Introduktion: Det har tidigare inte gjorts en litteraturöversikt som utvärderat och jämfört de fysiologiska effekterna av bastubad och aerob träning på hjärt- och kärlsystemet. Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturöversikt är att sammanställa de fysiologiska effekter gällande hjärt- och kärlparametrar och aerob kapacitet som sker vid bastubad, antingen som enda intervention eller kombinerat med aerob träning, för att redogöra om bastubad kan användas som ett komplement eller alternativ till aerob träning för vuxna män och kvinnor. Metod: En systematisk sökning gjordes i databasen PubMed i oktober 2022 för att identifiera relevanta studier. Randomiserade kontrollerade studier (RCT), icke-randomiserade studier av interventioner (NRSI), samt exponeringsstudier, skrivna på engelska inkluderades. Studiernas risk för bias bedömdes separat och tillsammans av författarna utifrån SBU:s granskningsmallar för RCT, NRSI och exponeringsstudier.  Resultat: Tio studier som undersökte effekterna av bastubad som enskild intervention eller i kombination med aerob träning inkluderades. Dessa bestod av fyra RCT, två NRSI, samt fyra exponeringsstudier. De inkluderade studier hade måttlig till hög risk för bias och innefattade totalt 2614 deltagare som var friska, men även deltagare med sjukdomar som högt blodtryck eller hjärtsvikt. Sju av åtta studier som undersökte utfallsmått relaterade till hjärt- och kärlparametrar, samt fyra av sex studier som undersökte utfallsmått relaterade till aerob kapacitet, påvisade positiva effekter. Slutsats: Resultatet av denna litteraturöversikt indikerar att bastubad medför liknande fysiologiska effekter på hjärt- och kärlsystemet som aerob träning och kan utgöra ett lämpligt komplement eller alternativ till aerob träning för vuxna män och kvinnor. Detta innefattar såväl friska människor, som människor med högt blodtryck och hjärtsvikt.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 W43 / Master of Science

The measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness has been extensively researched among adult populations, but very few researchers have focused their attention on the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents. Due to various constraints of direct 2max VO testing, various indirect testing methods have been developed of which the 20-m Shuttle Run Test is the most widely used testing method. The influence of various anthropometric, physical and motor performance components as well as certain demographic factors such as gender, race, living area, and sport participation as well as physical activity level on the 2max VO value of participants seems to suggest that 2max VO can be predicted by including these components in prediction models. It is against this background that the objectives of this study are provided. The following four objectives of the study were achieved through a literature review: Firstly, to name and describe the various direct and indirect methods for determining 2max VO ; secondly, to provide a review on the findings with regard to the aerobic performances or 2max VO values of children and adolescents; thirdly, to discuss the possible influence of various anthropometric, physical and motor-performance components on the aerobic performances or 2max VO values of the last-mentioned groups of subjects. As part of this objective, other literature-identified factors such as certain demographic factors (living area, race and gender), sport and physical activity participation level which may also influence the aerobic performances or 2max VO values of the participants, were also discussed; fourthly, all literature identified models for the prediction of aerobic performances or 2max VO values in children, and in adolescents were mentioned and discussed. The next few objectives were achieved through a selected group, cross-sectional experimental research design; fifthly, to develop a valid 2max VO prediction function from several anthropometric measurements and demographic factors such as gender, race and living area as well as sport participation level of a cohort of adolescents living in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of North West Province, South Africa; sixthly, to develop a 2max VO prediction function from the physical and motor-performance components as well as demographic variables such as gender, race and living area as well as sport participation level of a cohort of adolescents living in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of North West Province, South Africa; and finally, to determine the validity of the 20-m SRT to estimate the 2 VO and 2max VO of a cohort of adolescent boys in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of North West Province, South Africa. In order to fulfil the fifth and sixth objectives of the study, a total of 214 grade 8 adolescents (boys: 88 and girls: 126) (age: 15.82 ± 0.68 years) of high schools in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District of the North West Province, South Africa were purposefully selected from pre-acquired class lists, from six secondary schools. Data was collected by means of various questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and physical