Heart disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States with coronary artery disease (CAD) representing more than half of all cardiovascular events. Stable patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of CAD are likely to undergo either an exercise ECG and/or imaging study as a first line diagnostic assessment. A cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) is an ECG stress test plus ventilatory gas analysis. Recently CPX has been used to detect exercise-induced myocardial ischemia suggestive of underlying CAD. Currently there are a number of diagnostic tests available for the identification of CAD with the most widely used being exercise ECG, myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and cardiac catheterization. Exercise ECG, although inexpensive, has a number of well-recognized limitations, including low sensitivity resulting in false positive results. MPI and catheterization are more accurate but also more invasive and expensive. It appears that CPX may improve the diagnostic accuracy of exercise ECG in a cost effective manner.

The aim of this work is to create an educational DVD with aerobics classes for beginners and intermediate exercisers. The DVD is designed for children and adults who want to work out at home in their free time, for novice teachers of aerobics, to liven up their lessons, and finally for heads of various sports clubs teachers who would like to include aerobics to their lessons. In the theoretical part the characteristic of aerobics is introduced, its effect on human health, and particular types of aerobics, including racing. In conclusion of the theoretical part basic steps of aerobics are described. In addition, there is also English terminology and explanation of teaching methods that are used in aerobics classes. The practical part is devoted to the learning DVD. The introduction describes the preparation for filming, followed by a transcript of choreography and stretching exercises that are used in the video, and also instructions on how to start with an exercise and what to avoid. The conclusion of the practical part is focused on a review of the DVD. The evaluation was carried out using a questionnaire survey, which was attended by a total of 60 respondents. It examined six different criteria that respondents assessed with grade 1 to 5. Overall, the DVD was evaluated by 61,7% respondents as...

Links: Aerobic motion activity as it is offered in commercial aerobic classes is generally considered to be beneficial for the motion apparatus, and for one's overall health. Nevertheless, loud music accompanying the exercise can rather cause damage to one's health. Goals: The main scope of my thesis is to measure the noise intensity in commercial aerobic classes and to verify whether the noise does not exceed the limits permitted by hygienic standards. Methods: In my thesis I used a specific method for determination of the noise intensity in the aerobic class space. I opted for the noise level according to EPA standards ranging between 70 and 80 dB as the basic constant. The measurement itself took place after calibration in eleven measured spots in a fitness centre located in České Budějovice. The measured spots were established in the space according to the placement of the sound apparatus and the measurement itself took place in the height of the sound apparatus of a fitness centre client. The measured values were further processed into descriptive graphs and all outcomes were further processed using statistical methods in order to verify the measurement validity according to statistical significance. Results: On the basis of the performed measurement, data processing and the following...

Title: Verification of instructor influence on the load during exercise session of "Jumping". Goals: The main goal is to observe the dynamics of heart rate during the 62-minute exercise session of "Jumping" and to observe the impact of the instructor on the cardiovascular system load, by monitoring heart rate. Methods: During the exercise session of "Jumping" we observe the cardiovascular system load on 38 volunteers aged 18-30 years, by monitoring of heart rate. For measuring heart rate, we used equipment Polar RS800CX. Probands were divided into four groups according to gender and age. Two groups of men and women in each age categories up to 20 years and from 21 to 30 years. Each proband completed four exercise sessions lasting about 62 minutes. The sessions were led by four different instructors. Results: The analysis results show that the average heart rates during 62 minute exercise session of "Jumping" are not significantly different. Measured values showed that Jumping is not aerobic activity. Keywords: Jumping, trampoline, heart rate, cardiovascular system, sport tester

