Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an important component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). ACE2 is thought to have a renoprotective effect in diabetic nephropathy because it is capable of degrading profibrotic angiotensin II to potentially protective angiotensin-(1-7). Podocyte death and detachment is a key component of diabetic nephropathy. ACE2 is localized in the podocyte and during a diabetic state, podocyte ACE2 expression is reduced. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of podocyte-specific ACE2 overexpression on the course of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin in transgenic mice with podocyte-specific overexpression of human ACE2. The following parameters were assessed: systolic blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin excretion, mesangial and glomerular area, and podocyte number. Transgenic diabetic mice showed a significant transient attenuated increase in albuminuria, an attenuated increase in mesangial area, decreased glomerular area, and preserved podocyte number, compared to wildtype diabetic mice. This was independent of a change in blood pressure. This study showed that the podocyte-specific overexpression of human ACE2 attenuates the development of diabetic nephropathy.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an important component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). ACE2 is thought to have a renoprotective effect in diabetic nephropathy because it is capable of degrading profibrotic angiotensin II to potentially protective angiotensin-(1-7). Podocyte death and detachment is a key component of diabetic nephropathy. ACE2 is localized in the podocyte and during a diabetic state, podocyte ACE2 expression is reduced. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of podocyte-specific ACE2 overexpression on the course of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin in transgenic mice with podocyte-specific overexpression of human ACE2. The following parameters were assessed: systolic blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin excretion, mesangial and glomerular area, and podocyte number. Transgenic diabetic mice showed a significant transient attenuated increase in albuminuria, an attenuated increase in mesangial area, decreased glomerular area, and preserved podocyte number, compared to wildtype diabetic mice. This was independent of a change in blood pressure. This study showed that the podocyte-specific overexpression of human ACE2 attenuates the development of diabetic nephropathy.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an important component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). ACE2 is thought to have a renoprotective effect in diabetic nephropathy because it is capable of degrading profibrotic angiotensin II to potentially protective angiotensin-(1-7). Podocyte death and detachment is a key component of diabetic nephropathy. ACE2 is localized in the podocyte and during a diabetic state, podocyte ACE2 expression is reduced. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of podocyte-specific ACE2 overexpression on the course of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin in transgenic mice with podocyte-specific overexpression of human ACE2. The following parameters were assessed: systolic blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin excretion, mesangial and glomerular area, and podocyte number. Transgenic diabetic mice showed a significant transient attenuated increase in albuminuria, an attenuated increase in mesangial area, decreased glomerular area, and preserved podocyte number, compared to wildtype diabetic mice. This was independent of a change in blood pressure. This study showed that the podocyte-specific overexpression of human ACE2 attenuates the development of diabetic nephropathy.

The purpose of this research was to determine whether adipocytes express ACE2 and its role in obesity-associated hypertension with diet-induced obesity. To determine if ACE2 was expressed in adipose tissue and its regulation in the setting of diet-induced obesity, we fed male mice either a low fat (LF) or high fat (HF) diet acutely (1 week) or chronically ( 4 months). We demonstrated that ACE2 was regulated specifically in adipose tissue with consumption of a HF diet. However, with chronic HF feeding adipose ACE2 was dysregulated resulting in activation of the systemic RAS and increased blood pressure. To determine the role of ACE2 in obesity-associated hypertension, we used ACE2 deficient male and female mice. Wild type and ACE2 deficient mice were chronically fed either a LF or HF diet. Metabolic parameters were measured during the entire course of the study and blood pressure was measured by telemetry at the end of the study. Results from these studies demonstrate that HF diet promotes obesity-associated hypertension in male mice which is further augmented with ACE2 deficiency. Further, ACE2 deficiency resulted in marked glucose intolerance suggesting that stimulation of ACE2 may blunt the progression of obesity-associated diabetes. In contrast to the males, females are protected against obesity-associated hypertension. However, this protection in the females is lost with ovariectomy and ACE2 deficiency. These results suggest that female sex hormones protect the females against obesity-associated hypertension by regulating ACE2. To define mechanisms for HF diet-induced regulation of ACE2 in adipose tissue we examined various fatty acids for their ability to regulate ACE2 mRNA abundance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We revealed that omega-3 fatty acids, known regulators of PPARγ, increased ACE2 mRNA abundance in adipocytes. Therefore, we examined in vitro and in vivo regulation of ACE2 in 3T3-L1 cells and adipose tissue by PPARγ receptor ligands (TZDs). Results demonstrate regulatory effects of PPARγ to promote ACE2 gene transcription. These effects were associated with changes in glucose tolerance. Taken together, these results demonstrate that adipose ACE2 plays a protective role against obesity-associated hypertension in male and female mice and is regulated by natural and synthetic ligands of PPARγ.