and motor-performance tests, which also included the 20-metre SRT. For the fulfilment of the final objective of the study, 52 boys were purposefully selected from the above-mentioned group that completed various questionnaires as well as the 20-m SRT while they were fitted with a portable gas analyser apparatus. With regard to the anthropometric and demographic variable prediction model, the forward stepwise regression analysis results showed that muscle mass percentage, sport participation level, stature, hip circumference and ectomorphy act as significant predictors (p ≤ 0.05) of the indirect, 20-m SRT 2max VO values of a cohort of adolescents. Muscle mass percentage emerged as the strongest predictor (59%) of adolescents’ 2max VO values, followed by sport participation level (6%), ectomorphy (2%), stature (1%) and hip circumference (1%). The physical, motor-performance and demographic prediction model revealed that 10-metre speed, sit-up repetitions, sport participation level, handgrip strength, Vertical Jump Test (VJT) Tendo peak power, maximal heart rate (HRmax), living area, right shoulder external rotation flexibility (RPSERT), horizontal jump test distance (HJT) and right Modified Thomas iliopsoas flexibility (RMTIT) served as significant predictors (p ≤ 0.05) of the indirect, 20m-SRT-derived 2max VO values of a cohort of adolescents. However, only 10-metre speed served as a major contributor (53.5%) to the indirect 2max VO values of the adolescents. The rest of the variables contributed 17.4% to the overall variance in 2maxVO values. Overall, the last-mentioned anthropometric, physical, motor performance and demographic variables were responsible for 70.5% of the variance in the 2max VO values of the adolescents. Cross-validations also revealed that both models are valid for predicting the 20-m SRT-derived indirect 2max VO values of this cohort of adolescents. The 20-m SRT validity study showed that a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) existed between the predicted indirect 2max VO results (42.06 ± 4.53 ml/kg/min) as obtained from the 20-m SRT booklet and the direct 2max VO results (50.62 ± 7.11 ml/kg/min) as obtained from the gas analysis. Furthermore, significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed between the direct and indirectly predicted 2 VO values at levels 1-9 of the 20-m SRT compared to no significant differences at levels 10 and 11 of the 20-m SRT. In conclusion, to the researchers’ knowledge, this is the first study to develop valid 2max VO prediction functions from the use of several anthropometric measurements, physical and motorperformance test results and demographic information for a group of South African adolescents. Furthermore, this is also the first study to reveal that the 20-m SRT is not a valid test for the accurate prediction of 2 VO and 2max VO of a cohort of adolescent South African boys. The results of this study may possibly allow practitioners in the field of Human Movement Science to more accurately screen the indirect 2max VO values of adolescents by making use of easily obtainable measures and information, instead of the predicted 2max VO values of the 20-m SRT / PhD (Human Movement Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness has been extensively researched among adult populations, but very few researchers have focused their attention on the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents. Due to various constraints of direct 2max VO testing, various indirect testing methods have been developed of which the 20-m Shuttle Run Test is the most widely used testing method. The influence of various anthropometric, physical and motor performance components as well as certain demographic factors such as gender, race, living area, and sport participation as well as physical activity level on the 2max VO value of participants seems to suggest that 2max VO can be predicted by including these components in prediction models. It is against this background that the objectives of this study are provided. The following four objectives of the study were achieved through a literature review: Firstly, to name and describe the various direct and indirect methods for determining 2max VO ; secondly, to provide a review on the findings with regard to the aerobic performances or 2max VO values of children and adolescents; thirdly, to discuss the possible influence of various anthropometric, physical and motor-performance components on the aerobic performances or 2max VO values of the last-mentioned groups of subjects. As part of this objective, other literature-identified factors such as certain demographic factors (living area, race and gender), sport and physical activity participation level which may also influence the aerobic performances or 2max VO values of the participants, were also discussed; fourthly, all literature identified models for the prediction of aerobic performances or 2max VO values in children, and in adolescents were mentioned and discussed. The next few objectives were achieved through a selected group, cross-sectional experimental research design; fifthly, to develop a valid 2max VO prediction function from several anthropometric measurements