More than 900 bicyclists died in motor vehicle crashes in the United States in 2020, which represents a 50% increase from 2010 and the highest number of bicyclist deaths in nearly 35 years [1]. Reversing this trend will require efforts on multiple fronts, including reducing vehicle speeds and improving roadways and vehicles to be more hospitable to cyclists. Automatic emergency braking (ABB) with cyclist detection is a vehicle countermeasure with potential to prevent bicycle-motor vehicle crashes. AEB systems, which typically warn drivers of an impending collision and brake if drivers do not respond, have been shown to reduce vehicle-to-vehicle rear-end crash rates by 50% [2] and pedestrian crash rates by 27% [3]. Little is known about the real-world effects of ABB with cyclist detection on bicycle crashes. Subaru's EyeSight system, which includes ABB, has been capable of detecting cyclists in parallel configurations beginning in model year (MY) 2013 in the United States. The ability to detect cyclists in perpendicular configurations was added to some models beginning in MY 2022. The goal of this study is to evaluate the effects of the early version of EyeSight on U.S. bicycle crashes. [from Introduction]

Autonomous driver assistance systems are standard in vehicles. These systems help the driver to prevent an accident by automatically applying brakes on the vehicle. They assist the driver and help to prevent injuries and casualties caused by traffic accidents yearly.  This report shows data about how a vehicles Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) system reacts to a road surface with lower friction, for example in winter conditions. To help with the test was a steering robot (SR60 Orbit) and a pedal robot (CBAR 500) used to make the accuracy higher. The target that was used during tests was a Global Vehicle target (GVT). The tests were performed at ArcticFalls proving ground outside Älvsbyn on both asphalt and snow.  The tests show a noticeable difference between the distance it takes the car to stop on asphalt and snow. It emerges from the tests that systems like AEB can’t handle low friction, which is a huge risk for an accident. To prevent the risk of a collision is systems that can measure friction a priority.

Autonomous braking systems are becoming more common in modern cars. Autonomous EmergencyBraking (AEB) can help a driver avoid collision by automatically applying the brakes and stop thevehicle before an accident occurs. This can help save lives and reduce the risk of injuries in traffic.Previous work shows that AEB only works well on asphalt. On more slippery surfaces like snow theAEB has a hard time preventing a collision. This report will process the possibility to make an AEB thatwill reduce the risk of collision and injuries by adapting the braking distance for different surfaces. Aroad condition sensor was used to determine the different surfaces and the estimate of the tire toroad friction. This is an optical sensor that is used to categorize surfaces such as dry/wet asphalt,snow, and ice. In order to achieve good repeatability an SR60 Orbit steering robot combined with aCBAR 500 pedal robot was used. For comparison to the car’s AEB a GVT (Global Vehicle Target) wasused as a target.The results from the test show that a surface adapted AEB can make a difference. The adapted AEBstarted braking earlier than the car’s AEB and prevented collisions on snow, whilst the regular AEB had collisions with the GVT on snow.

In the United States, there were 36,560 traffic-related fatalities in 2018, of which 20% were pedestrians, bicyclists, and other vulnerable road users (VRUs) [1]. Vulnerable road users are non-vehicle occupants who, because they are not enclosed in a vehicle, are at higher risk of injury in traffic crashes. While overall traffic fatalities in the US have been decreasing, pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities have been trending upward. Vehicle-based active safety features could avoid or mitigate crashes with VRUs, but are highly dependent on the ability to detect a VRU with enough time or distance. This work presents methods to examine the characteristics of vehicle-pedestrian and vehicle-bicycle crashes and near-crashes using a variety of data sources, assess the potential effectiveness of Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) in avoiding and mitigating VRU crashes through modeling and simulation, and estimate the future benefits of AEB for VRU safety in the United States. Additionally, active safety features are most effective when behavior of VRUs can be anticipated, however, the behavior of pedestrians and bicyclists is notoriously unpredictable. Therefore, an approach to examine and categorize pedestrian behavior in response to near-crashes and crashes events is presented. Overall, findings suggest that AEB has great potential to avoid and mitigate collisions with pedestrians and bicyclists, but it cannot avoid all crashes even when an idealized AEB system is assumed. Most pedestrians and bicyclists were found to be visible for at least one second prior to the crash, but obstructions, the unpredictability of VRUs, and adverse weather/lighting conditions still pose challenges in avoiding and mitigating crashes with VRUs. / Doctor of Philosophy / In the United States, there were 36,560 traffic-related fatalities in 2018, of which 20% were pedestrians, bicyclists, and other vulnerable road users (VRUs) [1]. Vulnerable road users are non-vehicle occupants who, because they are not enclosed in a vehicle, are at higher risk of injury in traffic crashes. While overall traffic fatalities in the US have been decreasing, pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities are trending upward. Vehicle-based countermeasures, such as Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB), could avoid or mitigate crashes with VRUs, but are highly dependent on the ability to detect a VRU with enough time or distance. My work presents methods to examine the characteristics of vehicle-pedestrian and vehicle-bicycle crashes and near-crashes using a variety of data sources, assess the potential effectiveness of AEB in avoiding and mitigating VRU crashes through modeling and simulation, and estimate the future benefits of AEB for VRU safety in the United States. Additionally, crash avoidance technologies are most effective when behavior of VRUs can be anticipated, however, the behavior of pedestrians and bicyclists is notoriously unpredictable. Therefore, I examined and categorized pedestrian behavior in response to near-crashes and crashes events. Overall, we found that AEB has great potential to avoid and mitigate collisions with pedestrians and bicyclists, but it cannot avoid all crashes even when assuming an idealized AEB system. Most pedestrians and bicyclists were found to be visible for at least one second prior to the crash, but obstructions, the unpredictability of VRUs, and adverse weather/lighting conditions still pose challenges in avoiding and mitigating crashes with VRUs.

