Excavated osteological material has been very valuable tool to reconstitute the more precise and objective view of the horses farmed in the past, to follow the evolution of the Lithuanian horse. The data that enabled to estimate the height, constitution and age of the horse is very rare. The metacarpal, metatarsal bones and scull or at least the lower jaw (mandibule) with teeth could be pointed out as the most valuable material. Teeth belong to the best preserved elements of excavations’ material. Such factors as dentition or wear allow determining the animal age. However solitary molars (as they found frequently) do not able to provide this kind of information. Therefore, the methods allowing determining the horse age according to the tooth height and number of cementum rings are very valuable.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaCGM_DISSERT.pdf: 783345 bytes, checksum: 2bbd27cd96c8b3b35673be95266c5187 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-17 / Since Demirjian's system of estimating dental maturity was first described, many researchers from different countries have tested its accuracy among diverse populations. Some of these studies have pointed out a need to determine population-specific standards. In Brazil, the Northeast region is the one that most suffers the negative impact of exodus, specially related to the increase of abandoned children in the cities. The aim of this study was to test the accuracy of Demirjian's system for assessing the dental maturity of northeastern Brazilian children, so as to present a scale for maturity score conversion into dental age developed specifically for this population. This could be used for forensic, anthropological and legal matters, and also as a model for other countries attempting to formulate their own conversion scales. Panoramic radiographs of 1,491 children (821 females and 670 males), aged 7 to 13 years, from Cear? state, northeast Brazil, were assessed by a single observer to determine dental age (DA) according to Demirjian's system. The mean percentage of intra-observer agreement was 86.6%, with a mean Cohen's Kappa coefficient of 0.67 (substantial agreement). The DA was compared by paired t-test to subjects' chronological age (CA). The differences between CA and DA in all age groups were statistically significant (p<0.0001), demonstrating a great advancement in DA among Brazilians. Scatter plots were drawn for both genders, and the data were fitted to a growth curve, y = 100/ (1 + e-a(x b)). Graphs corresponding to the 50th percentile curves were produced. A table with new values for the conversion of maturity score into dental age for northeastern Brazilian children is presented. The great advancement in DA, as obtained by Demirjian's system in this population, justified the determination of specific scores for dental maturity assessment / A estimativa da maturidade dent?ria tem sido descrita na literatura basicamente atrav?s de dois m?todos, a observa??o direta do processo de erup??o do dente na cavidade oral ou por meio de radiografias. A radiografia panor?mica, obtida por t?cnica extra-oral de uso dos raios X, ? um elemento essencial para o diagn?stico por imagens em Radiologia odontol?gica. Este trabalho apresenta dois estudos quantitativos anal?tico-descritivos utilizando o m?todo de determina??o da idade dental atrav?s de radiografia panor?mica em crian?as brasileiras nordestinas. Um estudo piloto realizado com 325 crian?as (191 meninas e 134 meninos) de 7 a 16 anos, da cidade de Fortaleza, objetivando determinar as interrela??es entre as suas idades cronol?gica (data de nascimento), ?ssea (pelo m?todo de Grewlich & Pyle) e dental (segundo Demirjian et al.). Outro estudo, j? publicado, conduzido com 1.491 crian?as (821 meninas e 670 meninos) cearenses, de 7 a 13 anos, visando avaliar a aplicabilidade do m?todo de Demirjian na popula??o estudada. Em ambos os estudos, mostra-se que a estimativa de idade dental utilizando as tabelas de convers?o de maturidade dental propostas por Demirjian et al. n?o se ad?qua ? popula??o pesquisada. Assim, uma escala de valores de convers?o de maturidade dental em idade dental foi desenvolvida especificamente para crian?as nordestinas e ? agora apresentada, visando ? sua aplica??o n?o s? na cl?nica, mas em quest?es forenses, antropol?gicas, legais e/ou criminais. As pesquisas de car?ter interdisciplinar envolveram pesquisadores das ?reas de Odontologia (Odontopediatria, Ortodontia e Radiologia); Medicina (Endocrinologia e Metabologia); e F?sica, preenchendo os requisitos de multidisciplinaridade do Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncias da Sa?de

