150kg N-ur?ia). Four sampling dates designed as days from a standardization cut made 131days after planting were allocated in sub-plots. Three of the sampling dates (8, 16 and 24 days) were pre-fixed, while the last was accomplished when the sward interception level of photosynthetically active radiation reached a value of 95%. Structural dynamics was followed by monitoring the following canopy variables: sward height; tiller density, leaf area index, green cover index and green dry mass accumulation. Chlorophylls a, b and (a+b) were measured always in the first fully expanded leaves of sun tillers by the Arnon method with modifications, and indirectly, with the chlorophyll meter ClorofiLOG?. In the same type of leaves, total N content was determined by Kjeldhal routine procedures. Principal results showed that concentrations of chlorophylls a, b and (a + b) in Tifton leaf blades were affected by nitrogen fertilization and sampling dates reaching maximal differences at the 24th day after cut. Chlorophyll meter readings (Falker Chlorophyll Index, FCI) and foliar N contents also responsed very sensibly to N rates, reaching maximal values at the16th day after cut. In the same day, Total chlorophyll contents and Total N leaf contents were also significantly correlated with FCI values, with r2 coefficients of 0,93 and 0,89 respectively. Correlation coefficient between total green dry matter and FCI values was 0,867. Total green dry matter accumulation at the last sampling date and FCI readings at 16th day after cut also resulted significantly related (r2 = 0,72), a promising relation for purposes of forage yield estimation. In conclusion, the obtained results allow affirming that, in Tifton 85, total chlorophyll content present in the first leaf totally expanded is a sensitive marker of soil N availability and therefore of N fertilization needs. Total chlorophyll content through its relationship with leaf N contents may be also a valuable tool for foliar N diagnosis. Both attributes were discriminated properly by the chlorophyll meter under evaluation. This apparatus maximized its performance in the period were happenedAmong the biochemical properties related to the use of nitrogen (N) for the plants, chlorophyll pigments occupy a relevant position. For that reason, and given the importance of the N fertilization for pasture productivity, it has been developed methodologies that allow determining leaf chlorophyll contents for indirect and non destructive procedures. With the purpose of supplying subsidies for N fertilization management in in pastures of Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85 was installed an experiment with purpose of verifying the performance of a commercial chlorophyll meter. The experimental strategy consisted of the induction of three levels of soil N availability, through N fertilization. The working hypotheses were the following ones: i) different soil N availabilities result in differentiated leaf chlorophyll contents in leaves recently emerged and fully expanded; ii) readings obtained with a chlorophyll meter are related with foliar Total chlorophyll contents; iii) chlorophyll contents are related with foliar N concentrations; e iv) chlorophyll content indicators keep relationship with green dry matter production. This study was carried out on a Haplic Planosol at the Experimental Campus of the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, during the period of July to December 2008. An entirely randomized block design was used, with four repetitions. Main treatments were allocated in plots (4x4 m) and consisted of three N fertilization levels (0; 75 and 150kg N-ur?ia). Four sampling dates designed as days from a standardization cut made 131days after planting were allocated in sub-plots. Three of the sampling dates (8, 16 and 24 days) were pre-fixed, while the last was accomplished when the sward interception level of photosynthetically active radiation reached a value of 95%. Structural dynamics was followed by monitoring the following canopy variables: sward height; tiller density, leaf area index, green cover index and green dry mass accumulation. Chlorophylls a, b and (a+b) were measured always in the first fully expanded leaves of sun tillers by the Arnon method with modifications, and indirectly, with the chlorophyll meter ClorofiLOG?. In the same type of leaves, total N content was determined by Kjeldhal routine procedures. Principal results showed that concentrations of chlorophylls a, b and (a + b) in Tifton leaf blades were affected by nitrogen fertilization and sampling dates reaching maximal differences at the 24th day after cut. Chlorophyll meter readings (Falker Chlorophyll Index, FCI) and foliar N contents also responsed very sensibly to N rates, reaching maximal values at the16th day after cut. In the same day, Total chlorophyll contents and Total N leaf contents were also significantly correlated with FCI values, with r2 coefficients of 0,93 and 0,89 respectively. Correlation coefficient between total green dry matter and FCI values was 0,867. Total green dry