and demographic factors such as gender, race and living area as well as sport participation level of a cohort of adolescents living in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of North West Province, South Africa; sixthly, to develop a 2max VO prediction function from the physical and motor-performance components as well as demographic variables such as gender, race and living area as well as sport participation level of a cohort of adolescents living in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of North West Province, South Africa; and finally, to determine the validity of the 20-m SRT to estimate the 2 VO and 2max VO of a cohort of adolescent boys in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of North West Province, South Africa. In order to fulfil the fifth and sixth objectives of the study, a total of 214 grade 8 adolescents (boys: 88 and girls: 126) (age: 15.82 ± 0.68 years) of high schools in the Tlokwe Local Municipality (Potchefstroom area) of the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District of the North West Province, South Africa were purposefully selected from pre-acquired class lists, from six secondary schools. Data was collected by means of various questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and physical and motor-performance tests, which also included the 20-metre SRT. For the fulfilment of the final objective of the study, 52 boys were purposefully selected from the above-mentioned group that completed various questionnaires as well as the 20-m SRT while they were fitted with a portable gas analyser apparatus. With regard to the anthropometric and demographic variable prediction model, the forward stepwise regression analysis results showed that muscle mass percentage, sport participation level, stature, hip circumference and ectomorphy act as significant predictors (p ≤ 0.05) of the indirect, 20-m SRT 2max VO values of a cohort of adolescents. Muscle mass percentage emerged as the strongest predictor (59%) of adolescents’ 2max VO values, followed by sport participation level (6%), ectomorphy (2%), stature (1%) and hip circumference (1%). The physical, motor-performance and demographic prediction model revealed that 10-metre speed, sit-up repetitions, sport participation level, handgrip strength, Vertical Jump Test (VJT) Tendo peak power, maximal heart rate (HRmax), living area, right shoulder external rotation flexibility (RPSERT), horizontal jump test distance (HJT) and right Modified Thomas iliopsoas flexibility (RMTIT) served as significant predictors (p ≤ 0.05) of the indirect, 20m-SRT-derived 2max VO values of a cohort of adolescents. However, only 10-metre speed served as a major contributor (53.5%) to the indirect 2max VO values of the adolescents. The rest of the variables contributed 17.4% to the overall variance in 2maxVO values. Overall, the last-mentioned anthropometric, physical, motor performance and demographic variables were responsible for 70.5% of the variance in the 2max VO values of the adolescents. Cross-validations also revealed that both models are valid for predicting the 20-m SRT-derived indirect 2max VO values of this cohort of adolescents. The 20-m SRT validity study showed that a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) existed between the predicted indirect 2max VO results (42.06 ± 4.53 ml/kg/min) as obtained from the 20-m SRT booklet and the direct 2max VO results (50.62 ± 7.11 ml/kg/min) as obtained from the gas analysis. Furthermore, significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed between the direct and indirectly predicted 2 VO values at levels 1-9 of the 20-m SRT compared to no significant differences at levels 10 and 11 of the 20-m SRT. In conclusion, to the researchers’ knowledge, this is the first study to develop valid 2max VO prediction functions from the use of several anthropometric measurements, physical and motorperformance test results and demographic information for a group of South African adolescents. Furthermore, this is also the first study to reveal that the 20-m SRT is not a valid test for the accurate prediction of 2 VO and 2max VO of a cohort of adolescent South African boys. The results of this study may possibly allow practitioners in the field of Human Movement Science to more accurately screen the indirect 2max VO values of adolescents by making use of easily obtainable measures and information, instead of the predicted 2max VO values of the 20-m SRT / PhD (Human Movement Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. There is evidence of the rising incidence and prevalence of chronic diseases of lifestyle in developing countries. Physical activity has been regarded as a commonly accepted modality for treating hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine if physical activity levels are associated with hypertension among employees of Kigali Institute Science and Technology in Kigali,Rwanda. A quantitative, cross- sectional design was used and all staff members (325 employees) of Kigali Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) represented the study population. Random sampling was used to determine the study sample. Data was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire