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Développement d'un modèle de nuage tridimensionnel à microphysique détaillée - Application à la simulation de cas de convection profondeLeroy, Delphine 27 June 2007 (has links) (PDF)
La représentation des nuages est une source importante d'incertitude dans les modèles à échelle synoptique ou globale. Pour l'améliorer, la solution retenue au Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique consiste à construire un modèle de nuage le plus réaliste possible, pour pouvoir ensuite le comparer avec des représentations plus simplifiées des nuages et détecter leurs éventuelles faiblesses. Dans un premier temps, un modèle de nuage tridimensionnel et à microphysique détaillée pour la phase liquide a été développé par Leporini (2005) à partir du modèle dynamique 3D de Clark et Hall (1991) et du modèle microphysique DESCAM (DEtailed SCAvenging Model) de Flossmann et al. (1985). L'objectif de cette thèse était de compléter ce modèle avec la phase glace. Le modèle final appelé DESCAM-3D utilise au total 195 variables pour décrire les caractéristiques microphysiques des nuages. De plus, 3 distributions (sur 5 au total) servent à représenter les particules d'aérosol résiduelles et interstitielles. Ainsi, le modèle DESCAM-3D est aussi un outil particulièrement adapté pour l'étude des interactions entre aérosol - nuage. <br />Le modèle DESCAM-3D a été validé par comparaison avec des mesures aéroportées dans un nuage convectif de la campagne CRYSTAL-FACE (Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers – Florida Area Cirrus Experiment) et avec des observations de la précipitation au sol dans un cas de convection moyenne au dessus des Cévennes (Expérience Alès 2004). Enfin, les premières études des interactions aérosol-nuages avec DESCAM-3D ont déjà montré que le nombre des particules d'aérosol influence la précipitation au sol mais aussi la dynamique du nuage et de ce fait peut avoir des répercussions sur les propriétés de l'enclume des nuages convectifs.
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Measurement of community and laboratory-generated airborne particulates using a new sampling methodFarina, Laura 01 June 2010 (has links)
This project resulted from an alleged dust problem affecting the residents in a Florida community. The residents claimed that there were elevated dust levels caused by a rock quarry adjacent to their homes. The purpose of this work was to assess total particulate, respirable particulate, and the coarse content of the sampled particles through traditional NIOSH methods, and using a new, real-time instrument known as the EPAM 5000. Data from the EPAM and NIOSH methods were compared to the EPA's particulate matter standards and the OSHA permissible exposure limits for total and respirable dust. Dust levels using the NIOSH methods were below the limit of detection. There were measurable dust levels in all three size fractions (PM10, PM[subscript 2.5], PM1) for the EPAM. Due to the undetectable levels of the NIOSH method sampling, further sampling in a laboratory environment was conducted in order to compare NIOSH methods with the EPAM 5000 method.
The project continued into an aerosol chamber in the USF College of Public Health Breath Lab for further data collection in order to compare results using traditional NIOSH methods with the results obtained from the EPAM 5000. The chamber was associated with a dust generator that released a steady flow of fly ash particulate at a specific revolution per minute (rpm). Each run of data collection sampled approximately 1 m³ of air and persisted for six to seven hours. Four separate runs were conducted, each at a different generation rate of fly ash. There were measurable dust levels using the NIOSH total dust and NIOSH respirable dust methods. There were also measurable dust levels in all three size fractions (PM10, PM[subscript 2.5], PM1) for the EPAM.
The results of all methods were compared. The PM[subscript 2.5] and PM1 sampling heads of the EPAM 5000 were compared to the NIOSH respirable dust sampling results. The PM10 sampling head of the EPAM was compared to the NIOSH total dust sampling results. NIOSH 0500 concentration results were within 10% of the EPAM PM10 concentration.
