Disertacijoje nagrinėjamas 5 – 12 klasių mokinių save ir kitus žalojantis elgesys, kuris apibrėžiamas kaip tabako, alkoholio, kitų narkotinių medžiagų vartojimas, agresyvus ir savižudiškas elgesys. Darbe tikrinama prielaida, kad šios save ir kitus žalojančio elgesio formos paauglystėje sudaro vieną elgesio konstruktą, nes atlieka tas pačias funkcijas paauglio gyvenime. Siekiama įvertinti, ar save ir kitus žalojantis elgesys gali būti aprašytas tais pačiais psichosocialiniais veiksniais. Darbe didelis dėmesys skiriamas šio elgesio kitimams nuo 5 iki 12 klasės ir per tris tyrimo metus skirtingose mokinių amžiaus grupėse. Empirinėje darbo dalyje pristatomas 3 metus trukęs didelės mokinių grupės tyrimas. Išanalizavus rezultatus, nustatyta, kad tabako, alkoholio, kitų narkotinių medžiagų vartojimas, agresyvus ir savižudiškas elgesys gali būti suprantami kaip vieno elgesio konstrukto dalys, tačiau tik mergaitėms. Pablogėjusi nuotaika, prasti santykiai su mokytojais ir neigiamas požiūris į mokymąsi geriausiai nusako paauglių save ir kitus žalojantį elgesį. Šio elgesio kitimų analizė atskleidė, kad save ir kitus žalojančio elgesio paauglystės laikotarpiu daugėja, tačiau kinta jo pasireiškimo forma. Save ir kitus žalojančio elgesio kitimai atsiranda dėl amžiaus įtakos, bet ne dėl kohortos efekto. / The study analyses harmful behaviour towards self and others among students studying in the 5th to 12th grades. Harmful behaviour towards self and others is defined as substance use, suicidal and aggressive behaviour. This study explores an assumption that tobacco, alcohol and other drug abuse, suicidal and aggressive behaviour constitute one problem behaviour syndrome, as they perform the same functions in the life of an adolescent. The study is aimed to determine whether harmful behaviour towards self and others can be identified with the same psychosocial factors. Due attention is focused in the study on the changes of this behaviour from grades 5 to 12, in the duration of three years in different student groups. The empirical part of the dissertation presents a study of a large group of secondary school students during a period of 3 years. The results illustrate that substance use, suicidal behaviour and aggressive behaviour can be understood as a problem behaviour syndrome, but only in the girls’ group. Depressive mood, poor relations with teachers and negative learning attitudes predict all three forms of harmful behaviour towards self and others. Prevalence of this behaviour becomes increasingly evident during adolescence, but its different forms undergo different transformation processes. Changes in harmful behaviour towards self and others occur due to the age effect, but not the cohort effect.

Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti tėvų pablogėjusios nuotaikos (depresiškumo ir streso) bei ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų agresyvaus elgesio bei fizinių negalavimų tarpusavio sąsajas. Tyrime dalyvavo 110 tėvų, auginančių 3 – 6 metų amžiaus vaikus (95 moterys ir 15 vyrų). Tėvų vidutinis amžius 32 metai. Vaikų vidutinis amžius 4,5 metai; 57 berniukai ir 53 mergaitės. Tėvų apklausa buvo atlikta Kauno lopšelyje-darželyje „Naminukas“ ir Kauno menų darželyje "Etiudas". Tiriamiesiems buvo pateikiamas klausimynas kurį sudarė subjektyviai suvokto streso skalė, Zungo depresijos skalė ir elgesio ikimokykliniame amžiuje klausimynas. Taip pat buvo pateikti penki klausimai apie vaiko fizinius negalavimus ir du papildomi klausimai apie vaiko ligas. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikams labiausiai būdingas fizinis nusiskundimas yra pilvo skausmas. Tirtų vaikų grupėje agresyvių vaikų nei neagresyvių yra daugiau. Lyginant berniukus ir mergaites, tiek neagresyvių vaikų, tiek agresyvių vaikų grupėje abiejų lyčių pasiskirstymas yra panašus. Esant pablogėjusiai tėvų nuotaikai (daug patiriamo streso ir didelis depresiškumas) ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikams pasireiškia daugiau agresyvaus elgesio požymių nei tiems vaikams, kurių tėvai nepasižymi pablogėjusia nuotaika (mažai patiriamo streso ir mažas depresiškumas). Agresyvūs ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikai patiria daugiau fizinių negalavimų – galvos, pilvo ir skrandžio skausmų – nei neagresyvūs vaikai. Esant pablogėjusiai tėvų nuotaikai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between parent’s depressive mood and preschool age children aggressive behavior and physical symptoms. The subjects of the study were 110 parents who were growing 3 – 6 years old children. The mean of parent’s age was 32 year. The mean of children age was 4,5 year; 57 boys and 53 girls. Parents were quizzed in the Kaunas kindergarten “Naminukas” and Kaunas art kindergarten "Etiudas". There was given the questionnaire for the respondents which was made of tree scales: Perceived Stress Scale, Zung Self Rating Scale, Preschool Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ). Also five questions about child‘s physical symptoms and two extra questions about child’s diseases were given. The results showed that the most common physical symptom of preschool children is abdominal pain. There are more aggressive children than not aggressive children in the group of studied children. Comparing boys and girls the number of aggressive and not aggressive children is similar. When parent’s mood is depressive (high level of stress and depression) preschool age children show more symptoms of aggressive behavior than those children whose parents’ mood is not depressive. Aggressive preschool age children feel more physical symptoms than not aggressive children. When parent’s mood is depressive (high level of stress and depression) preschool age children feel more physical symptoms than those children whose parents’ mood is not depressive.

No description available.

The behaviour of captive mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and black ducks (Anas rubripes) was studied from the end of March to mid-June in 1991 and 1992 to determine the extent of interspecific aggression exhibited and the effect of sympatry and allopatry on interactions between the two species. / Mallards were more aggressive than black ducks regardless of sex and origin, though both species were equally attacked in both years, male ducks were more aggressive and more attacked than female ducks regardless of species and origin in both years, and ducks of sympatric origin were more aggressive than ducks of allopatric origin in 1991 regardless of sex and species while the opposite was true in 1992. / Site attachment was observed in 7 of 9 experiments performed in 1992. In the experiments involving site attachment, almost all of the activity centered around the feeding stations, not around the nesting platforms.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The current study contributes to the science of biology in that it describes different methods of measuring stress in animals and distinguishes between different types of stress that animals are exposed to. The main aim of this type of research is to obtain as much information as possible on what more specifically elephants require from their environment in order to create a more suitable habitat under conditions that vary considerably from the environment in which the elephant evolved in. Two types of possible stress for elephants on small reserves were investigated: social stress and stress caused by direct human disturbances (for example tourists on game drive vehicles in fenced reserves without wilderness areas). The study group of elephants which were introduced to the study reserve ten years earlier as a group of unrelated juveniles from culling operations differed significantly according to social role play and behaviour from normal elephant societies as described by literature. None of the adult elephants from the study group initiated change of activity more than the other adult elephants on the reserve and although one of the female cows was dominant over all the other adult female cows she was dominated by the twenty-year-old bull on the reserve. The twenty-year-old bull was with the cowherd for most of the time and was aggressive towards other cowherd members when present. All the stress parameters used to monitor the influence of direct human disturbances also changed significantly in the presence and absence of game drive vehicles in the elephant's environment. The group of elephants moved more and clustered together more, individual elephants showed more behaviours associated with stress and vocalized more and adult female elephants secreted more from their temporal glands in the presence of game drive vehicles compared to periods when game drive vehicles were absent. Stress hormone metabolite levels in the dung of elephant differed significantly among individuals being highest for the twenty-year-old bull on the reserve. One section area on the reserve with the highest load of human activity also produced the highest levels of stress for elephants when group mobility, group spacing and faecal stress hormone metabolite levels were used as stress parameters. Social stress for the study group of elephants may have enhanced stress response of elephants towards direct human disturbances. Small fenced reserves hosting elephants should monit.or and control game drive vehicle activity around elephants and should consider expanding their property in order to first of all provide wilderness areas to where animals can escape to when stressed by direct human disturbances and secondly to be able to introduce older female and male elephants to control and lead young animals if not present. Implementation of stress monitoring programs as part of the elephant management plan of a reserve may reduce and possibly prevent any future incidences of aggression from elephants towards humans and other species. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2004.