adopted from The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 15.0. Descriptive statistics using frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations and inferential statistics using Chi-square tests were employed. The data were presented with use tables,figures,graphs, and pie charts. Ethical issues including obtaining permission for conducting the study, informe consent,anonymity,confidentiality, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw from the study was observed in this study. The study found a prevalence of 34% participants with hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was associated with age, smoking, drinking alcohol, suffering for diabetes mellitus, and body mass index (BMI). Over one-fifth of the participants in the physically active group were hypertensive while 68% of the participants in the physically inactive group were hypertensive. This study shows that hypertension status is strongly associated with physical activity levels [X² = 20.381 with (P<0.001)]. The study further showed that smoking and suffering from diabetes mellitus were also associated with levels of physical activity (P = 0.003 and p = 0.004 respectively). The current study concludes that physical activity is needed for employees at Kigali Institute of Science and Technology as part of preventive measures for chronic diseases of lifestyle. Therefore, the recommendations were proposed to various categories of people and stakeholders to be actively involved in the promotion of physical activity among employees of Kigali Universities in Rwanda. / Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio)

Bakgrund: Övervikt och fetma är ett folkhälsoproblem som sprider sig alltmer i samhället. Vida diskuterat och efterforskat så uppstår nya metoder konstant för att förhindra denna spridning. Den mängd med olika träningsformer och dieter som finns kan anses vara oändlig. I denna litteraturöversikt undersöks en träningsform, styrketräning, om denna kan vara en metod att hjälpa förhindra ytterligare spridning av övervikt och fetma. Syfte: Syftet med den här litteraturöversikten är att beskriva effekten av styrketräning som medel för viktminskning. Effekten av både styrketräning som enskild faktor och styrketräning i kombination med förbättrade kostvanor och konditionsträning kommer beskrivas. Metod: Metoden är en litteraturöversikt där tidigare forskning används för att uppnå syftet med studien. 10 artiklar har analyserats och sammanställts för att uppnå syftet.Resultat: I enstaka studier visade styrketräning ingen effekt alls i syftet att uppnå viktminskning, dock i majoriteten av artiklarna påvisades positiva resultat, ofta jämlika med andra populära träningsformer såsom konditionsträning. Bästa resultaten i syfte att uppnå viktminskning uppnåddes då styrketräning kombinerades med konditionsträning och ändrade kostvanor. Dessa resultat var dock oftast endast marginellt bättre än när de olika träningsmetoderna utfördes enskilt.Slutsats: Styrketräning som medel för viktminskning är ofta jämlikt med konditionsträning som är en av de vanligare träningsformerna för att uppnå viktminskning. Större effekt uppstår om dessa träningsmetoder kombineras med varandra och med ändrade kostvanor. Att kombinera konditionsträning med styrketräning kan vara ett starkt komplement för bryta ett monotont träningsmönster och öka motivationen. / Background: Overweight and obesity is a public health problem that is spreading in our society. Being greatly discussed and researched there is new methods being developed constantly in an attempt to hinder the spreading. The vast amount of different training programs and diets can seem endless. In this literature review a form of training, resistance training, is examined if it can be a method of hindering the spread of overweight and obesity. Aim: The aim of this literature review is to describe the effect of resistance training as a mean to achieve weight loss. The effect of both resistance training alone and resistance training combined with aerobic training and changed dietary habits will be described. Method: The method is a literature review where previous research is examined to achieve the aim of this literature review. Results: In some few articles there was no sign of any effect on weight loss using resistance training, although, in the majority of the articles there were positive results, often equal those of the more popular forms of training such as aerobic training. The best results for the cause of achieving weight loss were shown when resistance training was combined with aerobic training and changed dietary habits. These results were however only marginally better than when the different methods of training were performed individually. Conclusion: Resistance training as a mean to achieve weight loss is often equal to theuse of aerobic training, which is one of the more popular methods of training to achieve weight loss.The greatest effect is given if these training methods are combined with each other and with changed dietary habits. Combining aerobic training with resistance training can be a strong complement to break a monotonous training habit and increasing the motivation.