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Objetivo. Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say 1823 tem distribuição expansiva em aglomerados humanos e é vetor em ciclos de transmissão de agentes patogênicos, como filarídeos e arbovírus. Taxonomicamente, essa espécie está dentro do subgrupo pipiens, cuja principal característica é a similaridade morfológica dos seus integrantes. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar genética e morfologicamente espécies Cx. quinquefasciatus de dez localidades brasileiras e da região da bacia do Prata, na Argentina. Métodos. Para análises morfológicas foram utilizados valores morfométricos das veias alares de fêmeas e a razão DV/D do edeago, na genitália de machos adultos. Para testes genéticos foram sequenciados os genes mitocondriais cox1 e nd4, clonados fragmentos do segundo espaçador ribossomal ITS2 e analisado o padrão de bandas eletroforéticas do segundo intron do lócus da Acetilcolinesterase (ace2). Resultados. A forma das veias alares de fêmeas agrega dois principais grupos, um com mosquitos do Brasil e outro de La Plata, tendo este último maior variança interna. Esses dados estão relacionados à distribuição encontrada no fragmento ace2, que indica La Plata como área de hibridação entre Cx. quinquefasciatus e Cx. pipiens. Os valores de tamanho da asa apresentam três principais agrupamentos. Um deles em áreas ao norte do Brasil, outro no sudeste e sul, e outro na Argentina. O mesmo ocorre com a razão DV/D da genitália masculina. Os dados de sequências de bases do gene cox1 apresentam polimorfismos, com baixa diversidade e agrupamento populacional na região Sul do Brasil. Os SNPs encontrados são silenciosos, pois não apresentam modificação na estrutura da proteína produzida. O gene nd4 é idêntico em todas as amostras. Esses fragmentos sugerem características de homoplasmia em Cx. quinquefasciatus. O espaçador ITS2 mostrou variedade de polimorfismos, por eventos intra-genômicos de inserção, deleção, translocação e transição de bases. Porém, esses eventos são sincrônicos em populações de diferentes áreas geográficas; assim como, mostra pouca variação nas estruturas dos transcritos RNAr. Por outro lado, os dados ITS2 apontam a segregação de um trinucleotídeo GTC, em mosquitos de La Plata, caracterizando essa área como de isolamento geográfico de mosquitos do complexo pipiens. Conclusão. A espécie Cx. quinquefasciatus possui baixa diversidade genética e morfológica, duas linhagens mitocondriais no Brasil e mosquitos de origem híbrida com Cx. pipiens na Bacia do Prata, na Argentina / Objective. The Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say 1823 is widely distributed in human settlements, and is a vector in the transmission cycles of pathogens such as arboviruses and filarids. This species belongs to Cx pipiens complex, whose main characteristic is the morphologic similarity of their species. This study aimed to characterize genetic and morphological Cx quinquefasciatus species from different regions of Brazil and La Plata, Argentina. Methods. Were used morphometric values of wing veins of females and the DV/D ratio of aedeagus in adult male genitalia. For genetic testing were sequenced mitochondrial cox1 and nd4 genes, cloned fragments of ribosomal ITS2 spacer and examined the pattern of electrophoretic bands of the second intron of Acetylcholinesterase (ace2) locus. Results. The shape of the wing veins of female aggregates two main groups, one with mosquitoes of the Brazil and one from La Plata, the latter having greater internal variance. These data are related to the distribution found in ace2 fragment, which indicates La Plata as hybridization area between Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The values of wing size form a geographical cline, with three main groupings. One of these areas in the north of Brazil other in the southeast and south, and another in Argentina. The same happens with reason DV/D of the male genitalia. Sequence data bases have cox1 gene polymorphisms with low diversity and clustering of population in southern Brazil. The cox1 SNPs found are trace, because it does not show modification in the structure of the protein produced. The nd4 gene is identical in all samples. These fragments suggest homoplasmic features in Cx. quinquefasciatus. ITS2 showed polymorphisms and intragenomic events by insertion, deletion, translocation and transition bases. However, these events are synchronous in populations from different geographic areas and shows little variation in the structures of rRNA transcripts. Moreover, the data indicate ITS2 segregation of a trinucleotide GTC in mosquitoes from La Plata, featuring this area as the geographic isolation of the subgroup pipiens mosquitoes. Conclusion. Cx quinquefasciatus species has low genetic and morphological diversity, two mitochondrial lineages in Brazil and mosquitoes of hybrid origin with Cx pipiens in La Plata, Argentina