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Impact of Climate Change on Fine Particulate Matter \((PM_{2.5})\) Air QualityTai, Pui Kuen Amos P. K. 19 March 2013 (has links)
This dissertation investigates the impact of 2000-2050 climate change on fine particulate matter \((PM_{2.5})\) air quality. We first applied a multiple linear regression model to study the correlations of total \(PM_{2.5}\) and its components with meteorological variables using the past decadal \(PM_{2.5}\) observations over the contiguous US. We find that daily variation in meteorology can explain up to 50% of \(PM_{2.5}\) variability. Temperature is positively correlated with sulfate and organic carbon (OC) almost everywhere. The correlation of nitrate with temperature is negative in the Southeast but positive in California and the Great Plains. Relative humidity (RH) is positively correlated with sulfate and nitrate, but negatively with OC. Precipitation is strongly negatively correlated with all \(PM_{2.5}\) components. We then compared the observed correlations of \(PM_{2.5}\) with meteorological variables with results from the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. The results indicate that most of the correlations of \(PM_{2.5}\) with temperature and RH do not arise from direct dependence but from covariation with synoptic transport. We applied principal component analysis and regression to identify the dominant meteorological modes controlling \(PM_{2.5}\) variability, and showed that 20-40% of the observed \(PM_{2.5}\) daily variability can be explained by a single dominant meteorological mode: cold frontal passages in the eastern US and maritime inflow in the West. From 1999-2010 observations we further showed that interannual variability of annual mean \(PM_{2.5}\) in most of the US is strongly correlated with the synoptic period T of the dominant meteorological mode as diagnosed from a spectral-autoregressive analysis. We then used the observed local \(PM_{2.5}\)-to-period sensitivity to project \(PM_{2.5}\) changes from the 2000-2050 changes in T simulated by fifteen IPCC AR4 GCMs following the SRES A1B scenario. We project a likely increase of \(\sim 0.1 \mu g m^{-3}\) in annual mean \(PM_{2.5}\) in the eastern US arising from less frequent frontal ventilation, and a likely decrease of \(\sim 0.3 \mu g m^{-3}\) in the northwestern US due to more frequent maritime inflows. These circulation-driven changes are relatively small, representing only a minor climate penalty or benefit for \(PM_{2.5}\) regulatory purpose. / Engineering and Applied Sciences
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Variability of aerosol and cloud optical properties and their effect on the transfer of solar irradiance in the atmosphere / Διακυμάνσεις των οπτικών ιδιοτήτων των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων και των νεφών και η επίδραση τους στο ισοζύγιο της ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας στην ατμόσφαιραΝικητίδου, Ευτέρπη 02 April 2014 (has links)
This thesis is focused on the aerosols and clouds optical properties and the effects that these parameters have on the solar radiation transfer in the atmosphere. The first chapter provides a brief description of the basic concepts of radiative transfer. The radiative transfer theory is described, along with various approximations, used to address specific atmospheric transfer problems. The atmospheric constituents, which are of interest of this thesis, aerosols and clouds, are described, in terms of their types and radiative properties and the main aspects of the scattering and absorption that they induce on the solar radiation, are provided. The second chapter provides a description of the networks, models and satellite instruments, whose data were used in this thesis, along with a description of the radiative transfer model, used for the simulations.
Chapter three focuses on the aerosol optical properties in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength ranges, in the Mediterranean. Three datasets, from ground-based stations, global aerosol models and satellite instruments, are used to simulate the corresponding irradiances in the UV and VIS, in eight stations in the Mediterranean basin. Data from AERONET, AeroCom and MODIS are used and the differences on the modeled irradiances, which arise from the different aerosol optical properties provided by each dataset, are examined. The irradiance simulations are performed with the libRadtran radiative transfer model. The MODIS aerosol optical depth climatology shows better agreement with AERONET data. The highest difference in the monthly average values is equal to 0.09 at 550nm, while the differences between the AERONET and the AeroCom climatologies reach 0.25 and 0.15 in the UV and VIS wavelengths respectively. As a result, the AERONET modeled VIS and UV irradiances are closer to MODIS, with the absolute differences in average values reaching 6%, while absolute differences with AeroCom irradiances can reach up to 12%. The differences are higher in areas affected by desert dust aerosols.
In chapter four, the aerosol direct effect on the UV solar irradiance, is examined, at a typical West European site. Measurements from a Brewer instrument, operating at the site, are used, along with model simulations, provided from libRadtran, to estimate the aerosol forcing efficiency in the 300-360 nm spectral region and in the UV-B region of 300-315nm. Instrument measurements and model calculations are subsequently used to derive the aerosol single scattering albedo at low UV-A and at UV-B wavelengths. In the 300-360 nm spectral region, the highest values were revealed at 30o (-6.9 ± 0.9 W/m2), while at 60o the RFE was almost 2.5 times lower (-2.7 ±0.1 W/m2). In the UV-B region (300-315nm), the RFE value at 60o and 30o was estimated to be equal to -0.069 ±0.005 W/m2 and -0.35 ±0.04 W/m2, respectively. The estimated monthly averages of the Brewer single scattering albedo at 320 nm are in very close agreement (within ±0.01) with measurements at 440nm from a collocated CIMEL sunphotometer.