matter accumulation at the last sampling date and FCI readings at 16th day after cut also resulted significantly related (r2 = 0,72), a promising relation for purposes of forage yield estimation. In conclusion, the obtained results allow affirming that, in Tifton 85, total chlorophyll content present in the first leaf totally expanded is a sensitive marker of soil N availability and therefore of N fertilization needs. Total chlorophyll content through its relationship with leaf N contents may be also a valuable tool for foliar N diagnosis. Both attributes were discriminated properly by the chlorophyll meter under evaluation. This apparatus maximized its performance in the period were happened Among the biochemical properties related to the use of nitrogen (N) for the plants, chlorophyll pigments occupy a relevant position. For that reason, and given the importance of the N fertilization for pasture productivity, it has been developed methodologies that allow determining leaf chlorophyll contents for indirect and non destructive procedures. With the purpose of supplying subsidies for N fertilization management in in pastures of Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85 was installed an experiment with purpose of verifying the performance of a commercial chlorophyll meter. The experimental strategy consisted of the induction of three levels of soil N availability, through N fertilization. The working hypotheses were the following ones: i) different soil N availabilities result in differentiated leaf chlorophyll contents in leaves recently emerged and fully expanded; ii) readings obtained with a chlorophyll meter are related with foliar Total chlorophyll contents; iii) chlorophyll contents are related with foliar N concentrations; e iv) chlorophyll content indicators keep relationship with green dry matter production. This study was carried out on a Haplic Planosol at the Experimental Campus of the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, during the period of July to December 2008. An entirely randomized block design was used, with four repetitions. Main treatments were allocated in plots (4x4 m) and consisted of three N fertilization levels (0; 75 and 150kg N-ur?ia). Four sampling dates designed as days from a standardization cut made 131days after planting were allocated in sub-plots. Three of the sampling dates (8, 16 and 24 days) were pre-fixed, while the last was accomplished when the sward interception level of photosynthetically active radiation reached a value of 95%. Structural dynamics was followed by monitoring the following canopy variables: sward height; tiller density, leaf area index, green cover index and green dry mass accumulation. Chlorophylls a, b and (a+b) were measured always in the first fully expanded leaves of sun tillers by the Arnon method with modifications, and indirectly, with the chlorophyll meter ClorofiLOG?. In the same type of leaves, total N content was determined by Kjeldhal routine procedures. Principal results showed that concentrations of chlorophylls a, b and (a + b) in Tifton leaf blades were affected by nitrogen fertilization and sampling dates reaching maximal differences at the 24th day after cut. Chlorophyll meter readings (Falker Chlorophyll Index, FCI) and foliar N contents also responsed very sensibly to N rates, reaching maximal values at the16th day after cut. In the same day, Total chlorophyll contents and Total N leaf contents were also significantly correlated with FCI values, with r2 coefficients of 0,93 and 0,89 respectively. Correlation coefficient between total green dry matter and FCI values was 0,867. Total green dry matter accumulation at the last sampling date and FCI readings at 16th day after cut also resulted significantly related (r2 = 0,72), a promising relation for purposes of forage yield estimation. In conclusion, the obtained results allow affirming that, in Tifton 85, total chlorophyll content present in the first leaf totally expanded is a sensitive marker of soil N availability and therefore of N fertilization needs. Total chlorophyll content through its relationship with leaf N contents may be also a valuable tool for foliar N diagnosis. Both attributes were discriminated properly by the chlorophyll meter under evaluation. This apparatus maximized its performance in the period were happened the highest leaf N content and linking directly with final green dry matter accumulation. / Dentre as propriedades bioqu?micas relacionadas ? utiliza??o do nitrog?nio (N) pelas plantas, os teores de clorofila ocupam posi??o de destaque. Por essa raz?o, e dada a import?ncia que a aduba??o nitrogenada tem na express?o da produtividade das pastagens, tem sido desenvolvidas metodologias que permitem a determina??o do teor de clorofila por procedimentos indiretos e n?o destrutivos. No intuito de fornecer subs?dios para a defini??o de estrat?gias de aduba??o nitrogenada em pastagens de Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85 foi instalado um experimento com o prop?sito primordial de verificar o desempenho de um clorofil?metro