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The non-sustainable nature of fossil fuels as feedstocks for valuable chemicals, combined with the environmental damage caused by their extraction and combustion, increases the need for the development of a bio-based economy. While industry and public opinion are slowly shifting towards acceptance of this change, efficient technologies for the depolymerization and subsequent separation of lignocellulosic biomass fall short of the ever-increasing demand. In particular, there are currently no efficient, sustainable mass scale methods to convert lignin, the most abundant source of aromatic molecules on Earth. The use of oxovanadium(V) catalyst complexes to aerobically cleave C‒C bonds has been demonstrated previously and remains an attractive option for incorporation into a sustainable bio-based economy. Two new triphenoxyamine oxovanadium(V) catalysts with reduced steric bulk and electron density at the metal center (vs. previously reported complexes) have been synthesized for aerobic oxidative diol C‒C bond cleavage. These complexes were found to cleave less activated and more complex substrates than previous generations, including cyclic diols and polyalcohols. Several insights into the reaction pathways of this class of complex were elucidated through a series of kinetic studies. Experimentally, the rate of C‒C bond cleavage of both pinacol and hydrobenzoin was determined to be unaffected by substitution of the O‒H bonds with deuterium, suggesting that currently proposed mechanisms need to be revised. Multiple catalytic regimes were observed during anaerobic reaction, which were not altered significantly by the brief addition of O2. A series of density functional theory calculations revealed a plausible mechanism for the trialkoxy complex that did not involve a proton transfer in the rate determining step, instead suggesting that ligand-arm dissociation-reassociation play a significant role in the reaction. In a second project, new bisphenoxyamine-N-appended base ligand with less steric hindrance and electron density at the metal center, has been synthesized utilizing similar design principles gained from work with triphenoxyamine catalysts. When reacting with lignin model compound 1,2-diphenyl-2-methoxyethanol, this new complex displays a higher selectivity towards aldehydes and esters (relative to previous bisphenoxyamine-N-appended ligands), leading to a higher rate of C‒C bond cleavage. Investigations into the mechanism of bisphenoxy complexes, as well as the role of the N-appended base in reactivity, were performed using substrate pre-complexed bisphenoxy compounds. Thermolysis at 60 and 100 °C produced almost exclusively oxidative C‒H bond cleavage product benzyl methyl ether, with evidence for overoxidation product benzoic acid observed. Thermolysis of labelled substrate pre-complexed revealed that N-appended base may impede C‒C cleavage of 1,2-diphenyl-2-methoxyethanol by forcing the methyl ether away from the oxovanadium(V) center. Through the use of these multidentate phenoxyamine ligands, advances have been made towards sustainable oxovanadium catalysis in the pursuit of efficient and selective lignocellulosic disassembly for a sustainable bio-based economy.

O treinamento aeróbio moderado tem sido reconhecido como um importante estimulador do sistema imune, no entanto o efeito deste na infecção bacteriana não tem sido extensivamente estudado. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar se o exercício aeróbio moderado prévio à infecção por S. pneumoniae influencia a resposta inflamatória pulmonar. Camundongos BALB/C foram divididos em 4 grupos: Controle (animais sedentários; não infectados); S. pneumoniae (animais sedentários e posteriormente infectados); Exercício (animais treinados; não infectados); Exercício + S. pneumoniae (animais treinados e posteriormente infectados). Os animais foram submetidos a um programa de treinamento físico aeróbio durante 4 semanas, e 72 horas após a última sessão de exercício, os animais receberam instilação nasal de S. pneumoniae (linhagem M10) e foram avaliados 12 horas (fase aguda) ou 10 dias (fase tardia) após a instilação. Na fase aguda, o grupo S. pneumoniae apresentou um aumento de: resistência e elastância do sistema respiratório, número total de células, neutrófilos, linfócitos e macrófagos no lavado broncoalveolar (BAL), células polimorfonucleares no parênquima pulmonar e TNF-alfa e IL-1beta no homogenato pulmonar. O exercício físico atenuou significantemente esses parâmentros. Além disso, o exercício físico resultou em aumento da expressão de enzimas antioxidantes no pulmão (CuZnSOD and MnSOD). Na fase tardia, o grupo Exercício + S. pneumoniae apresentou redução no número total de células e macrófagos no BAL, células polimorfonucleares no parênquima pulmonar e IL-6 no homogenato pulmonar comparado ao grupo S. pneumoniae. Nossos resultados sugerem um efeito protetor do exercício aeróbio moderado contra a infecção bacteriana pulmonar. Esse efeito é provavelmente secundário ao efeito do exercício no balanço oxidante-antioxidante / Moderate aerobic exercise training has been recognized as an important stimulator of the immune system, but its effect on bacterial infection has not been extensively studied. Our aim was to determine whether moderate aerobic exercise training prior to S. pneumoniae infection influences pulmonary inflammatory responses. BALB/c mice were divided into 4 groups: Control (sedentary without infection); S. pneumoniae (sedentary with infection); Exercise (aerobic training without infection); Exercise + S. pneumoniae (aerobic training with infection). Animals underwent aerobic exercise training for 4 weeks. 