As áreas urbanas precárias, também denominadas de favelas são as mais frequentemente afetadas por escorregamentos e também as mais vulneráveis, gerando danos sociais de maior monta. Este cenário resultou na demanda e no desenvolvimento de uma série de ações do poder público em diferentes municípios e estados brasileiros, culminando com o estabelecimento de um programa federal, vinculado ao Ministério das Cidades, voltado à mitigação destes riscos com o desenvolvimento de mapeamentos e a implantação de planos preventivos de defesa civil, de obras de estabilização e de reurbanização nestas áreas de risco. No estado de São Paulo, o mapeamento de escorregamento em encostas urbanas precárias vem sendo realizado desde 1990, através das iniciativas de órgãos públicos e com a participação de diversas instituições. O método de mapeamento atualmente mais utilizado emprega como técnicas principais a realização de vistorias sistemáticas de campo, investigações de superfície, utilização de fichas descritivas para armazenar as informações coletadas e a delimitação de setores de risco em imagens aéreas recentes e de grande escala e de detalhe. Este método é bastante aplicado e muitas vezes consegue subsidiar satisfatoriamente as ações de mitigação dos riscos de escorregamentos, indicando os locais prioritários para receberem estas ações. Por outro lado, o método também é questionado pelo meio técnico devido sua abordagem qualitativa, pela pouca utilização dos métodos clássicos de mapeamento geotécnico e de análise de estabilidade de taludes e pelo grau elevado de subjetividade que pode agregar, podendo produzir resultados de baixa confiabilidade. A contribuição da presente pesquisa é o aprimoramento do método de mapeamento de perigo e de risco de escorregamentos em áreas urbanas, diminuindo a subjetividade na comparação e na hierarquização dos setores, sem modificar sua abordagem fundamental e suas técnicas principais atualmente utilizadas. Para tornar o método mais sistemático, propõe-se incorporar o Processo de Análise Hierárquica (AHP) na análise dos indicadores e na hierarquização dos setores de perigo. Comparou-se o mapeamento de perigo com a aplicação do AHP com o mapeamento de risco de escorregamentos realizado em São Sebastião (SP) pelo IG-SMA em 2005, verificando-se que os resultados do mapeamento de perigo com a aplicação do AHP foram mais conservadores em algumas áreas. Entretanto, os resultados com a aplicação do AHP, diminuiu a subjetividade e evidenciou a facilidade e praticidade em se verificar a contribuição (em forma de peso) dos indicadores de perigo na classificação do perigo nos setores mapeados. Também foram analisadas as opiniões de três especialistas nos julgamentos paritários dos indicadores de perigo de escorregamentos. Os resultados não mostraram discrepâncias na classificação do perigo. / The poor urban areas, also called slums are the most frequently affected by landslides and also the most vulnerable, leading to greater social harm mounts. This situation pushed a series of actions by public authorities in several Brazilian cities and states. In the federal level was, established a program, under the auspice of the Ministry of Cities, aimed to mitigating these risks with the development of hazard and risk mapping projects and implementation of preventive plans for civil defense, works of stabilization and redevelopment in these areas of risk. In the State of São Paulo, the landslide mapping on poor and slum urban areas has been held since 1990 in several municipalities, through the initiatives of government agencies and with the participation of many institutions. The mapping method employs currently more used as main techniques to carry out systematic field surveys, surface investigations, use of fact sheets to store the information collected and the delimitation of areas of hazard and risk in aerial images, and recent large-scale and detail. This mapping method has been widely applied and often gave satisfactorily support to the initiatives to mitigate the risks of landslides, indicating the prior sites to receive those initiatives. Nevertheless, the method is questioned by the specialists because of its qualitative approach, the lack of use of traditional methods of geological and geotechnical investigation and analysis of slope stability and the high degree of subjectivity that sometimes can produce unreliable results. The expected contribution to this research is to enhance the method of hazard mapping and risk of landslides in poor and slum urban areas by reducing its subjectivity for the comparison and ranking of sectors. It is not the intent of the research to change, its fundamental approach and its main techniques currently used. To this end, it is proposed to incorporate to the method the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the systematic analysis of the indicators and the ranking of hazard sectors. We compared the hazard mapping with the application of the AHP and landslide risk mapping conducted in São Sebastião - SP by the IG-SMA in 2005, verifying that the results of the hazard mapping in the application of the AHP were more conservative in some areas. However, the results from the application of the AHP, decreased the subjectivity and demonstrated the ease and convenience to verify the contribution (in the form of weight) of the hazard indicators in the ranking of hazard in the areas mapped. We also analyzed the opinions of three experts in the trials of parity landslides hazard indicators. The results showed no discrepancies in the ranking of hazard.