Chapter five focuses on the aerosol effect on the Direct Normal Irradiance, in the area of Europe. Data from the MODIS satellite instrument, AERONET network and model simulations with SBDART, are used to calculate the daily amount of Direct Normal Irradiance received in the European continent, with a spatial resolution of 1°x1°, for a 13-year period. The clear-sky aerosol radiative forcing is calculated and possible variations in the received Direct Normal Irradiance, during the 13-year studied period, are examined. The clear-sky aerosol radiative forcing on Direct Normal Irradiance is high in areas influenced by desert dust and intense anthropogenic activities, such as the Mediterranean basin and the Po Valley in Italy. In May, the attenuation from aerosols, over these areas, can reach values up to 35% and 35-45%, which corresponds to 4 and 4.5-6 kWh/m2 per day, respectively. The Direct Normal Irradiance received, seems to have increased during the recent period, due to the decreasing trend of aerosol load, over many parts of Europe. The largest increases are around 6 to 12%, which correspond to an amount of 0.5 to 1.25 more kWh/m2 received per day.
Finally, chapter six focuses on the retrieval of solar irradiance on the ground, based on satellite-derived cloud data. The SEVIRI instrument, onboard the MSG satellites, is used to provide data regarding the cloud modification factor. These data are used, along with model simulations, performed with libRadtran, to derive the global solar irradiance incident on a horizontal surface, a surface with a tilted orientation and the direct normal irradiance. The study focuses on the area of Greece and the work is part of the Hellenic Network for Solar Energy, developed to support solar energy applications. The daily amount of solar energy, as well as the monthly and annual sums, are estimated, during an 11-year period and a monthly climatology is derived. Results are compared with measurements from various ground stations in Greece. Comparison shows a general good agreement between satellite and stations data, with the highest differences occurring in cases of broken cloud conditions or very thick clouds. Solar energy collected from surfaces under tilted orientations can provide 15-25 % higher amounts than horizontal surfaces. In Greece, the highest collected monthly solar energy values are found during summer months, in Southern Peloponnese, Crete and the Cyclades islands, and exceed 250 kWh/m2. / Η παρούσα διατριβή ασχολείται με τις οπτικές ιδιότητες των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων και των νεφών και τις επιδράσεις που αυτές έχουν στη διάδοση της ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας στην ατμόσφαιρα.
Το πρώτο κεφάλαιο παρέχει μια σύντομη περιγραφή των βασικών αρχών που διέπουν τη διάδοση της ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας. Η θεωρία της διάδοσης της ακτινοβολίας περιγράφεται, μαζί με διάφορες προσεγγίσεις, που χρησιμοποιούνται για τη λύση συγκεκριμένων προβλημάτων στις ατμοσφαιρικές επιστήμες. Τα συστατικά της ατμόσφαιρας, που είναι άμεσου ενδιαφέροντος σε αυτήν τη διατριβή, τα αιωρούμενα σωματίδια και τα νέφη, περιγράφονται, με βάση τους τύπους τους και τις οπτικές τους ιδιότητες, ενώ περιγράφονται ακόμα οι βασικές αρχές της σκέδασης και της απορρόφησης, μέσω των οποίων επηρρεάζουν τη διάδοση της ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας.
Το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρέχει μια περιγραφή των επίγειων δικτύων, μοντέλων και δορυφορικών οργάνων, των οποίων τα δεδομένα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, για τη διεκπαιρέωση αυτής της διατριβής, μαζί με την περιγραφή του μοντέλου διάδοσης της ακτινοβολίας, που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τους θεωρητικούς υπολογισμούς.
Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο επικεντρώνεται στις οπτικές ιδιότητες των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων, στο υπεριώδες και ορατό κομμάτι του ηλεκτρομαγνητικού φάσματος, στην Μεσόγειο. Τρεις ξεχωριστές βάσεις δεδομένων, από επίγειους σταθμούς, μοντέλα και δορυφορικά όργανα, χρησιμοποιούνται για τον υπολογισμό της ακτινοβολίας στο υπεριώδες και ορατό, σε οχτώ σταθμούς στην περιοχή της Μεσογείου. Χρησιμοποιούνται δεδομένα από το AERONET, το AeroCom και το MODIS και μελετούνται οι διαφορές στις υπολογιζόμενες, από το μοντέλο, ακτινοβολίες, οι οποίες προκύπτουν από τις διαφορές στις οπτικές ιδιότητες των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων, που παρέχονται από κάθε βάση δεδομένων. Οι ακτινοβολίες υπολογίζονται με το μοντέλο διάδοσης ακτινοβολίας libRadtran. Τα δεδομένα του MODIS βρίσκονται σε καλύτερη συμφωνία με αυτά του AERONET, με τη μέγιστη διαφορά στο οπτικό βάθος, στα 550 nm, να είναι ίση με 0.09, ενώ οι αντίστοιχες διαφορές με το AeroCom υπολογίζονται στα 0.25 και 0.15, για το υπεριώδες και ορατό αντίστοιχα. Ως αποτέλεσμα, οι απόλυτες διαφορές στις υπολογιζόμενες ακτινοβολίες, μεταξύ AERONET και MODIS υπολογίζονται γύρω στο 6%, ενώ αυτές που αφορούν την κλιματολογία AeroCom φτάνουν το 12%. Οι μεγαλύτερες διαφορές αφορούν περιοχές που επηρεάζονται από σωματίδια ερημικής σκόνης.
Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο, η άμεση επίδραση των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων, στην υπεριώδη ακτινοβολία, μελετάται, για μια τυπική περιοχή της Δυτικής Ευρώπης. Μετρήσεις από ένα όργανο Brewer, που λειτουργεί στην περιοχή και θεωρητικοί υπολογισμοί με το μοντέλο libRadtran, χρησιμοποιούνται για τον υπολογισμό της ικανότητας κλιματικού εξαναγκασμού των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων, στο φάσμα 300-360 nm και στο UV-B φάσμα των 300-315nm. Μετρήσεις από το όργανο και θεωρητικοί υπολογισμοί, χρησιμοποιούνται στη συνέχεια για τον υπολογισμό της ανακλαστικότητας μεμονωμένης σκέδασης των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων, σε χαμηλά UV-A και σε UV-B μήκη κύματος. Στο φάσμα 300-360 nm, οι μεγαλύτερες τιμές της ικανότητας κλιματικού εξαναγκασμού, παρατηρούνται στις 30o (-6.9 ± 0.9 W/m2), ενώ στις 60o οι τιμές είναι σχεδόν 2.5 φορές χαμηλότερες (-2.7 ±0.1 W/m2). Στο UV-B κομμάτι του φάσματος (300-315nm), οι αντίστοιχες τιμές στις 60o και 30o υπολογίζονται ίσες με -0.069 ±0.005 W/m2 και -0.35 ±0.04 W/m2. Συγκρίνοντας τις τιμές που προκύπτουν για την ανακλαστικότητα μεμονωμένης σκέδασης στα 320 nm, με αυτές από το γειτονικό CIMEL στα 440 nm, προκύπτει πολύ καλή συμφωνία (±0.01).
Το πέμπτο κεφάλαιο, επικεντρώνεται στην επίδραση των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων στην άμεση ηλιακή ακτινοβολία, σε επίπεδο κάθετο στην κατεύθυνση της ακτινοβολίας, στην περιοχή της Ευρώπης. Δεδομένα από το MODIS, το AERONET και θεωρητικοί υπολογισμοί με το μοντέλο SBDART, χρησιμοποιούνται για τον υπολογισμό της ημερήσιας ποσότητας άμεσης ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας, στην Ευρώπη, με χωρική ανάλυση 1°x1° για μια χρονική περίοδο 13 ετών. Ο κλιματικός εξαναγκασμός, υπό ανέφελο ουρανό, των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων και πιθανές μεταβολές στην ληφθείσα άμεση ακτινοβολία κατά τη διάρκεια αυτής της περιόδου, μελετούνται. Οι επιδράσεις των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων είναι σημαντικές σε περιοχές που επηρεάζονται από σωματίδια ερημικής σκόνης και περιοχές με έντονη ανθρωπογενή δραστηριότητα, όπως η Μεσόγειος και η κοιλάδα του Πάδου στην Ιταλία. Σε αυτές τις περιοχές η μείωση της ακτινοβολίας, λόγω αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων, φτάνει, το Μάιο, το 35% και 35-45%, που αντιστοιχεί σε 4 και 4.5-6 kWh/m2 την ημέρα. Η ληφθείσα άμεση ακτινοβολία έχει αυξηθεί κατά τα τελευταία χρόνια, λόγω ελάττωσης της συγκέντρωσης των αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων σε πολλά μέρη της Ευρώπης. Οι μεγαλύτερες αυξήσεις κυμαίνονται μεταξύ 6 και 12%, ποσοστό που αντιστοιχεί σε 0.5 με 1.25 kWh/m2 την ημέρα.