72 h after last exercise training, animals received a challenge with S. pneumoniae (strain M10) and were evaluated either 12 h (acute phase) or 10 days (late phase) after instillation. In acute phase, S. pneumoniae group had an increase in respiratory system resistance and elastance; number of total cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL); polymorphonuclear cells in lung parenchyma; and levels of TNF-alfa and IL-1beta in lung homogenates. Exercise training significantly attenuated the increase in all of these parameters. In addition, exercise induced an increase in expression of antioxidant enzymes (CuZnSOD and MnSOD) in lungs. In late phase, Exercise + S. pneumoniae group exhibited a reduction in number of total cells and macrophages in BAL, in polymorphonuclear cells in lung parenchyma and in levels of IL-6 in lung homogenates compared to S. pneumoniae group. Our results suggest a protective effect of moderate exercise training against respiratory infection with S. pneumoniae. This effect is most likely secondary to an effect of exercise on oxidant-antioxidant balance

O presente estudo avaliou o efeito do exercício aeróbio em mulheres obesas, pós gastroplastia Bypass Y de Roux. Dentre os objetivos específicos, comparou o percentual de gordura por dobras cutâneas, antes e após o programa de treinamento e o peso corporal em Kg pré e pós intervenção. A amostra foi composta por 11 mulheres com média de 31,45 anos (± 8,27) e a altura de 1,63 metros (± 0,03), durante 12 semanas, realizaram 60 minutos de exercício físico aeróbio (caminhada/corrida), 5 vezes na semana, com FC controlada. A média da prescrição da FCM foi entre 142,18 bpm (± 2,63) e 157,90 bpm (± 3,41), correspondendo a 55 e 70% da FCM. Antes do início e após o término do programa de treinamento, foi avaliado o método duplamente indireto de composição corporal. Dentre as medidas antropométricas foram coletadas a estatura; o peso; as circunferências e as dobras cutâneas. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo programa estatístico SPSS versão 16.0. Os resultados da estatística descritiva foram expressos como média e desvio padrão (± dp) e, em todas as análises, foi adotado como nível de significância p<0,05. A adesão ao programa de exercício físico aeróbio durante 12 semanas foi um procedimento eficaz e significante para a redução do peso corporal, para o IMC, as circunferências de cintura e quadril, o RCQ e para o percentual de gordura corporal. Foi possível obter um efeito significativo na composição corporal, apesar de não se ter controlado outros tratamentos convencionais, tais como hábitos nutricionais, medicamentosos e terapias comportamentais / This study has evaluated the effect that aerobic exercise has in obese women after the gastric bypass Y de Roux Amongst the specific objectives, it compared the fat percentage by skinfold thickness before and after the training program and the body weight in kilograms before and after intervention The sample was built of 11 women of 31,45 years old (± 8,27) on average and heights of 1,63 (± 0,03) on average on a 12 Week period they performed 60 minutes of aerobic exercise (walking, running) 5 times a week with heart rate controlled. The average of the FCM prescription was between 142,18 bpm (± 2,63) and 157,90 bpm (± 3,41) equivalent to 55 and 70% of FCM Before the beginning and after the end of the training program they assessed the double indirect method of body composition. Amongs the anthropometric measures they collected data as tallness, weight, circumference, and skinfolds. The data analysis was accomplished by the statistics program SSPS version 16.0 The results from the descriptive statistics were expressed as average and standard deviation (± SD) and for all the analysis the significance level used was p<0,05 he adhesion to the aerobic exercise program. The adhesion on a 12-week period was an efficient and significant procedure to body weight loss to the IMC to waist and hip circumference the RCQ and to the percentage of body fat It was possible to obtain a significant effect on the body composition, despite not having checked other conventional treatments such as nutritional habits, drugs and behavioral therapies