Submitted by Kilvya Braga (kilvyabraga@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-17T10:49:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ÍTALO DE PONTES OLIVEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCC) 2016.pdf: 33546863 bytes, checksum: 0b99d0716a5d1a549da058633972dc99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-17T10:49:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ÍTALO DE PONTES OLIVEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCC) 2016.pdf: 33546863 bytes, checksum: 0b99d0716a5d1a549da058633972dc99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / CNPq / A Sinalização Digital consiste na transmissão de conteúdo via mídia digital, sendo normalmente utilizada por meio de painéis informativos dispostos em locais públicos para despertar a atenção dos espectadores. A pesquisa descrita nesta dissertação, consistiu em criar um aparato para exibição de vídeos e gravação do ambiente, análise e modelagem da atenção dos espectadores quanto à exibição de vídeos em um cenário de sinalização digital. No estudo, foram utilizadas ferramentas de visão computacional para categorizar os espectadores por gênero e faixa etária. A partir do registro dos anúncios exibidos e da classificação dos espectadores foram automaticamente construídas Redes Bayesianas, as quais representaram corretamente o perfil dos espectadores com área sob a ROC de 0,82. Durante a realização da pesquisa,foram evidenciadas lacunas na validação de classificadores de idade utilizando imagens de faces. Para tratar tais lacunas,uma abordagem de estratificação de faixas etárias foi proposta para treinar uma rede neural que obteve desempenho superior ao estado da arte,que foi de 72% quando validado na base de faces MORPH. Para que fosse possível realizar esta pesquisa, devido à inexistência de uma base de vídeos disponível publicamente com rótulos categorizando seus conteúdos, foi criada uma base de vídeos contendo 152 vídeos rotulados manualmente em seis categorias. As análises dos vídeos dos espectadores utilizando as imagens de suas faces e a classificação de tais imagens em relação ao gênero e a idade indicou que indivíduos pertencentes a categorias diferentes dedicam diferentes graus de atenção a vídeos diferentes. Assim, o sistema desenvolvido pode ser utilizado na categorização dos espectadores, para exibição de anúncios de forma automática como forma de auxílio na alocação do tempo de exibição das empresas anunciantes, dentre outras aplicações. / DigitalSignageconsistsincontenttransmissionbydigitalmedia,veryoftenusinginformative panels displayed in public places for audience attention arouse. The research described in this dissertation, consists in creating a method for video display, environment recording, and attention modeling in video display for digital signage scenarios. In this study, computer vision tools were used to categorize audience by gender and age group. Bayesian Networks were automatically builtusing there cords obtained from transmittedads, in which the correct audience profile representation had area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82. When performing this research, it were observed gaps in validation of age classifiers using faces. To address these deficiencies, an age stratification approach was proposed to train a neural network that achieved superior performance in comparison with the state of the art which was 72% when validated on the MORPH face dataset. To make it possible to carry out this research, due to the lack of a publicy available dataset of labeled videos, a video dataset was created containing 152 videos manually labeled in six categories. The analysis of the faces of the viewer and the classification of such images with respect to gender and age indicated that the individuals belong to different categories that dedicated varying degrees of attention todifferentvideos. Thus,thesystemdevelopedcanbeusedinthecategorizationofthespectators, for automatically transmitted advertisements as a way to aid in the allocation of time for the transmission of advertising companies, among other applications.

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de metodologia de estimação de idade óssea baseada em características métricas, utilizando o banco de imagens carpais da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC). As imagens foram devidamente segmentadas para obtenção da área, perímetro e comprimento de cada osso, gerando, assim, um banco de dados métricos o CarpEven. As informações da base métrica CarpEven foram submetidas a dois mineradores de dados: ao StARMiner, (Statistical Association Rules) uma metodologia de mineração de dados criada por um grupo de pesquisadores do ICMC-USP, e ao Weka (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis), desenvolvido pela Universidade Waikato da Nova Zelândia. As informações foram submetidas a classificadores neurais, contribuindo, assim, para a criação de uma nova metodologia de estimação de idade óssea. Finalmente, é feita uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos e os resultados já alcançados por outras pesquisas. / This work presents a methodology for bone age estimation based on metric characteristics using the carpal images database from Engineering School of São Carlos (EESC-USP). The images were properly segmented to obtain the area, perimeter and length of each bone, thus generating a metric database named CarpEven. The database information were submitted to two data miners: the StarMiner (Statistical Association Rules Miner) a methodology for data mining created by a group of researchers from ICMC-USP, and the Weka (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis), developed by the University of Waikato in New Zealand. The information was submitted to the neural classifiers contributing to the creation of a new methodology for bone age estimation. The results are compared with those obtained by others research.