No description available.

O grau de exigência da sociedade no atendimento das suas necessidades vem aumentando progressivamente, bem como a complexidade tecnológica dos bens e serviços oferecidos. Para se atender a essa acelerada evolução, o processo de inovação tecnológica precisa atingir um nível de eficiência e eficácia que articule todos os atores do processo de inovação em redes de cooperação, pois já não há mais lugar para o trabalho organizacional solitário. No novo cenário, há necessidade de parcerias para que novos produtos e processos atinjam a sua verdadeira utilidade, que é a melhoria da qualidade de vida da humanidade. Nesse contexto, o setor espacial tem um papel de destaque, seja por meio da monitoração climática ou até de equipamentos de medicina preventiva, desenvolvidos a partir de tecnologias espaciais. Assim, o Brasil tem utilizado o programa de parceria Uniespaço, sob coordenação da Agência Espacial Brasileira (AEB), para transferir tecnologias para o seu setor espacial. Com base na experiência internacional dos programas espaciais e do levantamento da literatura, este estudo parte do pressuposto de que a eficácia da transferência de tecnologia (TT) nos programas de parceria pode ser alcançada mediante a superação de barreiras existentes no processo, por intermédio de elementos facilitadores. Desta forma, a pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar os fatores críticos entre atores no processo de TT, a partir de estudos de 05 projetos de parceria do programa Uniespaço. As organizações geradoras da tecnologia foram três instituições de ensino superior e quatro institutos de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento (P&D), tendo como usuários o Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) e o Instituto de Aeronática e Espaço (IAE). Além desse programa, foi estudado o programa de parceria inovativa (PPI) da NASA, identificando o arranjo organizacional e os fatores que fomentam a TT entre os atores do sistema setorial de inovação e produção espacial dos EUA. O presente trabalho teve como resultado principal a elaboração de dois modelos conceituais; o primeiro focando a TT entre gerador e usuário em termos dos fatores críticos obtidos na pesquisa, dentre eles o nível de maturidade tecnológica, adaptação da nova tecnologia versus a cultura tecnológica do usuário, e capacitações de absorção tecnológica e inovativa, e o segundo modelo como resultado da formação de parcerias e do impacto dos demais atores sociais envolvidos nos processos de TT. / The level of requirement of the society in order to satisfy its needs has been increasing progressively, as well as, the technology complexity of goods and services offered. In order to follow this evolution, the technology innovation process needs to achieve a certain level of efficiency and effectiveness, which is able to articulate all players of the innovation process in the network cooperation, in other words, there is no place for solitary organizational work. Partnerships are required to produce new products and processes to achieve its goals and promote a better quality of life. The space sector has an important role, such as the earth climate monitoring and preventive medicine equipments that were developed from technologies used for space applications. Therefore, similarly to other countries, Brazil has transferred technologies to its space sector, through partnership programs, though, sometimes with no success. The assumption of this study was the effectiveness of technology transfer in the partnership programs can be achieved by overcoming the barriers in the process through specific facilitators, and it was based on the international experience of space programs and literature review. The aim of this dissertation was to identify critical factors between players in the technology transference process on the brazilian space sector. The methodology used was based on case studies of five partnership projects and involved both three universities and four R&D institutes in the brazilian partnership program called Uniespaço, which is coordinated by the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB). The NASAs innovative partnership program was also studied, in order to know the organizational arrangement and the technology transfer facilitators between players in the US space sector system of innovation and production. The main results of this dissertation were two new conceptual models; the first was based on critical factors of TT between technology generators and users, such as, technology maturity level, adaptation of new technology versus users technological culture, and the ability of absorbing technology and innovation; the second model was the result of the dynamic of partnership formation and the impact of social players involved in the TT process.