Στο έκτο κεφάλαιο, αυτής της διατριβής, μελετάται ο υπολογισμός της ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας στο έδαφος, χρησιμοποιώντας δορυφορικά δεδομένα για την επίδραση των νεφών. Το όργανο SEVIRI, στους δορυφόρους MSG, χρησιμοποιείται για την παροχή δεδομένων σχετικά με το συντελεστή επίδρασης των νεφών. Τα δεδομένα αυτά, μαζί με θεωρητικούς υπολογισμούς με το μοντέλο libRadtran, χρησιμοποιούνται για τον υπολογισμό της ολικής ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας, σε οριζόντια επιφάνεια και σε επιφάνεια υπό κλίση, καθώς και τον υπολογισμό της άμεσης συνιστώσας σε επιφάνεια κάθετη στη διεύθυνση της ακτινοβολίας. Η μελέτη πραγματοποιείται για της περιοχή της Ελλάδας και αποτελεί κομμάτι του Ελληνικού Δικτύου Ηλιακής Ενέργειας, που έχει αναπτυχθεί για την υποστήριξη εφαρμογών και συστημάτων ηλιακής ενέργειας. Υπολογίζονται οι ημερήσιες ποσότητες ακτινοβολίας, οι μηνιαίες και οι ετήσιες τιμές, για μια περίοδο 11 ετών, καθώς και η μηνιαία κλιματολογία που προκύπτει για αυτήν την περίοδο. Η σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων με μετρήσεις από επίγειους σταθμούς, δίνει πολύ καλή συμφωνία, ενώ οι μεγαλύτερες διαφορές παρατηρούνται σε περιπτώσεις πολύ πυκνών νεφών. Η ηλιακή ακτινοβολία που συλλέγεται σε κεκλιμένη επιφάνεια, παρέχει 15-25 % μεγαλύτερα ποσά, σε σχέση με αυτήν που παρέχουν οριζόντιες επιφάνειες συλλογής. Στην Ελλάδα, τα μεγαλύτερα μηνιαία ποσά ηλιακής ενέργειας, παρατηρούνται κατά τους θερινούς μήνες, στη Νότια Πελοπόννησο, την Κρήτη και τις Κυκλάδες και ξεπερνούν τις 250 kWh/m2.
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Extension and application of a tropospheric aqueous phase chemical mechanism (CAPRAM) for aerosol and cloud models / Erweiterung und Anwendung eines troposphärischen Flüssigphasenchemiemechanismus (CAPRAM) für Aerosol- und WolkenmodelleBräuer, Peter 19 October 2015 (has links) (PDF)
The ubiquitous abundance of organic compounds in natural and anthorpogenically influenced eco-systems has put these compounds into the focus of atmospheric research. Organic compounds have an impact on air quality, climate, and human health. Moreover, they affect particle growth, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, and the global radiation budget by altering particle properties. To investigate the multiphase chemistry of organic compounds and interactions with the aqueous phase in the troposphere, modelling can provide a useful tool.
The oxidation of larger organic molecules to the final product CO2 can involve a huge number of intermediate compounds and tens of thousands of reactions. Therefore, the creation of explicit mechanisms relies on automated mechanism construction. Estimation methods for the prediction of the kinetic data needed to describe the degradation of these intermediates are inevitable due to the infeasibility of an experimental determination of all necessary data. Current aqueous phase descriptions of organic chemistry lag behind the gas phase descriptions in atmospheric chemical mechanisms despite its importance for the multiphase chemistry of organic compounds.
In this dissertation, the gas phase mechanism Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere (GECKO-A) has been advanced by a protocol for the description of the oxidation of organic compounds in the aqueous phase. Therefore, a database with kinetic data of 465 aqueous phase hydroxyl radical and 129 aqueous phase nitrate radical reactions with organic compounds has been compiled and evaluated. The database was used to evaluate currently available estimation methods for the prediction of aqueous phase kinetic data of reactions of organic compounds. Among the investigated methods were correlations of gas and aqueous kinetic data, kinetic data of homologous series of various compound classes, reactivity comparisons of inorganic radical oxidants, Evans-Polanyi-type correlations, and structure-activity relationships (SARs). Evans-Polanyi-type correlations have been improved for the purpose of automated mechanism self-generation of mechanisms with large organic molecules. A protocol has been designed based on SARs for hydroxyl radical reactions and the improved Evans-Polanyi-type correlations for nitrate radical reactions with organic compounds. The protocol was assessed in a series of critical sensitivity studies, where uncertainties of critical parameters were investigated.