published_or_final_version / Sports Science / Master / Master of Science in Sports Science

published_or_final_version / Sports Science / Master / Master of Science in Sports Science

<p>Chile and Santiago are struggling with heavy environmental problems as a consequence of urbanisation and industrialisation. In the Santiago region the air is seriously contaminated and most of the rivers are classified as heavily polluted.</p><p>The aim of this thesis is to survey the industrial fluid waste situation in the Santiago region and to make suggestions on technological improvements or process changes. The purpose is also to study five different enterprises more closely and to give more detailed suggestions for improvement. Another purpose is to summarize relevant Chilean legislation.</p><p>Information, provided by the supervisory authority, about the release of industrial wastewater to rivers has been analysed. Deep interviews have been made with authorities and consultants. Five enterprises have been visited; a brewery, a dairy, a bakery, a producer of cooked meat and a surface treatment industry. The present treatment of the wastewater was studied at the plants and the information was completed with a questionnaire to the responsible at each company.</p><p>The contamination load released to the Chilean rivers is heavy. The rivers in southern Chile receive the biggest loads of BOD and SS and the rivers in central Chile were the most exposed to discharges of the metals Cr, Cu, Zn and CN as well as phenols.</p><p>The industrial discharge into the rivers of Santiago RM and Region VII is also to a large extent characterized by high concentrations of BOD and SS. Large releases of oils and greases, nitrogen and phosphorus are also fairly common, as are too high or too low pH levels. The food industry is the most contaminating sector, but also tanneries have great problems with effluents exceeding limits.</p><p>All five companies visited share the need to take measures towards more water saving technologies. The brewery, the producer of cooked meat and the surface treatment company also need end-of-pipe-treatment of their wastewater. In many cases, the recommended and most economic alternative is to separate the flows with the highest concentration of polluting substances for internal treatment, while releasing the rest of the wastewater to the outside sewage system. The costs of the suggested changes must be balanced against the present costs for treatment of wastewater and remaining solid waste as well as the costs for alternative treatments.</p><p>The economic incentives for Chilean companies to invest in wastewater treatment plants or to optimize the processes until today have been few. Cost reductions may be achieved by savings in water consumption and reuse of raw material. Another motive could be to keep “one step ahead” if the discharge limits in the future are tightened up leading to rising costs.</p> / <p>Chile och Santiago brottas med omfattande miljöproblem till följd av urbanisering och industrialisering. I santiagoregionen är luftföroreningarna svåra och de flesta floderna klassas som gravt förorenade av CONAMA, det chilenska naturvårdsverket.</p><p>Syftet med examensarbetet är att kartlägga situationen i santiagoregionen med avseende på industriell avloppsrening samt att ge förslag på förbättring av teknik eller förändring av processer. Dessutom är syftet att studera fem industrier närmare och att ge mer detaljerade förslag på åtgärder. Syftet är också att ge rekommendationer för fortsatt utveckling av relevant chilensk lagstiftning.</p><p>Uppgifter från tillsynsmyndigheten för utsläpp till ytvattendrag har studerats och djupintervjuer har gjorts med myndigheter och konsulter. Fem olika industrier besöktes; ett bryggeri, ett mejeri, ett bageri, ett charkuteri samt en ytbehandlingsindustri. Nuvarande hantering av processvattnet studerades på plats och med hjälp av ett frågeformulär kompletterades uppgifterna av ansvariga på företagen.</p><p>Föroreningsbelastningen på Chiles floder är stor. Floderna i södra delen av landet tar emot störst mängder organiskt material och suspenderat material medan centrala Chiles floder är värst drabbade av utsläpp av metallerna Cr, Cu, Zn och CN samt utsläpp av fenoler. Utsläppen från industrin till floderna i Region Metropolitana och Region VII kännetecknas också i stor utsträckning av höga halter BOD och suspenderat material. Relativt vanligt är också stora utsläpp av oljor och fetter, kväve, fosfor samt för höga eller låga för pH-värden. Det är främst flera olika typer av livsmedelsindustri, som har de största utsläppen till floderna, men även garverierna har stora problem med överskridande av gränsvärden.