O grau de exigência da sociedade no atendimento das suas necessidades vem aumentando progressivamente, bem como a complexidade tecnológica dos bens e serviços oferecidos. Para se atender a essa acelerada evolução, o processo de inovação tecnológica precisa atingir um nível de eficiência e eficácia que articule todos os atores do processo de inovação em redes de cooperação, pois já não há mais lugar para o trabalho organizacional solitário. No novo cenário, há necessidade de parcerias para que novos produtos e processos atinjam a sua verdadeira utilidade, que é a melhoria da qualidade de vida da humanidade. Nesse contexto, o setor espacial tem um papel de destaque, seja por meio da monitoração climática ou até de equipamentos de medicina preventiva, desenvolvidos a partir de tecnologias espaciais. Assim, o Brasil tem utilizado o programa de parceria Uniespaço, sob coordenação da Agência Espacial Brasileira (AEB), para transferir tecnologias para o seu setor espacial. Com base na experiência internacional dos programas espaciais e do levantamento da literatura, este estudo parte do pressuposto de que a eficácia da transferência de tecnologia (TT) nos programas de parceria pode ser alcançada mediante a superação de barreiras existentes no processo, por intermédio de elementos facilitadores. Desta forma, a pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar os fatores críticos entre atores no processo de TT, a partir de estudos de 05 projetos de parceria do programa Uniespaço. As organizações geradoras da tecnologia foram três instituições de ensino superior e quatro institutos de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento (P&D), tendo como usuários o Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) e o Instituto de Aeronática e Espaço (IAE). Além desse programa, foi estudado o programa de parceria inovativa (PPI) da NASA, identificando o arranjo organizacional e os fatores que fomentam a TT entre os atores do sistema setorial de inovação e produção espacial dos EUA. O presente trabalho teve como resultado principal a elaboração de dois modelos conceituais; o primeiro focando a TT entre gerador e usuário em termos dos fatores críticos obtidos na pesquisa, dentre eles o nível de maturidade tecnológica, adaptação da nova tecnologia versus a cultura tecnológica do usuário, e capacitações de absorção tecnológica e inovativa, e o segundo modelo como resultado da formação de parcerias e do impacto dos demais atores sociais envolvidos nos processos de TT. / The level of requirement of the society in order to satisfy its needs has been increasing progressively, as well as, the technology complexity of goods and services offered. In order to follow this evolution, the technology innovation process needs to achieve a certain level of efficiency and effectiveness, which is able to articulate all players of the innovation process in the network cooperation, in other words, there is no place for solitary organizational work. Partnerships are required to produce new products and processes to achieve its goals and promote a better quality of life. The space sector has an important role, such as the earth climate monitoring and preventive medicine equipments that were developed from technologies used for space applications. Therefore, similarly to other countries, Brazil has transferred technologies to its space sector, through partnership programs, though, sometimes with no success. The assumption of this study was the effectiveness of technology transfer in the partnership programs can be achieved by overcoming the barriers in the process through specific facilitators, and it was based on the international experience of space programs and literature review. The aim of this dissertation was to identify critical factors between players in the technology transference process on the brazilian space sector. The methodology used was based on case studies of five partnership projects and involved both three universities and four R&D institutes in the brazilian partnership program called Uniespaço, which is coordinated by the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB). The NASAs innovative partnership program was also studied, in order to know the organizational arrangement and the technology transfer facilitators between players in the US space sector system of innovation and production. The main results of this dissertation were two new conceptual models; the first was based on critical factors of TT between technology generators and users, such as, technology maturity level, adaptation of new technology versus users technological culture, and the ability of absorbing technology and innovation; the second model was the result of the dynamic of partnership formation and the impact of social players involved in the TT process.

No description available.