Introdução: A prática regular de exercício tem sido grandemente associada a efeitos benéficos em doenças pulmonares crônicas como asma e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. Poucos estudos têm avaliado os benefícios do exercício aeróbico na lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA). Objetivo: Neste estudo nós investigamos os mecanismos envolvidos no papel do exercício físico em diminuir os danos pulmonares causados pela LPA induzida por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). Métodos: Camundongos Balb/c foram divididos em quatro grupos: Controle (CTR), Exercício (Exe), LPS e Exercício+LPS (Exe+LPS). Os animais dos grupos Exe e Exe+LPS foram treinados em baixa intensidade por 60 minutos/dia, 3x/semana, durante 5 semanas. A instilação intratraqueal de LPS (200 /animal) foi realizada 48 horas após o último teste físico nos grupos LPS e Exe+LPS. Vinte e quatro horas após a instilação de LPS nós analisamos os níveis de óxido nítrico exalado (NO), a mecânica respiratória e a densidade de neutrófilos no tecido pulmonar. Nós analisamos também os níveis de extravasamento de proteína, contagem de células totais e diferenciais e os níveis de IL-1, IL-6, KC, IL-10 and TNF- no lavado bronco-alveolar (LBA). Os níveis de IL-6 e IL-10 também foram avaliados no plasma e tecido pulmonar. A expressão de receptores de glicocorticóide (Gre) e da enzima superóxido dismutase (SOD) foi analisada no tecido pulmonar. As atividades enzimáticas de glutationa peroxidade (GPX), catalase (CAT), glutationa redutase (GR), e SOD foram determinadas no homogenato de pulmão por espectrofotometria. O nível de malonaldeído (MDA) foi quantificado no homogenato de pulmão. Resultados: A instilação de LPS resultou em aumento nos níveis de NO exalado (p<0,01), aumento do número de células e neutrófilos no LBA (p<0,001), aumento do número de neutrófilos no parênquima pulmonar (p<0,001), aumento dos valores de resistência e elastância pulmonar (p=0,01), aumento dos níveis de extravasamento de proteína (p0,02), aumento dos níveis de IL-6 e IL-10 no plasma (p<0,02) e aumento dos níveis de IL-1, IL-6 e KC no LBA (p0,005), comparado ao grupo CTR. O exercício aeróbico (grupo Exe+LPS) diminuiu significativamente os níveis de NO exalado (p=0,006), a densidade de neutrófilos no parênquima pulmonar (p=0,004), os valores de resistência e elastância pulmonar (p = 0,003), aumentou a expressão de IL-6, IL-10 e Gre no tecido pulmonar (p0,04) e aumentou o nível de IL- 1 no LBA (p=0,04) comparado ao grupo LPS. Conclusão: Nossos resultados mostram que o exercício desenvolve um importante papel em proteger o pulmão dos efeitos inflamatórios da LPA induzida por LPS. Os efeitos do exercício são principalmente mediados pelo aumento da expressão de citocinas antiinflamatórias, sugerindo que o exercício aeróbico pode modular o balanço inflamatório, antiinflamatório na fase inicial na SARA. / Background: The regular practice of exercise has been increasingly associated to benefic effects on chronic pulmonary conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Few studies have also reported the effects of aerobic exercise on acute lung injury (ALI). Objective: In this study we investigated the mechanisms involved in the role of exercise in attenuating the pulmonary changes in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. Methods: BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: Control (CTR), Exercise (Exe), LPS, and Exercise + LPS (Exe+LPS). Mice from Exe and Exe+LPS groups were trained at low intensity exercise for 60 minutes/day, 3 days/week, during 5 weeks. Intratracheal instillation of LPS (200/mouse) was performed 48 hours after the last physical test in the LPS and Exe+LPS groups. Twenty-four hours after LPS instillation we measured exhaled nitric oxide (NO), respiratory mechanics, and the density of neutrophils in lung tissue. We further analyzed protein leakage, total and differential cell counts and the levels of IL-1, IL-6, KC, IL-10 and TNF- in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). IL-6 and IL-10 levels were also evaluated in serum and lung tissue. The expression of glucocorticoid receptors (Gre) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was analyzed in lung tissue. Enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and SOD was determined in lung homogenates by spectrophotometry. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was quantified in lung homogenates. Results: LPS instillation resulted in increased levels of exhaled NO (p<0.01), higher number of total cells and neutrophils in the BALF (p<0.001), higher number of neutrophils in the lung parenchyma (p<0.001), higher values of pulmonary resistance and elastance (p=0.01), increase of protein leakage (p0.02), increase of IL-6 and IL-10 level in serum (p<0.02) and increase in IL-1, IL-6 and KC levels in BALF (p0.005), compared to the CTR group. Aerobic exercise (Exe+LPS group) resulted in significantly lower exhaled NO levels (p=0.006), lower density of neutrophils in the lung parenchyma (p=0.004), lower pulmonary resistance and elastance values (p = 0.003), increased expression of IL-6, IL-10 and Gre in lung tissue (p0.04) and increased IL-1 level in BALF (p=0.04) compared to the LPS group. Conclusion: Our results show that exercise plays an important role in protecting the lung from the inflammatory effects of LPS-induced ALI. The effects of exercise are mainly mediated by the increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that aerobic preconditioning can modulate the inflammatory-anti-inflammatory balance in the early phase of ARDS.