Objetivo. Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say 1823 tem distribuição expansiva em aglomerados humanos e é vetor em ciclos de transmissão de agentes patogênicos, como filarídeos e arbovírus. Taxonomicamente, essa espécie está dentro do subgrupo pipiens, cuja principal característica é a similaridade morfológica dos seus integrantes. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar genética e morfologicamente espécies Cx. quinquefasciatus de dez localidades brasileiras e da região da bacia do Prata, na Argentina. Métodos. Para análises morfológicas foram utilizados valores morfométricos das veias alares de fêmeas e a razão DV/D do edeago, na genitália de machos adultos. Para testes genéticos foram sequenciados os genes mitocondriais cox1 e nd4, clonados fragmentos do segundo espaçador ribossomal ITS2 e analisado o padrão de bandas eletroforéticas do segundo intron do lócus da Acetilcolinesterase (ace2). Resultados. A forma das veias alares de fêmeas agrega dois principais grupos, um com mosquitos do Brasil e outro de La Plata, tendo este último maior variança interna. Esses dados estão relacionados à distribuição encontrada no fragmento ace2, que indica La Plata como área de hibridação entre Cx. quinquefasciatus e Cx. pipiens. Os valores de tamanho da asa apresentam três principais agrupamentos. Um deles em áreas ao norte do Brasil, outro no sudeste e sul, e outro na Argentina. O mesmo ocorre com a razão DV/D da genitália masculina. Os dados de sequências de bases do gene cox1 apresentam polimorfismos, com baixa diversidade e agrupamento populacional na região Sul do Brasil. Os SNPs encontrados são silenciosos, pois não apresentam modificação na estrutura da proteína produzida. O gene nd4 é idêntico em todas as amostras. Esses fragmentos sugerem características de homoplasmia em Cx. quinquefasciatus. O espaçador ITS2 mostrou variedade de polimorfismos, por eventos intra-genômicos de inserção, deleção, translocação e transição de bases. Porém, esses eventos são sincrônicos em populações de diferentes áreas geográficas; assim como, mostra pouca variação nas estruturas dos transcritos RNAr. Por outro lado, os dados ITS2 apontam a segregação de um trinucleotídeo GTC, em mosquitos de La Plata, caracterizando essa área como de isolamento geográfico de mosquitos do complexo pipiens. Conclusão. A espécie Cx. quinquefasciatus possui baixa diversidade genética e morfológica, duas linhagens mitocondriais no Brasil e mosquitos de origem híbrida com Cx. pipiens na Bacia do Prata, na Argentina / Objective. The Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say 1823 is widely distributed in human settlements, and is a vector in the transmission cycles of pathogens such as arboviruses and filarids. This species belongs to Cx pipiens complex, whose main characteristic is the morphologic similarity of their species. This study aimed to characterize genetic and morphological Cx quinquefasciatus species from different regions of Brazil and La Plata, Argentina. Methods. Were used morphometric values of wing veins of females and the DV/D ratio of aedeagus in adult male genitalia. For genetic testing were sequenced mitochondrial cox1 and nd4 genes, cloned fragments of ribosomal ITS2 spacer and examined the pattern of electrophoretic bands of the second intron of Acetylcholinesterase (ace2) locus. Results. The shape of the wing veins of female aggregates two main groups, one with mosquitoes of the Brazil and one from La Plata, the latter having greater internal variance. These data are related to the distribution found in ace2 fragment, which indicates La Plata as hybridization area between Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The values of wing size form a geographical cline, with three main groupings. One of these areas in the north of Brazil other in the southeast and south, and another in Argentina. The same happens with reason DV/D of the male genitalia. Sequence data bases have cox1 gene polymorphisms with low diversity and clustering of population in southern Brazil. The cox1 SNPs found are trace, because it does not show modification in the structure of the protein produced. The nd4 gene is identical in all samples. These fragments suggest homoplasmic features in Cx. quinquefasciatus. ITS2 showed polymorphisms and intragenomic events by insertion, deletion, translocation and transition bases. However, these events are synchronous in populations from different geographic areas and shows little variation in the structures of rRNA transcripts. Moreover, the data indicate ITS2 segregation of a trinucleotide GTC in mosquitoes from La Plata, featuring this area as the geographic isolation of the subgroup pipiens mosquitoes. Conclusion. Cx quinquefasciatus species has low genetic and morphological diversity, two mitochondrial lineages in Brazil and mosquitoes of hybrid origin with Cx pipiens in La Plata, Argentina