South Africa is among those countries that have the highest rate of road accidents in the world. Road accidents have a negative impact on a country's development; therefore reduction of road accidents is a priority for the South African government in general, and road transporters in particular. Unitrans Fuel and Chemical (UFC) is one of the major road transporters of dangerous goods in South Africa; this study was undertaken to explore the impact of negative attitudes on safety compliance at UFC by its truck drivers. The focus of the study was informed by the element of human failures, and the role played by such failures in road accidents. In light of driver behaviour being a product of non-tangible elements such as attitudes, feelings and beliefs, the quantitative study undertaken, sets out to explore the impact of negative attitudes on safety compliance. A sample was taken from the UFC's Clairwood depot, and data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics. Other non­ parametric tools were also used to analyse data. The findings are presented in Chapter Four. The researcher used a Likert Scale instrument to measure elements of attitude amongst UFC drivers. The results clearly indicate attitude plays a major role in the lack of safety compliance by drivers. The study also provides recommendations to address issues of driver attitude that are clearly illustrated by the figures in Chapter Four. Recommendations will allow UFC to address areas of negative driver attitude displayed by respondents to the questionnaire. The study recognizes that changing driver behaviour is not an easy task, and commends UFC for the effort applied in addressing this problem. / MBA. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2012.

Not many children report relationships with friends that are both close and conflictual. There is a paucity of research examining the trajectory of children's relationship closeness and conflict together over time. This is unfortunate because contentious relationships are related to cardiovascular problems, at least in young adults and because the trajectories of these two aspects of children's relationship quality over time is not understood. Therefore, two longitudinal data sets with younger (mean age 7.5 years at Time 1; four data points over 2 years) and older (mean age 9.9 years at Time 1; two data points over 1 year) children were studied. In both cohorts, measures of friendship quality and peer nominations of liking/disliking as well as overt and relational (older cohort) aggression were completed. Children who reported relationships high in both closeness and conflict were generally satisfied with their friendships; they were not more likely to end their friendships than were children who reported different levels of closeness and conflict (younger cohort). Both boys' and girls' relationship closeness increased over time according to growth curve analyses. The relationships of girls who remained in the same friendship, and who therefore provided ratings on the same friend at each time point, tended to increase in closeness at a different rate over time than the relationships of girls who provided ratings on different friends (younger cohort). Children who reported relationships high in closeness and in conflict were not more aggressive over time than were children who reported different levels of relationship closeness and conflict. However, girls' closeness and overt aggression tracked each other (increased) over time (younger cohort). Girls who reported low social support and negative interactions in their friendships increased the most in overt aggression over time (older cohort). Aggressive and nonaggressive children generally reported similar friendship quality (both cohorts), but the friendship closeness of chronically aggressive boys decreased over time (younger cohort). There were negligible friendship quality differences amongst the sociometric groups. The discussion centers on friendship quality changes in children's continuing friendships, the potential dire effects of turbulent friendships and the friendships of aggressive as well as controversial children.

Functional analysis techniques traditionally used in the assessment of problem behaviors in humans were used to identify the reinforcing consequences for undesirable, human-directed behaviors such as feces throwing and spitting in two captive adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). The first subject's problem behaviors were maintained by both positive and negative reinforcement contingencies, with rates being highest when the display of inappropriate behaviors resulted in access to social attention and juice. The implementation of a function-based treatment plan combining functional communication training with extinction resulted in a 90% reduction in the chimpanzee's inappropriate behaviors. No function was identified for the second subject's inappropriate behaviors. This project represents one of the first attempts to apply these function-based behavioral techniques to a non-human subject.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio University, August, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.