Este trabalho foi teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do tratamento aerado combinando biomassa aderida e suspensa, em diferentes condições de temperatura (25ºC, 27ºC, 45ºC e 55ºC), na remoção da matéria orgânica. Foi utilizada uma água residuária sintética simulando o efluente da indústria de geleias e compotas de frutas. Os dois reatores operados foram construídos em aço inox com diâmetro de 15 cm, 58,0 cm de altura e volume útil de 10,25 L, sendo 5,125 L preenchidos com meio suporte. O experimento se deu em duas fases. Na primeira (75 dias) o reator R1 foi operado a 25ºC e o R2 a 45ºC, na segunda (60 dias) a 27ºC e 55ºC, respectivamente. O TDH variou de 10,39h a 11,86h e a carga orgânica volumétrica aplicada de 2,82 kg.m-3.d-1 a 3,51 kg.m-3.d-1. As maiores eficiências de remoção de DQO foram observadas nos reatores R1(25ºC) e R2(45ºC): 80,27±11,97% e 78,41±6,41%, respectivamente. Estas médias não diferiram entre si. A colonização do meio suporte foi satisfatória, exceto a 55ºC onde se verificou a diminuição da aderência da biomassa. Foi observado o intumescimento do lodo nas duas fases experimentais, provavelmente devido à alta biodegradabilidade da água residuária, e um maior valor de SSV no efluente dos sistemas termofílicos. Os ensaios cinéticos apontaram para uma menor dependência do sistema na parcela suspensa da biomassa para a eficiência global. A análise do DGGE mostrou diminuição na diversidade entra a biomassa aderida do reator mesofílico (25ºC) e a biomassa aderida do reator termofílico (45ºC), entretanto, esta mudança não foi tão evidente de 45ºC para 55ºC. / The aim of this study was to investigate the attached and suspended biomass performance in the organic matter removal of a synthetic jams and jellies wastewater at different temperature (25ºC, 27ºC, 45ºC and 55ºC). Two stainless steel reactors, 15 cm diameter and 58 cm high were used. The working volume was 10,25 L and the support medium occupied 5,125 L. The experiment was developed in two stages. The first stage lasted 75 days, the R1 and R2 reactors operated at 25ºC and 45ºC, respectively. The second stage lasted 60 days and the reactors operated at 27ºC and 55ºC, respectively. The HRT ranged between 10,39h and 11,86h and the volumetric load between 2,82 kg.m-3.d-1 to 3,51 kg.m-3.d-1.The highest removal efficiencies of COD occurred in R1(25ºC) and R2(45ºC) reactors: 80,27±11,97% and 78,41±6,41%, respectively. These results were not statistically different. The colonization of the support medium was satisfactory, except at 55ºC, as in this condition it was observed decreased adhesion of biomass. Bulking occurred in both stages of the experiment, probably due to the high biodegradability of this wastewater, and a highest value of MLVSS in the effluent of the thermophilic systems. The kinect experiments appointed that the suspended biomass play a minor role in the global efficiency of the system. The DGGE analysis have shown reduction in diversity when the temperature increases from 25ºC to 45ºC, nevertheless, this change was not so clear from 45ºC to 55ºC.