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Background: KAM has received a lot of attention over the last decade, where organizations acknowledge the benefits, and choose to implement KAM programs within their companies. Research shows that the individual in a KAM manager role has a huge impact on the outcomes of KAM, crucially responsible for the relationships with the key accounts. Furthermore, there is a clear link between the selection of the right candidate in order to succeed with KAM, and the personality traits of a KAM manager.    Problem: Limited research has been carried out on the personality traits of KAM managers connected to the FFM, yet scholars indicate that the individual has a large effect on the outcomes of KAM. Also, few researchers study both the buyer´s and the supplier's side within KAM relationships, even though mutual benefits are an essential part of KAM.   Purpose: The purpose of the study is to identify if there is an existing mutual understanding between the buyer and supplier regarding valuable traits of a KAM manager to benefit KAM outcomes.    Method: The study utilizes a qualitative research approach, collecting primary data through six semi-structured interviews. The number of participants was equally distributed between buyers and suppliers, all experienced working with KAM. A thematic analysis was then used to analyze the empirical findings.     Conclusion: Based on the results, a conclusion is drawn that there is no mutual understanding between the buyer and supplier regarding valuable traits of a KAM manager. Aligning with previous research, all participants shared the view concerning the individual's importance in KAM, however having divided opinions about which personality traits would contribute to the valuable outcomes. The buyers emphasized the importance of structure and planning relating to the personality trait conscientiousness to optimize KAM outcomes, while the suppliers rather placed focus on aspects connecting to the personality trait extraversion.

The Current Account and Balance of Payments: Implications towards the Real Exchange Rate, GDP Growth, Asset Prices and Stability Abstract in English In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, large global imbalances among countries' current account have been cited as a possible cause. The real exchange rate emerges as a key policy tool among countries within the research literature and in practice to manage a country's Balance of Payments indicators, despite mixed evidence. In this master thesis, we will construct a vector error correction model for cointegrating relationships utilizing the Johansen's test, using time series data for the US, UK, and Australia for the period 1973-2018. We examined the relationships between the real exchange rate, the current account, the financial account, net reserves, the interest rate, and openness to trade as well as employing Granger Causality tests. In the US, we found relationships between net reserves and both the current account and the real exchange rate. In the UK, the interest rate and the real exchange rate have a cointegrating relationship. In both the UK and Australia, we found a cointegrating relationship with the real exchange rate and current account. We examine the various theoretical and practical approaches towards viewing the Balance of Payments...

Thesis (M. Ed. (Mathematics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The purpose of this study was to document my enactment of the five key strategies of assessment for learning in my mathematics classroom to account for learners' mathematical understanding. I used a constructivism teaching experiment methodology to explore learners' mathematical activities as they interacted in the classroom. Twenty-five learners from my Grade 10 mathematics class took part in the study. Data were gathered through classroom observations, written work samples from learners, and the teacher's reflective journal. My enactment of the five key strategies enabled learners to participate in classroom discussions, collaborate with their peers, and use self-assessment tools while engaging in classroom interactions. The major findings revealed that, through my enactment of the five key strategies, learners developed conceptual understanding, procedural fluency and strategic competence of the concepts taught. In addition, practices such as the development of lesson plans detailing how the five key strategies will be enacted in the classroom, use of comment – only feedback for grading learners’ work, creating a conducive learning environment to allow the use of peer and self-assessment allowed for a meaningful enactment of assessment for learning in my classroom. Strategies four and five, whose primary goal is to encourage learners' participation in the lesson, were critical in promoting learners' mathematical understanding.

Professionals take centre stage in the delivery of professional services and the role of account management has received little research attention. This thesis concerns the value of account management in professional service relationships in the audit, tax and management consultancy industry, contextualising the nature and value of account management through client and professional perspectives. It addresses the challenges of embedding the account management role in the firm as a role of the professional or a separate function. The aim of this thesis is to conceptualise a value framework for account management. Based on the principles of grounded theory, the method comprises 29 interviews with professionals, account managers and clients. Embracing an emergent, iterative process, the lenses used to reflect on these interviews include service dominant logic, relationships, the nature of professions and professionals along with client value and notions of organisational change. The emergent perceived value framework comprises five themes. Apart from the theme ¿perceived value of account management¿, the other themes can be conceptualised at three levels: ¿ external environment; ¿ firm¿s organisation and the professional-client relationships; ¿ and account management. Furthermore, the results indicate that professional service firms have difficulty in structuring and formalising account management implying a considerable organisational culture change management agenda. The role for account management varies between an integrated account management role performed by the professional in strategic services and by full-time dedicated account managers in more commoditised services and competitive environments. Well-embedded account management provides competitive advantage and differentiates the professional service firm.

Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена исследованию современного состояния и перспектив развития индивидуального инвестиционного счета. Предметом исследования выступают экономические отношения, которые возникают в процессе функционирования индивидуального инвестиционного счета. Основной целью магистерской диссертации является разработка путей совершенствования механизма индивидуального инвестиционного счета через исследование особенностей функционирования индивидуального инвестиционного счета на фондовом рынке России. В заключении обозначены рекомендации по совершенствованию индивидуального инвестиционного счета. / Final qualifying work (master's thesis) is devoted to the study of the current state and development prospects of the individual investment account. The subject of the research is the economic relations that arise in the process of functioning of an individual investment account. The main purpose of the master's thesis is to develop ways to improve the mechanism of an individual investment account through the study of the functioning of an individual investment account in the Russian stock market. In the conclusion indicated recommendations for improving the individual investment account.

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Key Account Management har blivit uppmärksammat i tidigare forskning i många aspekter, men däremot har det lagts mindre fokus på betydelsen av nätverk inom företagssamarbeten.Med bakgrund till detta har denna uppsats ett teoretiskt fokus på hur svenska banker hanterarsina nyckelkunder och vilken betydelse dessa har för det fokala företaget. För att besvaraforskningsfrågan har uppsatsen utgått från en jämförande analys mellan två svenska bankersom arbetar med B2B samarbeten. Med hjälp av kvalitativa djupintervjuer med anställda frånvardera företag har likheter och skillnader kunnat sammanställas. Utifrån detta har slutsatserdragits av att båda bankerna delar många liknande värderingar och tankesätt vad det gäller attbehålla samarbeten. Även fast bankerna har liknande strategier utifrån många synvinklar,skiljer det sig i hur de skapar nya relationella partnerskap. Avslutningsvis är synen på nätverkoch företagets identitet relativt olika mellan de två olika bankerna som studerats.

This dissertation studies heterogeneity in financial markets using quantile regressions. The first chapter develops uniform confidence bands for the linear quantile regression estimator in a time series setting. The confidence bands are important for estimating the precision at different quantiles of the conditional distribution. The inference procedure is carried out through bootstrapping and allows for serially correlated error terms. An empirical application to the relationship between stock returns and investor sentiments suggests the method can be informative. The second chapter analyzes the heterogeneity of firm characteristics on returns to capital. It develops a theoretical model under a utility maximization framework with imperfect insurance and credit markets constraints. From the model, the returns to capital are derived as a function of the parameters, which affects the production function of the firm and the entrepreneur utility form. Quantile regression is applied to analyze the field experiment data from the Sri Lanka Micro Enterprises Project (2005-2010). Empirical evidence shows that returns vary across different quantiles of firm profits. Further, the ability/risk aversion of entrepreneurs affect the returns differently at different quantiles. The third chapter examines capital account liberalization and its effect on price volatility in the Chinese housing market. The chapter assesses the extent to which: a) short-term capital flows and foreign direct investment may have impacted prices and volatility in the Chinese housing market; and b) whether 2006 Capital Account Regulations on foreign purchases of Chinese real estate were effective in reducing the level and volatility of prices in the housing market. The results show that hot money magnified the impacts of capital flows on housing prices during upward surges in housing prices. Quantile regression provides quantitative evidence that the more volatile the housing market was, the larger the impact short-term capital flows had on accentuating such volatility. Furthermore, the 2006 CAR continued to have a strong impact on reducing volatility in the Chinese housing market during the period under study.