Studier inom åldersbedömning har ofta gjorts med stillbilder av ansikten. Denna studiesyftade till att undersöka om åldersskattningar mellan helkroppsbilder av stillbilder ochrörliga bilder skiljer sig åt. Vidare undersöktes om män bedöms med bättre precision änkvinnor, om precisionen är bättre då bedömaren är av samma kön som den som blir bedömdsamt om åldern underskattas på personer över 40 år och överskattas på personer under 40 år.Datainsamlingen skedde via en webbaserad plattform för enkätundersökningar som för engrupp visade stillbilder och för en annan grupp visade rörliga bilder. Resultatet visade intenågra skillnader i precisionen för bedömning mellan stillbilder och rörliga bilder eller dåbedömningen gjordes inom samma kön (kvinna-kvinna och man-man). Däremot visade detsig att män bedöms med högre precision än kvinnor och att åldern på personer över 40 årunderskattas och att åldern på personer under 40 år överskattas. / Studies within age estimation have often used still pictures of faces. The purpose of this studywas to investigate if there is a difference in the precision of age estimation between still andmoving pictures of full bodies. It was also investigated if the precision is higher whenestimating males rather than females, if the precision is higher when the estimation is done bya individual with same sex as the one getting estimated, if the age of people over the age offorty is underestimated and if the age of people under the age of forty is overestimated. Thecollection of data was done through a web based platform for surveys, from which one groupwas showed still full body pictures and the other group was showed moving full bodypictures. The results showed no difference in estimation precision between still pictures andmoving pictures or when the estimation was done within the same gender (female-female andmale-male). However the results showed that males are estimated with higher precision thanfemales as well as that the age of people over the age of forty is underestimated and the age ofpeople under the age of forty is overestimated.

The main goal of a forensic anthropological analysis of unidentified human remains is to establish an accurate biological profile. The largest obstacle in the creation or validation of techniques specific for subadults is the lack of large, modern samples. Techniques created for subadults were mainly derived from antiquated North American or European samples and thus inapplicable to a modern South African population as the techniques lack diversity and ignore the secular trends in modern children. This research provides accurate and reliable methods to estimate age and sex of South African subadults aged birth to 12 years from long bone lengths and breadths, as no appropriate techniques exist. Standard postcraniometric variables (n = 18) were collected from six long bones on 1380 (males = 804, females = 506) Lodox Statscan-generated radiographic images housed at the Forensic Pathology Service, Salt River and the Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Measurement definitions were derived from and/or follow studies in fetal and subadult osteology and longitudinal growth studies. Radiographic images were generated between 2007 and 2012, thus the majority of children (70%) were born after 2000 and thus reflect the modern population. Because basis splines and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) are nonparametric the 95% prediction intervals associated with each age at death model were calculated with cross-validation. Numerous classification methods were employed namely linear, quadratic, and flexible discriminant analysis, logistic regression, naïve Bayes, and random forests to identify the method that consistently yielded the lowest error rates. Because some of the multivariate subsets demonstrated small sample sizes, the classification accuracies were bootstrapped to validate results. Both univariate and multivariate models were employed in the age and sex estimation analyses. Standard errors for the age estimation models were smaller in most of the multivariate models with the exception of the univariate humerus, femur, and tibia diaphyseal lengths. Univariate models provide narrower age estimates at the younger ages but the multivariate models provide narrower age estimates at the older ages. Diaphyseal lengths did not demonstrate any significant sex differences at any age, but diaphyseal breadths demonstrated significant sex differences throughout the majority of the ages. Classification methods utilizing multivariate subsets achieved the highest accuracies, which offer practical applicability in forensic anthropology (81% to 90%). Whereas logistic regression yielded the highest classification accuracies for univariate models, FDA yielded the highest classification accuracies for multivariate models. This study is the first to successfully estimate subadult age and sex using an extensive number of measurements, univariate and multivariate models, and robust statistical analyses. The success of the current study is directly related to the large, modern sample size, which ultimately captured a wider range of human variation than previously collected for subadult diaphyseal dimensions. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Anatomy / unrestricted