comercial. Foi utilizada uma estrat?gia experimental consistente na indu??o de tr?s n?veis de disponibilidade de N no solo, atrav?s de aduba??o nitrogenada. As hip?teses que guiaram o experimento foram as seguintes: i) n?veis diferenciados de N no solo, resultam em teores diferenciados de clorofila em folhas rec?m emergidas; ii) leituras obtidas com um clorofil?metro guardam rela??o com os teores foliares das clorofilas; iii) teores de clorofila total relacionam-se com os teores foliares de N; e iv) os indicadores ligados ? clorofila foliar guardam rela??o com a produ??o de mat?ria seca. O experimento foi desenvolvido sobre um Planossolo H?plico, no campo experimental da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, munic?pio de Serop?dica, RJ, durante o per?odo de julho a dezembro de 2008. O experimento foi disposto segundo um desenho em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com quatro repeti??es. Os tratamentos, alocados nas parcelas (4x4m), consistiram de tr?s n?veis de N (0; 75 e 150kg N-ur?ia/ha), enquanto que nas sub-parcelas, foram alocadas quatro dias de coletas, contados a partir um corte de uniformiza??o, realizado 131 dias ap?s o plantio do capim. Tr?s das datas de amostragem foram pre-fixadas, aos 8, 16 e 24 dias, enquanto a ?ltima foi realizada quando a pastagem atingiu um n?vel de intercepta??o de 95% da radia??o fotossint?ticamente ativa incidente. A din?mica estrutural foi acompanhada atrav?s da mensura??o das seguintes vari?veis do dossel: altura; densidade populacional de perfilhos; ?ndice de ?rea foliar, ?ndice de cobertura verde, e ac?mulo de massa verde seca. As clorofilas a, b, e (a+b), foram quantificadas, sempre em primeiras folhas completamente expandidas de perfilhos de sol, pelo m?todo de Arnon modificado, e indiretamente, com um aparelho ClorofiLOG?. Os teores de N total foram determinados nas mesmas folhas, pelo m?todo de Kjeldhal. Os resultados mostraram que os teores de clorofila a, b e (a+b) diferiram entre doses de N, e dias de amostragem, atingindo diferen?as m?ximas entre as doses de N aos 24 dias ap?s corte. As leituras do clorofil?metro (?ndice de Clorofila Falker, ICF) e os teores de N foliar tamb?m responderam sensivelmente ?s doses de N, atinguindo valores m?ximos aos 16 dias. Nesse mesmo dia, a an?lise de regress?o linear entre os teores de clorofila total e de N total, contra os respectivos valores de ICF resultou em coeficientes de determina??o de 0,93 e 0,89 respectivamente. O coeficiente de correla??o entre a massa verde seca total e os valores de ICF foi de 0,867. O ac?mulo de mat?ria verde seca total aos 28 dias ap?s o corte relacionouse linearmente com as leituras do clorofil?metro feitas aos 16 dias (r2=0,72), um tipo de resultado promissor em termos de estimativas de disponibilidade de forragem. Como conclus?o, os resultados permitiram verificar que os teores de clorofila total presentes na primeira folha totalmente expandida, responderam ? aplica??o de doses diferenciadas de N e se relacionaram estreitamente com os teores de N foliar. Ambos os atributos foram discriminados de forma precisa pelo clorofil?metro sob avalia??o. Este aparelho maximizou o seu desempenho no per?odo onde ocorreram os m?ximos teores de N foliar, relacionando-se diretamente com a mat?ria seca acumulada no final do per?odo de rebrota.

Li¡VTsai, is a important person of the rationalism in the Middle and late Ming Dynasty. After middle Ming Dynasty, conscience lost the practice of the early aims. People to save the drawback of the Wang's descendants, have filed a new theory to correct the decadent atmosphere, one of the governance drawback of the descendants is the Substance of Nature to be raised. They not only integrate of both Chu's and Wang's though, also according to personal thinking of moral theories to breakthrough the new and review Wang's criterion, also to breakthrough Chu's doctrine system of limitations. Transfer of the Substance of Nature ideologue on the moral principles to chien¡V lo establishing leave Wang's category, appear to the moral theories by the Substance of Mind were turned to Substance of Nature of the rationalism in the late Ming Dynasty, and reflect the complex intertwined politics and society of the current situation and academic thought depravity seeking new response of Late Ming Dynasty. chien¡V lo according to Great Learning propose the doctrine of chih ¡V hsiu, mind¡Bconscience of Wang's though are classified as acquired,and classified the mind as Substance of Nature headed by the system. Unlike Wang's study of mind, is the ontological basis and cause Tong¡VLin resonance for the rescue Wang's correction movement in the positive direction of the late Ming Dynasty.The scholar of Substance of Nature headed are integrate of both Chu's and Wang's though , relies their own thinking of the founding the current situation and academic atmosphere to a new way, and, indirectly, reflect the pulse of the academic atmosphere of the Late Ming Dynasty. Li chien¡V lo stand in it , the chih¡Vhsiu theory has its leading role in the academic trend of the late Ming.