One central challenge for Autonomous Driving (AD) systems is ensuring functional safety. This is affected by all parts of vehicle automation systems: environment perception, decision making, and actuation. The AD system manages its activity towards achieving its goals to maintain in the safety domain, upon an environment using observation through sensors and consequent actuators. Therefore, this research investigates the operational safety for the AD system. In this research, a simulation for the Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) system and a simple scenario are constructed on CARLA, an open-source simulator for autonomous driving systems, to investigate the factors that impact the performance of the AEB system. The time-series data that influence the AEB are collected and fed into three time-series analysis algorithms, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model (ARIMA), regression tree and Long short-term memory (LSTM), to select a suitable time-series algorithm to be used for the AEB system. The results show that weather, the measurement range of the sensors, and noise can affect the results of the AEB system. After comparing the performance of these three time-series algorithms through contrasting the recall and precision of these three algorithms to detect noise in the data, the results can be obtained that LSTM has the better performance for long-term analysis. And ARIMA is more suitable for short-term time-series analysis. LSTM is chosen to analyze the time-series data, since the long-term time-series analysis is necessary for the AEB system and it can detect the noise in the variables of the AEB system with better performance. / En central utmaning för AD system är att säkerställa funktionell säkerhet. Detta påverkas av alla delar av fordonsautomatiseringssystem: miljöuppfattning, beslutsfattande och aktivering. AD -systemet hanterar sin aktivitet för att uppnå sina mål att upprätthålla inom säkerhetsområdet, i en miljö som använder observation genom sensorer och därav följande ställdon. Därför undersöker denna forskning den operativa säkerheten för AD systemet. I denna forskning konstrueras en simulering för AEB -systemet och ett enkelt scenario på CARLA, en simulator med öppen källkod för autonoma körsystem, för att undersöka de faktorer som påverkar prestandan för AEB systemet. Tidsseriedata som påverkar AEB samlas in och matas in i tre tidsserieanalysalgoritmer, ARIMA, regressionsträd och LSTM, för att välja en lämplig tidsserie-algoritm som ska används för AEB systemet. Resultaten visar att väder, mätområdet för sensorerna och brus kan påverka resultaten av AEB systemet. Efter att ha jämfört prestandan för dessa tre tidsserie-algoritmer genom att kontrastera återkallelsen och precisionen för dessa tre algoritmer för att detektera brus i data kan resultaten erhållas att LSTM har bättre prestanda för långsiktig analys. Och ARIMA är mer lämpad för korttidsanalyser i tidsserier. LSTM väljs för att analysera tidsseriedata, eftersom långsiktig tidsserieanalys är nödvändig för AEB systemet och det kan detektera bruset i variablerna i AEB system med bättre prestanda.

Autonomous cars are developing in a rapid speed, which means that the advanced driver-assistance systems must be tested carefully. Radar is one of many tools the car can use to detect obstacles and targets in front of the car. This bachelor thesis deals with programming and testing of an FMCW radar. The radar used in this thesis is an Continental ARS 308-2C/21 HS/AO, and the programming is written in Visual Basic. The goal within this project was to write a program for the Continental radar, and then measure static objects. The radar and the written program will be used in the research project, "HiFi Radar Target". The radar module will also be implemented in the new EMC chamber, AWITAR, which is currently under construction. The radar sweeps in the frequency band 77GHz, which is a standard frequency in the automotive industry. Communication with the computer is done via a CAN-network. Function tests have been performed on Astazero and gave satisfactory results.The thesis work has been carried out at RISE in Borås. / Idag är självkörande bilar på kraftig frammarsch, detta medför att hjälpsystemen måste testas noga. Radar är ett av många hjälpmedel bilen kan använda för att detektera hinder framför bilen. Detta examensarbete avhandlar programering och testning av en FMCW radar. Radarn som används är en Continental ARS 308-2C/21 HS/AO, programeringen är skriven i Visual Basic. Målet med detta examensarbeta var att få radarn att fungera, för att sedan kunna mäta på statinära objekt. Radarn och det skrivna programmet kommer att användas inom forskningsprojektet, "HiFi Radar Target". Radarmodulen kommer även att implementeras i den nya EMC-kammaren, AWITAR som just nu är under konstruktion. Radarn sweper i freqvensbandet 77GHz, vilket är en standardfreqvens för bilindustrin. All kommunikation med radarn och datorn sker via ett CAN-nätverk. Funktionstesterna har utförts på Astazero och gav tillfredställande resultat. Examensarbetet är utfört på RISE i Borås.