Research is lacking on the efficacy of aggression management training programs based on clinical outcomes. This study examined the efficacy of an aggression management training on managing aggression and violent behavior at East Mississippi State Hospital (EMSH), an inpatient behavioral health program. This training, The Mandt System, replaced a previous training, Techniques for the Management of Aggressive Behavior (TMAB), which was considered to be non-replicable outside state facilities in Mississippi. This study should not be seen as a comparative study between The Mandt System and TMAB, but rather as an investigation into the effects of implementing The Mandt System as a new training at EMSH. The efficacy of The Mandt System was examined through 4 key variables: patient to patient incidents, patient to staff incidents, seclusion episodes and restraint episodes. Over a 6 year period, incidents of aggression and violence were identified by extracting archival data from incident reports. Archival data were examined 3 years prior to the implementation of The Mandt System and 3 years after the implementation of the training. The researcher found that the rate of patient to patient incidents decreased as well as the rate of seclusions and restraint episodes following implementation of The Mandt System training. The rate of the patient to staff incidents did not decrease. Effective training on the management of aggression is essential in decreasing aggressive and violent behavior. Nevertheless, these findings are difficult to validate due to a scarcity of research that is supported by evidence from randomized controlled studies. A review of the literature revealed that researchers do not give precedence to the study of aggression management training when dealing with aggressive behavior in inpatient behavior health settings. This is possibly due to the findings of Hage, Van Meijel, Fluttert, and Berden (2009) that research on the effectiveness of intervention strategies requires a more complicated study design and involves many methodological and logistical challenges. Although the results of this study suggest that this training can have a positive effect on aggression and violence, much more needs to be done to evaluate the effectiveness of aggression management training programs.

Demenssjukdomar går inte att bota, men med stöd och olika insatser kan gynnsammare förutsättningar skapas för att kunna klara av vardagen, höja livskvaliteten för personen i fråga samt närstående. I vårt samhälle blir demenssjukdomar allt vanligare med den enkla anledningen till ökad livslängd. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka på vilka sätt agitation och aggression vid en demens sjukdom kan minskas. Med utgångspunkt i systematiskt tillvägagångssätt utifrån Goodmans (1993) sju steg utfördes en litteraturstudie. Tio utvalda vetenskapliga artiklar valdes utifrån sökningar i databaserna PubMed, Cinahl samt PsychInfo, där artiklar både utgick ifrån kvalitativa samt kvantitativa studier. Resultatet som sammanslogs utifrån de utvalda artiklarna resulterade i fyra kategorier: Beröring – massage, utbildning – kunskap, positiva och negativa attityder hos vårdpersonalen samt interaktion - samspel mellan vårdare och demenssjuk person. Fler studier och mer utbildning kring agitation samt aggressivitet är önskvärt, för att öka kunskapen, förståelse hos vårdpersonalen och förbättra vårdkvalitet inom demensvård. / Today there is no curative treatment for Dementia disease, with the support of different interventions more favorable conditions can be created to improve the daily life and increase the quality of life for patients and their kindred.In our society the incidence of dementia disease is rising more and more due to the fact that the lifespan of humanity is increasing. The purpose of this literature review was to investigate in what way agitation and aggression at a dementia disease can be decreased. Based on a systematic approach who worked on the basis of Goodmans (1993) seven step from a literature review was carried out.Ten Scientific articles was selected from literature search in the databases PubMed, Cinahl and PsychInfo, both articles were based from qualitative and quantitative studies. The final result was unitized from the selected articles and came out in four categories: Physical touch, massage, education and knowledge, positive and negative attitudes among the staff and interaction between staff and the dementia patients. Several more studies and more education about agitation and aggression is desirable to increase knowledge, understanding and to improve quality of care within the care of dementia.

<p>  </p> <p>Sexual aggression occurs at alarming rates on college campuses, wherein upwards of one-third of college women report some form of sexual victimization during their college careers. While individuals of any gender may perpetrate or experience sexual aggression, this form of violence is disproportionately perpetrated by men against women. Numerous risk factors for perpetrating sexual aggression have been identified, with prominent etiological, conceptual, and explanatory models of sexual aggression all emphasizing the role of impelling risk factors—which includes dispositional or personality traits that may serve to increase proclivity to sexually aggress, as well as attitudes, beliefs, and assumptions that contribute to sexually aggressive behaviors. Despite the proliferation of research on impelling risk factors for perpetrating sexual aggression, there is little consensus on how these constructs are operationalized and to what extent similarities and dissimilarities exist between existing measures of impellance for sexual aggression. Therefore, first aim of the present study seeks to examine the underlying factor structure of impelling risk factors for sexual aggression perpetration. Importantly, personality traits may represent an important non-specific impellor for sexual aggression; yet few researchers have examined the role of normal and pathological personality traits in predicting perpetration of sexual aggression, despite the robust literature on the role of personality in predicting other forms of aggression and violence. As a result, the present study also examined the role of both normal and pathological personality traits in independently and while controlling for the effect of emergent factors of impellance in predicting sexually-aggressive outcomes. Furthermore, exploratory analyses were conducted to examine the incremental validity of emergent factors of impellance above and beyond the role normal and pathological personality traits in predicting sexually-aggressive outcomes. Participants included <em>N</em> = 275 men between the ages of 18 and 26 from a large public university in the midwestern region of the United States, who completed an online survey assessing impelling risk factors for sexual aggression, normal personality, pathological personality, coercive condom use resistance, sexual-intimate partner violence, sexual assault perpetration, sexual objectification, and post-refusal sexual coercion. Results from the principal component analysis suggested that a three-factor solution best explained the variance in existing measures of impellance. Results from regression analyses indicated that normal personality significantly predicted all five sexually-aggressive outcomes, and that pathological personality significantly predict four of the study’s sexually-aggressive outcomes. After controlling for the effect of impelling risk factors for sexual aggression, both normal and pathological personality traits only accounted for additional variance not explained by measures of impellance for coercive condom use resistance and sexual objectification. Broadly, results identifying the underlying factor structure of impellance align with existing theoretical models of sexual aggression; however, results from the present study also extend these models by presenting a more granular, nuanced, and differentiated view of risk factors that were previously conceptualized to perform similarly. In addition, results from the present study underscore the importance of both normal and pathological personality traits in predicting sexually-aggressive outcomes. Despite this, results from the present study also suggest that after accounting for impelling risk factors of sexual aggression, personality may only help predict minimal additional variance in sexually-aggressive outcomes. Implications for both the screening and assessment of men at risk of perpetration sexually aggression, as well as recommendations for the prevention of sexual violence are discussed.</p>