Age estimation is a common requirement in forensic, bioarcheological and biomedical practice. This master thesis deals with age estimation based on permanent tooth mineralization according to Demirjian et al. (1973). The research material consisted of orthopantomograms of 716 Czech and 743 French children aged between 4 and 15 years. The purpose of this study was to analyse the suitability of the original French-Canadian standards for age estimation (Demirjian a Goldstein, 1976) and the recent Belgian standards (Willems et al., 2001) in Czech and French population. Another aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of the neural network method that represents a completely new approach in data prediction. In order to express the accuracy of estimate we used mean and median of difference between chronological and dental age, and RMS error. Using logistic regression, differences in tooth mineralization between Czech and French population and between girls and boys were also evaluated. Our results indicate that the French-Canadian standards gave a consistent overestimation of dental age compared with chronological age. Mean difference was 0,33 years for Czech children and 0,45 and 0,46 years for French girls and boys, respectively. We found that Willem's method and neural network method were more...

Identification of human or nonhuman skeletal remains is important in assisting the police and law enforcement officers for the investigation of forensic cases. Identification of bone can be difficult, especially in fragmented remains. It has been reported that 25 to 30% of medicolegal cases, which involved nonhuman skeletal remains have been mistaken for human. In such cases, histomorphometric method was used to identify human and nonhuman skeletal remains. However, literature has shown that histomorphometric data for human and nonhuman bone were insufficient. Additionally, age estimation in bone may help in the identification of human individual, which can be done by using a histomorphometric method. Age estimation is based on bone remodeling process, where microstructural parameters have strong correlations with age. Literature showed that age estimation has been done on the American and European populations. However, little work has been done in the Asian population. The aims of this project were thus, to identify human and nonhuman bone, and to estimate age in human bones by using histomorphometric analysis. In this project, 64 human bones and 65 animal bones were collected from the mortuary of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre and the Zoos in Malaysia, respectively. A standard bone preparation was used to prepare human and nonhuman bone thin sections for histomorphometric assessment. Assessments were made on the microstructural parameters such as cortical thickness, medullary cavity diameter, osteon count, osteon diameter, osteon area, osteon perimeter, Haversian canal diameter, Haversian canal area, Haversian canal perimeter, and Haversian lamella count per osteon by using image analysis, and viewed under a transmitted light microscope. The microstructural measurements showed significant differences between human and nonhuman samples. The discriminant functions showed correct classification rates for 81.4% of cases, and the accuracy of identification was 96.9% for human and 66.2% for animal. Human age estimation showed a standard error of estimate of 10.41 years, comparable with those in the literature. This study project offers distinct advantages over currently available histomorphometric methods for human and nonhuman identification and human age estimation. This will have significant implications in the assessment of fragmentary skeletal and forensic population samples for identification purposes.

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Yes / Faces convey much information. Interestingly we humans have a remarkable ability of identifying, extracting, and interpreting this information. Recently automatic facial ageing (AFA) has gained popularity due to its numerous applications which include search for missing people, biometrics, and multimedia. The problem of AFA is faced with various challenges, including incomplete training datasets, unrestrained environments, ethnic and gender variations to mention but a few. This work presents a new approach to automatic facial ageing which involves the development of a person specific facial ageing system. A color based Active Appearance Model (AAM) is used to extract facial features. Then, regression is used to model an age estimator. Age synthesis is achieved by computing a solution that minimises the distance from the original face with the use of constrained regression. The model is tested on a challenging database of single image per person. Initial results suggest that plausible images can be rerendered at different ages, automatically using the AAM representation. Using the constrained regressor we are guaranteed to get estimated ages that are exact for an individual at a given age.