Adult Stem Cells (SCs) have been found in almost every organ. They are responsible for<p>homeostasis and tissue repair after injury. SCs reside and self-renew in the adult body<p>throughout the life of the organism. In rapid self-renewing organs, such as the skin, the<p>intestine and the blood, SCs divide many times during the life of the animal in order to sustain<p>the homeostatic needs of the tissue.<p>All cells of the body, including SCs, are constantly subjected to DNA assaults arising from<p>endogenous sources, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cellular<p>metabolism, or exogenous assaults arising from the environment. The DNA damage response<p>(DDR) and DNA repair mechanisms protect cells from accumulating DNA damage by<p>inducing transient cell cycle arrest allowing DNA repair, triggering senescence or apoptosis.<p>DNA damages trigger the activation of the effectors of the DDR inducing a transient cell<p>cycle arrest, allowing DNA repair, or triggering a permanent arrest of the cell cycle or<p>apoptosis if damages are too extensive.<p>As skin is the outermost barrier of the body, epidermal cells, including SCs, are<p>continuously subjected to genotoxic stress, such as UV rays, ionizing radiation (IR) and<p>chemicals. The skin epidermis is composed of hair follicles (HFs), its associated sebaceous<p>gland (SG) and the surrounding inter-follicular epidermis (IFE). Different types of SCs<p>maintain the homeostasis of the skin; multipotent adult bulge SCs ensure the cyclic<p>regeneration of the HF and the repair of the epidermis after injury, while individual unipotent<p>SCs ensure homeostasis of the SG and the IFE.<p>In tissues with high cellular turnover, such as the epidermis, the numerous divisions that a<p>SC undergoes could result in the accumulation of replication-associated DNA damage. It has<p>been suggested that adult SCs may undergo asymmetric divisions in which the daughter SC<p>retains the older (thus “immortal”) DNA strand, while the daughter cell committed to<p>differentiation inherits the newly synthesized strand that may have incorporated replicationderived<p>mutations. The in vivo relevance of this mechanism is still a matter of intense debate.<p>We used multiple in vivo experimental approaches to investigate precisely how bulge SCssegregate their chromosomes during HF morphogenesis, SC activation and skin homeostasis.<p>Using pulse-chase experiments with two different uridine analogs together with DNAindependent<p>chromatin labelling, we showed that multipotent HF SCs segregate their<p>chromosomes randomly, and that the label-retention observed in the skin epidermis derives<p>solely from relative quiescence of skin SCs 1.<p>We investigated the in vivo response of multipotent adult HF bulge SCs to DNA damage<p>induced by IR. We showed that bulge SCs are profoundly resistant to DNA damage-induced<p>cell death compared to their more mature counterparts. Interestingly, we demonstrated that<p>resistance of bulge SCs to IR-induced apoptosis does not rely on their relative quiescence.<p>Moreover, we showed that DDR in SCs does not lead to premature senescence. We found that<p>two intrinsic cellular mechanisms participate in the resistance of bulge SCs to DNA damageinduced<p>cell death. Bulge SCs express higher level of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and present<p>more transient activation of p53 due to a faster DNA repair activity mediated by a nonhomologous<p>end joining (NHEJ) mechanism. Since NHEJ is not error free, this property<p>might be a double-edged sword, supporting short-term survival of bulge SCs but impairing<p>long-term genomic integrity 2.<p>While we unveiled the relevance of DSBs repair by NHEJ in the skin epidermis, little is<p>known about the role of homologous recombination (HR) during the morphogenesis of the<p>skin epidermis. Brca1 is an essential protein for HR. Conditional deletion of Brca1 in the<p>developing epidermis leads to congenital alopecia accompanied by a decreased density of hair<p>placodes. The remaining HFs never produce mature hair and progressively degenerate due to<p>high levels of apoptosis. Multipotent adult HF bulge SCs cannot be detected in adult HF in<p>the Brca1 cKO epidermis. Brca1 deletion in the epidermis triggers p53 activation throughout<p>the epidermis, which activates apoptosis. Interestingly, IFE and the isthmus region of the HF<p>do not present any pathological phenotype by constitutive deletion of Brca1. Our results<p>demonstrated the critical role of Brca1 during HF morphogenesis. Future studies will be<p>required