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a mitochondrial membrane-bound enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of monoamines in a wide array of organisms. While the enzyme monoamine oxidase has been studied extensively in its role in moderating behavior in mammals, there is a paucity of research investigating this role in invertebrates, where the latter utilizes this enzyme in a major pathway to degrade monoamines. There is especially a dismal lack of information on how MAO influences activity in invertebrates, particularly in account of the circadian cycle. Previous studies revealed MAO degrades serotonin and norepinephrine in arachnids, but did not investigate other critically important compounds like octopamine. Larinioides cornutus is a species of orb-weaving spider that exhibits diel fluctuations in behavior, specifically levels of aggression. The monoamines octopamine and serotonin have been shown to influence aggressive behaviors in L. cornutus, thus this species was used to investigate if MAO is a potential site of regulation throughout the day. Not only did gene expression of MAO orthologs and MAO activity fluctuate at different times of day, but the enzymatic activity was substrate-specific producing a higher level of degradation of octopamine as compared to serotonin in vitro. This study further supports evidence that MAO has an active role in monoamine inactivation in invertebrates and provides a first look at how MAO ultimately may be regulating behavior in an invertebrate.

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The present study examined whether the resource-potential (RP) of a male dater (i.e., potential financial success and status) and/or respondent gender related to attitudes toward coercive sexual behavior by the male. Participants (59 males and 82 females) read a hypothetical dating scenario in which a heterosexual couple went out for dinner and then returned to the female’s apartment to watch a movie. The RP of the male dater was set at high and low. Following the scenario, rating scales posing increasing levels of coercive sexual behavior (a sexual advance, verbal persuasion, and physical coercion) were presented. The participants rated the likelihood and acceptability of each behavior on a 7-point scale. A 2 (respondent gender) x 2 (high or low RP) between-subjects multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed on the six dependent variables (DVs): the likelihood of the three coercive behaviors and the acceptability of the three coercive behaviors. The combined DVs were significantly affected for respondent gender and RP but not by their interaction. Univariate analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed on each DV. Significant differences were found between males and females on all DVs except the acceptability of a sexual advance. Significant differences were also found between the high RP scenario respondents and the low RP respondents for the likelihood of a sexual advance and the likelihood of verbal persuasion. For exploratory purposes, univariate analyses were performed and an interaction was found between respondent gender and RP for the acceptability of verbal persuasion and the acceptability of physical coercion. While all hypotheses were not fully supported, overall the present study yielded very promising results. First, additional support was given to the coercive sexual behavior literature by the finding that females find coercive sexual behaviors more likely while males find them more acceptable. Secondly, social equity theory was supported by the finding that high RP scenario respondents found the coercive sexual behaviors more likely than the low RP scenario respondents did. Finally, the finding that females were more accepting of coercive sexual behaviors from a male with high RP than from a male with low RP offers support to the mating strategy assertions of sociobiological theory.

The current study examined the empathic attainment of young children (mean age 7 years) as a function of the child's socioeconomic status. Further, the potential intervening variable of violent media representations within product advertisements is assessed within and between the observed socioeconomic status groups. Three critical dimensions of empathy were assessed: cognitive, affective and behavioral. Participants were 200 volunteers recruited from public and private schools in a small region in southern Appalachia. Respondents were rated on their response to animated video clips depicting an individual in emotional distress. Results suggest that media exposure has significant effect on measures of affective empathy and prosocial behavior with lower scores being obtained by children after viewing an action oriented commercial as opposed to a prosocial commercial message prior to the presentation of the target vignette. The degree to which the media presentation affected empathic responding was found to be associated with participants' socioeconomic status.

Sex, gender-role identity, and gender-role stress were assessed in terms of their relationship to observed gender differences in self-reported aggression. Physical and verbal aggression were explored, as well as the affective component of anger and cognitive component of hostility. The role of emotional intelligence in these relationships was also evaluated, as a possible correlate to the gender-related variables. The results indicated that both gender-role stress and gender-role identification were significantly associated with all components of aggression; however, only physical aggression was related to sex. Emotional intelligence was linked to sex and gender-role identity but not with gender-role stress. The results also suggested that emotional intelligence predicts physical aggression, anger, and hostility in addition to the variance explained by gender variables, presenting negative relationships with each of these variables.