Since the transition from the gold standard to the fiat monetary regime in the 1970s, both international and national financial markets have undergone substantial changes. Consequently, the role of money and finance has become a central catalyst for the development of the real economy. This dissertation addresses four key macroeconomic challenges faced by Japan and Europe from a monetary and financial perspective. Chapter 2 deals with the role of Japan's persistent low-, zero- and negative-interest rate environment on commercial banks and the real economy. The development of the Japanese economy since the early 1990s has been shaped by the bursting of the Japanese bubble economy. Since then, the Bank of Japan has not only lowered the policy interest rate to unprecedented levels, but also implemented a series of unconventional monetary policy measures. Nevertheless, the long-term stagnation of the Japanese economy continued, with the Japanese commercial banks being under consolidation pressure. Chapter 2 examines how Japan’s persistent monetary easing has affected the banking system and their consequences for the real economy. Chapter 3 focuses on Japan's decades-long struggle with low consumer price inflation. Despite the concerted efforts of monetary and fiscal expansions over more than three decades, the Japanese policymakers failed to produce consumer price inflation. Within Japanese policy and academic circles, skepticism has grown regarding Milton Friedman’s quantity theory on the money-price relationship. This skepticism led to the widespread belief that Japan's low inflation is not a monetary phenomenon, but a real economic phenomenon driven by structural problems, inter alia a rapidly aging society. Chapter 3 reveals the limitations of Friedman’s quantity theory of money from the viewpoint of the (original) quantity theory of money pioneered by Irving Fisher. Based on Fisher’s quantity theory of money, Chapter 3 shows that Japan’s prolonged low inflation is indeed a monetary phenomenon. Chapter 4 addresses the development of intra-euro area current account imbalances. Historically, there has been a clear disparity in policy stances between northern and southern European countries. In particular, the uncoordinated fiscal policies within the euro area have played a central role for the development of international capital flows, which in turn influenced the current account dynamics within the euro area. Chapter 4 provides insights into the role of the common monetary policy and uncoordinated fiscal policies for the development of intra-euro area current account imbalances. Chapter 5 turns attention to Germany’s persistent large current account surpluses which have been a frequent source of political conflicts in Europe and beyond. This chapter examines the causal relationship between the current account and financial account. To be specific, the impact of domestic capital outflows and foreign capital inflows on Germany’s current account surpluses. Evidence obtained from the Toda-Yamamoto causality model suggests that, for Germany, the causality runs from international capital flows (the financial account) to international real resource flows (the current account), and not vice versa. In summary, this dissertation aims to analyze the interplay between macroeconomic policymaking and real economic phenomena from a monetary and financial perspective. It demonstrates that the monetary and financial developments driven by monetary and fiscal policies play a pivotal role for the real economic development. By focusing on Japan and Europe, this dissertation illuminates the underlying causes of several macroeconomic challenges from a financial and monetary viewpoint, offering valuable insights for policymakers, academics and practitioners.:Table of Contents Chapter 1 5 Introduction 5 Chapter 2 7 The Japanese Banks in the Lasting Low-, Zero- and Negative-Interest Rate Environment 7 1. Introduction 7 2. The Origin and the Macroeconomic Environment of the Persistent Banking Crisis 8 2.1. The Japanese Bubble Economy 8 2.2. Macroeconomic Responses to the Lasting Crisis 9 2.3. Credit Guarantees and Public Credit 10 3. Development of the Japanese Banking Sector in the Persistent Crisis 11 3.1. Credit Crunch and Increasing Deposits 11 3.2. Interest Margins 12 3.3. Net Interest Income 14 4. Adjustment to Declining Net Interest Incomes 15 4.1. New Business Models, Increasing Fees and Commissions 15 4.2. Cost Reductions 17 4.3. Mergers 17 5. Outlook 18 Chapter 3 22 Japan’s Low Inflation from a Quantity Theory Perspective 22 1. Introduction 22 2. The Quantity of Money in Japan 23 2.1. Definition of Money 23 2.2. Money Creation and Banking Sector 26 2.3. Money Creation and Nonbanking Sector 28 3. Two Versions of the Quantity Theory of Money 30 3.1. From the Transactions Version to the Income Version 30 3.2. Problems with the Income Version 32 3.3. The Quantity Theory of Money and the Japanese Economy 33 4. Transactions Version of the Quantity Theory of Money and Japan’s Low Inflation 36 4.1. The Quantity of Money and the General Price Level in Japan 36 4.2. Japan’s Low Money Growth from Private and Government Debt Perspective 39 4.3. Japan’s Low Money Growth and Inflation from Macroeconomic Policy Perspective 41 5. Outlook for Japan’s Inflation from a Quantity Theory Perspective 44 Chapter 4 55 Macroeconomic Policy Making and Current Account Imbalances in the Euro Area 55 1. Introduction 55 2. Pre-Crisis Divergence of Fiscal Policies and Current Account Imbalances 56 2.1. German Reforms as an Asymmetric Shock for the Euro Area 58 2.2. Current Account Deficits in the Southern Euro Area and Beyond 61 3. Crisis, Emergency Credit and Fiscal Rescue Packages 64 3.1. Monetary Rescue Measures 64 3.2. Fiscal Rescue Funds 68 4. Post-crisis Macroeconomic Policy Mix 70 4.1. Fiscal and Monetary Policy Mix 70 4.2. ECB Unconventional Monetary Policy 72 5. Post-crisis Macroeconomic Policy Mix 76 Chapter 5 82 The Relationship between the German Current Account and Financial Account: Evidence from Toda-Yamamoto Causality Approach 82 1. Introduction 82 2. The Relationship between the Current Account and Financial Account 83 2.1. Recording of Balance-of-Payments Transactions 83 2.2. Standard Approaches to the Current Account Determination 84 2.3. Gross Capital Flow Approach 86 3. Empirical Analysis 87 3.1. Data Description and Estimation Procedure 87 3.2. Model Description and Results of Unit Root and Cointegration Tests 89 3.3. Results of Toda-Yamamoto Test for Multivariate Granger Causality 92 4. The German Current Account Surplus from a Gross Capital Flow Perspective 94 4.1. Bonanzas of Foreign Capital Inflows and Current Account Deficits in the 1990s 94 4.2. Surges of German Capital Outflows, Stops of Foreign Capital Inflows and Current Account Surpluses in the early 2000s 97 4.3. Gross Capital Flows and Persistent Current Account Surpluses from the late 2000s 100 5. Outlook 106