Detta är ett arbete som analyserar risk- och sårbarhetsanalyser från fyra olika län i Sverige utifrån Béné et al. (2012) teori om resiliens och förmågorna absorbera, anpassa och transformera. Teorin beskriver även begreppet sårbarhet i relation till resiliens och inkluderas därför i den tematiska analysen av risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna. Arbetet berör det omdiskuterade begreppet resiliens, dess innebörd och applicering inom risk- och krishantering. Undersökningen visar hur olika risk- och sårbarhetsanalyser kan beskriva dessa förmågor och att utformningen av risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna påverkar hur synliga dessa förmågor är i beskrivningen. Jämförelsen av länen visar att det finns olika förmågor utifrån beskrivningarna som delvis beror på utformningen av risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna och vilka förutsättningar och erfarenheter som länen har. Länen skilde sig även åt i beskrivningarna av sårbarhet och hur medborgarna beaktades i relation till risker och hot inom länet. Slutsatser som kan dras utifrån arbetet är bland annat att förmågorna absorbera, anpassa och transformera till viss mån beskrivs i risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna och att principerna i teorin och ramverket som Béné et al. (2012) beskriver också återfinns i olika delar av risk- och sårbarhetsanalyserna. / This is an essay that analyses risk and vulnerability assessments from four different counties in Sweden based on Béné et al. (2012) theory of resilience and the abilities to absorb, adapt and transform. The theory also describes the concept vulnerability in relation to resilience and is included in the thematic analysis of the risk and vulnerability assessments. The work concerns the disputed concept of resilience, its meaning and application in risk and crisis management. The study shows how different risk and vulnerability assessments can describe these abilities and that the design of risk and vulnerability assessments affects how visible these abilities are in the description. The comparison of the counties shows that there are different abilities based on the descriptions, partly due to the design of risk and vulnerability assessment, the conditions and experiences that the counties have. The counties also distinguished themself in the descriptions of vulnerability and how citizens were taken into account in relation to risks and threats within the county. Conclusions that could be drawn from this work is for instance that the abilities to absorb, adapt and transform can be found in the risk and vulnerability assessment and that the principles in the theory and framework that Béné et al. (2012) describes also can be found in various parts of the risk and vulnerability assessments.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FernandoFGF.pdf: 1543921 bytes, checksum: 28fee7b00926ff19375c7b0098bc6b3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / With the increase of asphalt milling services was also a significant increase in recycling services pavements. The techniques used today are basically physical processes in which the milled material is incorporated into new asphalt mixtures or executed on site, with the addition of virgin asphalt and rejuvenating agent. In this paper seeks to analyze the efficiency of extraction of CAP (Petroleum Asphalt Cement) mixtures from asphalt milling, using commercial solvents and microemulsions. The solvents were evaluated for their ability to solubilize asphalt using an extractor reflux-type apparatus. Pseudoternary diagrams were developed for the preparation of microemulsion O/W surfactant using a low-cost coconut oil saponified (OCS). Microemulsions were used to extract the CAP of asphalt through physicochemical process cold. Analysis was performed concentration of CAP in solution by spectroscopy. The data provided in the analysis of concentration by the absorbance of the solution as the basis for calculating the percentage of extraction and the mass flow of the CAP in the solution. The results showed that microemulsions prepared with low concentration of kerosene and butanol/OCS binary has high extraction power of CAP and its efficiency was higher than pure kerosene, reaching 95% rate of extraction / Com o aumento dos servi?os de fresagem asf?ltica houve tamb?m um incremento significativo nos servi?os de reciclagem de pavimentos asf?lticos. As t?cnicas hoje empregadas s?o basicamente processos f?sicos nas quais o material fresado ? incorporado a novas misturas asf?lticas ou executado in loco , com a incorpora??o de asfalto virgem e agente rejuvenecedor. Nesse trabalho prop?e-se analisar a efici?ncia na extra??o do CAP (Cimento Asf?ltico de Petr?leo) de misturas proveniente de fresagem asf?ltica, utilizando solventes comerciais e microemuls?es. Os solventes foram avaliados quanto a sua capacidade de solubilizar asfalto utilizando um extrator por refluxo do tipo Soxhlet. Foram desenvolvidos diagramas pseudotern?rios para elabora??o de microemuls?o O/A utilizando tensoativo de baixo custo como o ?leo de coco saponificado (OCS). As microemuls?es foram utilizadas para extrair o CAP da mistura betuminosa atrav?s de processo f?sico-qu?mico a frio. Foi realizada an?lise de concentra??o de CAP na solu??o atrav?s de espectroscopia. Os dados fornecidos na an?lise da concentra??o atrav?s da absorb?ncia da solu??o serviram de base para o c?lculo do percentual de extra??o e do fluxo m?ssico do CAP na solu??o. Os resultados mostraram que microemuls?es elaboradas com baixa concentra??o de querosene e do bin?rio butanol/OCS tem grande poder de extra??o de CAP, sua efici?ncia foi maior do que o querosene puro, alcan?ando taxa de 95% de extra??o

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