</p><p>Gemensamt för de fem besökta företagen är att vattenbesparande åtgärder bör vidtas för att minska volymen avloppsvatten som går till extern eller intern behandling. Bryggeriet, charkuterifabriken och ytbehandlaren behöver även end-of-pipe-rening. Det kan ofta vara lämpligt och mer ekonomiskt att avskilja de flöden som har högst halt av föroreningar till den interna reningsanläggningen. Resten av avloppet kan i vissa fall släppas ut på avloppsnätet. Kostnader för föreslagna åtgärder måste vägas mot aktuella kostnader för behandling av avlopp och restprodukter, samt kostnader för alternativa behandlingar.</p><p>Incitamenten, bl a de ekonomiska, för chilenska företag att skaffa eget reningsverk eller att resurseffektivisera produktionen har hittills varit små. Kostnadsminskningar kan uppnås genom sänkt vattenförbrukning samt återanvändning av råmaterial. Ytterligare en drivkraft kan vara att ”ligga steget före” om utsläppskraven i framtiden skärps och kostnaderna därmed ökar.</p>

<p>Bioenergi är en stor industri i Sverige och står för en betydande del av energiomsättningen. Bioenergi i form av flis förvaras runt om i landet på hög i väntan på förbränning. Då högarna läggs upp startar olika processer som värmer upp stacken, ofta till temperaturer på 50°C under det första dygnet. En vanlig ansats i litteraturen är att denna temperaturstegring beror på aerob nedbrytning. Arbetet ämnar undersöka om denna uppvärmning endast beror av mikrobiella aktiviteter. Hypotesen prövas genom kalorimetriska mätningar av effekt från prover av flis och simulering av första dygnets temperaturutveckling i ett program som programmeras under arbetes gång.</p><p>I modellen så betraktas för enkelhets skulle flisstacken som en avlång figur med rektangulärt tvärsnitt. Figuren delas sedan in i lämpligt stora beräkningsceller. Problemet löses genom att iterativt räkna fram ett strömningsfält. Strömningsfältet och effekterna som räknas ut hålls sedan konstanta under ett tidssteg, 5-15min. Den magasinerade värmeenergin används sedan för att räkna fram en ny temperatur som så ger ett nytt strömningsfält och nya effekter. I modellen användes enbart explicita metoder eftersom de är snabbare och mycket enklare att programmera.</p><p>Ett flertal experiment i kalorimeter genomfördes med olika prover av flis och torv. Prover med barkflis gav högst utslag. Den högsta effekten som uppmättes var 2,16W/kg TS. Då effekter av denna storleksordning användes som inre effektgenerering i programmet gav detta inte en temperatur ökning motsvarande sådana som uppmätts i verkligheten. Detta tyder på att mer än aerob nedbrytning krävs för att ge en temperatur på över 50°C.</p> / <p>Bioenergy is a major industry in Sweden and accounts for a significant part of the energy production. Bioenergy in the form of wood chips is stored in piles across the country awaiting combustion. When the piles are acumulated, various processes that heat the stack begin, often to temperatures of 50 °C during the first day. A common approach in the literature is that this temperature rise is due to the aerobic decomposition. This paper will investigate whether the microbial activity is the fundamental cause for warming. The hypothesis is tested by calorimetric measurements of power from the samples of wood chips and simulation of the first day's temperature development in a programme that was desinated.</p><p>For simplicity the model considers an oblong wood chip pile with rectangular cross-section. The pile is then subdivided into appropriately sized calculation cells. The problem is solved by calculating a flow field iteratively. The flow field and the effects that are calculated is then static during one time step for approximately 5-15 minutes. The produced heat energy is then used to calculate a new temperature, which renders a new flow field and new powers. The model uses only explicit methods because they are faster and much easier to programme.</p><p>Several calorimetric experiments were carried out with various samples of wood chips and peat. Samples of bark chips achieved the highest result. The highest power measured was 2.16 W / kg DM. When the effects of this magnitude were used as internal power source in the programme the temperature did not increase corresponding to those measured in reality. This suggests that more than aerobic decomposition is needed to reach a temperature above 50°C.</p>