The advanced multiphase generator GECKO-A was used to generate mechanisms, which were applied in box model studies and validated against two sets of aerosol chamber experiments. Experiments differed by the initial compounds used (hexane and trimethylbenzene) and the experimental conditions (UV-C lights off/on and additional in-situ hydroxyl radical source no/yes). Reasonable to good agreement of the modelled and experimental results was achieved in these studies.
Finally, GECKO-A was used to create two new CAPRAM version, where, for the first time, branchingratios for different reaction pathways were introduced and the chemistry of compounds with up to four carbon atoms has been extended. The most detailed mechanism comprises 4174 compounds and 7145 processes. Detailed investigations were performed under real tropospheric conditions in urban and remote continental environments. Model results showed significant improvements, especially in regard to the formation of organic aerosol mass. Detailed investigations of concentration-time profiles and chemical fluxes refined the current knowledge of the multiphase processing of organic compounds in the troposphere, but also pointed at current limitations of the generator protocol, the mechanisms created, and current understanding of aqueous phase processes of organic compounds. / Das zahlreiche Vorkommen organischer Verbindungen in natürlichen und anthropogen beeinflussten Ökosystemen hat diese Verbindungen in den Fokus der Atmosphärenforschung gerückt. Organische Verbindungen beeinträchtigen die Luftqualität, die menschliche Gesundheit und das Klima. Weiterhin werden Partikelwachstum und -eigenschaften, sekundäre organische Partikelbildung und dadurch der globale Strahlungshaushalt durch sie beeinflusst. Um die troposphärische Multiphasenchemie organischer Verbindungen und Wechselwirkungen mit der Flüssigphase zu untersuchen, sind Modellstudien hilfreich.
Die Oxidation großer organischer Moleküle führt zu einer Vielzahl an Zwischenprodukten. Der Abbau erfolgt in unzähligen Reaktionen bis hin zum Endprodukt CO2. Bei der Entwicklung expliziter Mechanismen muss deshalb für diese Verbindungen auf computergestützte, automatisierte Methoden zurückgegriffen werden. Abschätzungsmethoden für die Vorhersage kinetischer Daten zur Beschreibung des Abbaus der Zwischenprodukte sind unabdingbar, da eine experimentelle Bestimmung aller benötigten Daten nicht realisierbar ist. Die derzeitige Beschreibung der Flüssigphasenchemie unterliegt deutlich den Beschreibungen der Gasphase in atmosphärischen Chemiemechanismen trotz deren Relevanz für die Multiphasenchemie.
In dieser Arbeit wurde der Gasphasenmechanismusgenerator GECKO-A (“Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere”) um ein Protokoll zur Oxidation organischer Verbindungen in der Flüssigphase erweitert. Dazu wurde eine Datenbank mit kinetischen Daten von 465 Hydroxylradikal- und 129 Nitratradikalreaktionen mit organischen Verbindungen angelegt und evaluiert. Mit Hilfe der Datenbank wurden derzeitige Abschätzungsmethoden für die Vorhersage kinetischer Daten von Flüssigphasenreaktionen organischer Verbindungen evaluiert. Die untersuchten Methoden beinhalteten Korrelationen kinetischer Daten aus Gas- und Flüssigphase, homologer Reihen verschiedener Stoffklassen, Reaktivitätsvergleiche, Evans-Polanyi-Korrelationen und Struktur-Reaktivitätsbeziehungen. Für die Mechanismusgenerierung großer organischer Moleküle wurden die Evans-Polanyi-Korrelationen in dieser Arbeit weiterentwickelt. Es wurde ein Protokol für die Mechanismusgenerierung entwickelt, das auf Struktur-Reaktivitätsbeziehungen bei Reaktionen von organischen Verbindungen mit OH-Radikalen und auf den erweiterten Evans-Polanyi-Korrelationen bei NO3-Radikalreaktionen beruht. Das Protokoll wurde umfangreich in einer Reihe von Sensitivitätsstudien getestet, um Unsicherheiten kritischer Parameter abzuschätzen.