to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling this phenotype / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La fumée de tabac contient plusieurs substances carcinogènes qui mènent à la formation constante de petites quantités de dommages à l'ADN dans les poumons des fumeurs ainsi que des non-fumeurs exposés à la fumée environnementale de tabac. La 4-(méthylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) est l'une de ces substances et elle semble plus particulièrement associée avec le développement des adénocarcinomes, la forme de cancer pulmonaire dont l'incidence progresse le plus rapidement ces dernières années. Dans les cellules pulmonaires, la NNK est bioactivée via des cytochromes P450 en intermédiaires réactifs capables de méthyler ou de pyridyloxobutyler l'ADN. Les dommages résultant de ces deux modes d'activation de la NNK peuvent être investigués séparément en utilisant des analogues qui génèrent sélectivement l'un ou l'autre type d'intermédiaires réactifs. Le test des comètes est une technique simple, très sensible et couramment utilisée pour étudier au niveau cellulaire les dommages à l'ADN qui sont peu fréquents. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse montrent que certains des dommages résultant de l'activation de la NNK peuvent être investigués de manière spécifique à l'aide de cette technique, et ce à des fréquences de dommages qui se rapprochent de celles correspondant à une exposition réelle à la fumée de tabac. Parmi ces dommages, un type d'adduits encore inconnu associé à la pyridyloxobutylation de l'ADN a pu être mis indirectement en évidence. Il s'agit vraisemblablement de la forme formamidopyrimidine (fapy) d'une lésion primaire formée dans les cellules. La vitesse de réparation d'un type de dommage influe sur le risque qu'il a d'être impliqué dans la transformation maligne des cellules. La disparition des dommages dans le temps a pu être suivie avec le test des comètes afin d'investiguer la réparation dans des cellules capables ou pas de bioactiver la NNK. Le suivi post-traitement des dérivés fapy associés à la pyridyloxobutylation de l'ADN, a montré un phénotype ne dépendant pas du type cellulaire mais plutôt du statut de p53 dans les cellules. En effet, au lieu de diminuer après la fin du traitement, la fréquence des adduits fapy dans les fibroblastes augmente dans un premier temps et ce, seulement dans les cellules ayant une protéine p53 fonctionnelle. La nature de ce phénotype particulier n'est pas clairement identifiée, mais elle est vraisemblablement liée à la réparation des dommages à l'ADN. / Tobacco smoke contains several carcinogens that lead to the frequent formation of rare DNA damage in lungs of smokers. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is one of these substances that seems more particularly associated with the development of adenocarcinoma. During the last 30 years, the frequency of this lung cancer type has increased significantly. In lung cells, cytochromes P450 can bioactivate NNK into reactive species capable of either methylating or pyridyloxobutylating DNA. The use of analogs capable of generating only one type of NNK-associated reactive species allows to investigate methylation and pyridyloxobutylation separately. The comet assay is a simple and sensitive technique that is commonly used to investigate low frequency DNA damage at the cellular level. The work presented here show how some of the NNK-related DNA damage can be investigated specifically with this technique at damage frequencies that are relevant to a real exposure to cigarette smoke. One of the adduct type resulting of DNA pyridyloxobutylation that we studied here had never been demonstrated before. It corresponds likely to the formamidopyrimidine (fapy) form of a lesion primarily formed in cells. The repair rate of a damage type influences the probability that it has to be implicated in mutagenesis. The time course of different damage types was documented with the comet assay in order to investigate the repair of NNK-related damage in different cell types that can either bioactivate NNK or not. When the fapy adducts associated with pyridyloxobutylation were investigated post-treatment, their time course did not depend on the cell type but showed a p53-dependant phenotype. In fact, instead of decreasing because of repair, the frequency of these fapy adducts in fibroblasts first increased post-treatment and this increase seemed associated with p53 proficiency. The cause of this phenotype is not clearly elucidated but it should be related to DNA damage repair.