Der erweiterte Multiphasengenerator GECKO-A wurde dazu verwendet, neue Mechanismen zu generieren, die in Boxmodellstudien gegen Aerosolkammerexperimente evaluiert wurden. Die Experimentreihen unterschieden sich sowohl in der betrachteten Ausgangssubstanz (Hexan und Trimethylbenzen) und dem Experimentaufbau (ohne oder mit UV-C-Photolyse und ohne oder mit zusätzlicher partikulärer Hydroxylradikalquelle). Bei den Experimenten konnte eine zufriedenstellende bis gute Übereinstimmung der experimentellen und Modellergebnisse erreicht werden.
Weiterhin wurde GECKO-A verwendet, um zwei neue CAPRAM-Versionen mit bis zu 4174 Verbindungen und 7145 Prozessen zu generieren. Erstmals wurden Verzweigungsverhältnisse in CAPRAM eingeführt. Außerdem wurde die Chemie organischer Verbindungen mit bis zu vier Kohlenstoffatomen erweitert. Umfangreiche Untersuchungen unter realistischen troposphärischen Bedingungen in urbanen und ländlichen Gebieten haben deutliche Verbesserungen der erweiterten Mechanismen besonders in Bezug auf Massenzuwachs des organischen Aerosolanteils gezeigt. Das Verständnis der organischen Multiphasenchemie konnte durch detaillierte Untersuchungen zu den Konzentrations-Zeit-Profilen und chemischen Flüssen vertieft werden, aber auch gegenwärtige Limitierungen des Generators, der erzeugten Mechanismen und unseres Verständnisses für Flüssigphasenprozesse organischer Verbindungen aufgezeigt werden.
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Measurement and prediction of aerosol formation for thesafe utilization of industrial fuidsKrishna, Kiran 30 September 2004 (has links)
Mist or aerosol explosions present a serious hazard to process industries. Heat transfer fluids are widely used in the chemical process industry, are flammable above their flash points, and can cause aerosol explosions. Though the possibility of aerosol explosions has been widely documented, knowledge about their explosive potential is limited. Studying the formation of such aerosols by emulating leaks in process equipment will help define a source term for aerosol dispersions and aid in characterizing their explosion hazards.
Analysis of the problem of aerosol explosions reveals three major steps: source term calculations, dispersion modeling, and explosion analysis. The explosion analysis, consisting of ignition and combustion, is largely affected by the droplet size distribution of the dispersed aerosol. The droplet size distribution of the dispersed aerosol is a function of the droplet size distribution of the aerosol formed from the leak. Existing methods of dealing with the problem of aerosol explosions are limited to enhancing the dispersion to prevent flammable concentrations and use of explosion suppression mechanisms. Insufficient data and theory on the flammability limits of aerosols renders such method speculative at best. Preventing the formation of aerosol upon leaking will provide an inherently safer solution to the problem.
The research involves the non-intrusive measurement of heat transfer fluid aerosol sprays using a Malvern Diffraction Particle Analyzer. The aerosol is generated by plain orifice atomization to simulate the formation and dispersion of heat transfer fluid aerosols through leaks in process equipment. Predictive correlations relating aerosol droplet sizes to bulk liquid pressures, temperatures, thermal and fluid properties, leak sizes, and ambient conditions are presented. These correlations will be used to predict the conditions under which leaks will result in the formation of aerosols and will ultimately help in estimating the explosion hazards of heat transfer fluid aerosols. Heat transfer fluid selection can be based on liquids that are less likely to form aerosols. Design criteria also can incorporate the data to arrive at operating conditions that are less likely to produce aerosols. The goal is to provide information that will reduce the hazards of aerosol explosions thereby improving safety in process industries.
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A Modeling Study of Seasonal and Inter-annual Variations of the Arctic Black Carbon and Sulphate AerosolsHuang, Li 15 February 2011 (has links)
The modeling results of current global aerosol models agree, generally within a factor of two, with the measured surface concentrations of black carbon (BC) and sulphate (SF) aerosols in rural areas across the northern continents. However, few models are able to capture the observed seasonal cycle of the Arctic aerosols. In general, the observed seasonality of the Arctic aerosols is determined by complex processes, including transport, emissions and removal processes. In this work, the representations of aerosol deposition processes (i.e., dry deposition, in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging) within the framework of the Canadian Global Air Quality Model – GEM-AQ are first enhanced. Through the enhancements in GEM-AQ, the seasonality of the Arctic BC and SF is reproduced, and the improvement in model performance extends to the rest of the globe as well. Then, the importance of these deposition processes in governing the Arctic BC and SF seasonality is investigated. It is found that the observed seasonality of the Arctic BC and SF is mainly caused by the seasonal changes in aerosol wet scavenging, as well as the seasonal injection of aerosols from surrounding source regions.
Being able to reproduce the seasonality of the Arctic BC, the enhanced GEM-AQ allows more accurate assessment of the contributions of anthropogenic sources to the BC abundance in the Arctic air and deposition to the Arctic surface. Simulating results on regional contributions to the Arctic BC show a strong dependence on altitude. The results reinforce the previous finding of Eurasia being the dominant contributor to the surface BC in the Arctic, and suggest a significant contribution from Asian Russia. In addition to the seasonality of the Arctic aerosols, the inter-annual variation in the Arctic BC surface concentration is also investigated. To complement the 3-D GEM-AQ model, the atmospheric backward trajectory analysis, together with estimated BC emissions, is implemented as a computational effective approach to reconstruct BC surface concentrations observed at the Canadian high Arctic station, Alert. Strong correlations are found between the reconstructed and the measured BC in the cold season at Alert between 1990 and 2005, which implies that atmospheric transport and emissions are the major contributors to the observed inter-annual variations and trends in BC. The regional contributions estimated annually from 1990 through 2005 suggest that Eurasia is the major contributor in winter and spring to the near-surface BC level at Alert with a 16-year average contribution of over 85% (specifically 94% in winter and 70% in spring). A decreasing trend in the Eurasian contribution to the Arctic is found in this study, which is mainly due to regional emission reduction. However, the inter-annual variation in the North American contribution shows no clear trend.
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Radiative Effects of Dust Aerosols, Natural Cirrus Clouds and Contrails: Broadband Optical Properties and Sensitivity StudiesYi, Bingqi 16 December 2013 (has links)
This dissertation aims to study the broadband optical properties and radiative effects of dust aerosols and ice clouds. It covers three main topics: the uncertainty of dust optical properties and radiative effects from the dust particle shape and refractive index, the influence of ice particle surface roughening on the global cloud radiative effect, and the simulations of the global contrail radiative forcing.
In the first part of this dissertation, the effects of dust non-spherical shape on radiative transfer simulations are investigated. We utilize a spectral database of the single-scattering properties of tri-axial ellipsoidal dust-like aerosols and determined a suitable dust shape model. The radiance and flux differences between the spherical and ellipsoidal models are quantified, and the non-spherical effect on the net flux and heating rate is obtained over the solar spectrum. The results indicate the particle shape effect is related to the dust optical depth and surface albedo. Under certain conditions, the dust particle shape effect contributes to 30% of the net flux at the top of the atmosphere.
The second part discusses how the ice surface roughening can exert influence on the global cloud radiative effect. A new broadband parameterization for ice cloud bulk scattering properties is developed using severely roughened ice particles. The effect of ice particle surface roughness is derived through simulations with the Fu-Liou and RRTMG radiative transfer codes and the Community Atmospheric Model. The global averaged net cloud radiative effect due to surface roughness is around 1.46 Wm-2. Non-negligible increase in longwave cloud radiative effect is also found.
The third part is about the simulation of global contrail radiative forcing and its sensitivity studies using both offline and online modeling frameworks. Global contrail distributions from the literature and Contrail Cirrus Prediction Tool are used. The 2006 global annual averaged contrail net radiative forcing from the offline model is estimated to be 11.3 mW m^(-2), with the regional contrail radiative forcing being more than ten times stronger. Sensitivity tests show that contrail effective size, contrail layer height, the model cloud overlap assumption, and contrail optical properties are among the most important factors.
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Magnetically targeted deposition and retention of particles in the airways for drug deliveryAlly, Javed Maqsud Unknown Date
No description available.
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Aerosol radiative forcing over central Greenland: estimates based on field measurementsStrellis, Brandon Mitchell 20 September 2013 (has links)
Measurements of the key aerosol properties including light scattering and backscattering coefficients (σsp and σbsp), light absorption coefficient (σap), and particle concentration were made at Summit, Greenland, in the summer of 2011. From these quantities, the single scattering albedo (ω) and angstrom scattering and absorption exponents (åsp, åap) were calculated. In conjunction with these measurements, aerosol optical depth (AOD or τ) and the spectral surface albedo, Rs, were measured. Additionally, the aerosol chemical composition was characterized through snow and air filter analyses. A radiative transfer model was used to estimate the direct aerosol radiative forcing and radiative forcing efficiency using the measurements as inputs. Taken as a whole, this project allowed for the first ever measurement-based characterization of aerosol radiative forcing over central Greenland.
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