A expansão dos centros urbanos, determinada pela demanda de áreas, está fortemente associada à vulnerabilidade da população. Este avanço, muitas vezes ocorre em direção a ambientes frágeis como margens de rios, encostas e mananciais. Desta maneira, as mudanças no ambiente, deflagradas pelas atividades antrópicas, têm contribuído fortemente para maior exposição da população e consequente impactos relacionados às inundações, em relação às inundações. Os mapeamentos de vulnerabilidade são medidas não estruturais muito importantes para avaliar as características de determinada população, que as tornam mais ou menos propensas aos impactos de uma inundação. Desta forma, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia, baseada na utilização de SIG, para mapeamento de vulnerabilidade à inundação a partir da integração de dados censitários e de outras fontes, usando como estudo de caso o município de Igrejinha, RS. Determinou-se- como unidade de estudo a mancha urbana presente em cada setor censitário do IBGE. Foram elaborados 10 indicadores distribuídos em 3 dimensões que buscaram avaliar aspectos demográficos, sociais e de infraestrutura e saneamento. Os dados utilizados são provenientes do IBGE e também de outras pesquisas realizadas no município por outros autores. Compreende-se nesta pesquisa que cada indicador possui uma importância diferente e atribui-se um peso especifico para cada indicador e dimensão pelo método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Os pesos foram atribuídos por especialistas da área e por agentes de Proteção e Defesa Civil. Os pesos foram atribuídos para duas fases distintas do gerenciamento de um desastre: resposta e recuperação. Através de ferramentas presente em SIG, foi utilizado o método dasimétrico para os dados à mancha urbana de cada setor censitário. Como resultado obteve-se um mapa de cada indicador e dimensão, bem como o mapa final de vulnerabilidade à inundação. Foram gerados mapas com pesos atribuídos para resposta e para recuperação. Em cada mapa gerado pode-se obter as áreas mais vulneráveis da área de estudo, que corresponderam as Zonas de Interesse Social de Igrejinha. Para observar certos aspectos que poderiam acarretar na vulnerabilidade, segundo o indicadores utilizados, foi empregada a ferramenta Google Street View. Devido ao seu baixo custo, bem como a facilidade da obtenção dos dados, a metodologia proposta pode ser replicada em qualquer município brasileiro. / The expansion of urban centers, determined by area demand, is strongly associated with the vulnerability of the population. This breakthrough often occurs toward fragile environments such as riverbanks, slopes and springs. In this way, environmental changes triggered by anthropic activitythe changes in the environment, triggered by the anthropic activities, have contributed strongly to greater exposure of the population and consequent flood impacts. Vulnerability mappings are very important non-structural measures to assess the characteristics of a given population, which make them more or less prone to the impacts of a flood. Along these lines, the main objective of this work is to propose a methodology, based on the use of GIS, to map vulnerability to flood, from the integration of census data and other sources, using as a case study, the municipality of Igrejinha, RS. The urban spot present in each IBGE census tract was used as the unit of study. Ten indicators were elaborated in three dimensions that sought to evaluate demographic, social, and infrastructure and sanitation aspects. The data used come from IBGE and also from other surveys conducted in the municipality by other authors. It is understood in this research that each indicator has a different importance and is assigned a specific weight for each indicator and dimension by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The weights were assigned by specialists in the area and by Civil Protection and Defense agents to two distinct phases of disaster management: response and recovery. By means of tools present in GIS, the dasymetric method was used for the data to the urban spot of each census sector. As a result, a map of each indicator and size was obtained, as well as the final map of vulnerability to flooding. Maps with weights assigned for response and retrieval were generated. In each generated map, it is possible to observe the most vulnerable areas of the study area, which corresponded to the Igrejinha Social Interest Zones. In order to observe certain aspects that could lead to vulnerability, according to the indicators used, the Google Street View tool was used. Due to its low cost, as well as the ease of obtaining the data, the proposed methodology can be replicated in any Brazilian municipality.

In Taiwan, under the competitive environment that exported fruits enter the market gradually, domestic fruits should manifest their features through the establishment of product brands and governmental certifications. In addition, the consumer behavior such as consumers¡¦ habits and characteristics of choosing domestic fruits will become the key factors whether domestic fruits will have great market share successfully. Therefore, this study intends to explore what the key factors are when our countrymen choose domestic fruits. Through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method, the key indicators that our countrymen choose domestic fruits have been established. Through complete collections of related literatures, including the collections and the explorations of literatures such as consumer behavior, Consumer Decision-Making Model, product attributes, and consumers¡¦ characteristics of choosing fruits, this study has constructed the key indicators that our countrymen choose domestic fruits, in which the aspects of product, consumer habit and policy are included. The aspect of product includes brand, product feature, product price, product package style, product quality, product classification, and product safety and hygiene; the aspect of consumer habit includes purchase purpose, source of information, promotion activity and purchase location. Finally, this study is of the opinion that governmental policies play a key role in the aspect of policy. Therefore, the aspect of policy has also been classified as the main dimension in this study, including the sub-principles such as promotion policies, quality certification by the government, the government¡¦s policies of imports and exports, traceability and so on. Through the analyses and retrievals of the questionnaires answered by the experts in the fields of production, official, and academia, related suggestions about marketing have been proposed, and provided as the reference for the supply and distribution units such as agriculture associations, fruit and vegetables cooperatives, and production-marketing groups and so on to select and set up related products and strategies. As a whole, this study has found out that as for the key factors that our countrymen choose domestic fruits, the most emphasized ones are: the aspect of product¡]0.406¡^¡Ö the aspect of consumer habit ¡]0.361¡^¡Ö the aspect of policy¡]0.233¡^. In other words, in terms of the aspect of policy (traceability, quality certification by the government, promotion policies, and the government¡¦s policies of imports and exports), consumers are less easily affected by the factor of the aspect of policy, aimed at the issue of the key indicator that our countrymen choose domestic fruits. In the perspective of related agriculture units, there is still room for improving the effort made according to our country¡¦s agriculture policies. In the future, the guiding principle for improvement needs be drawn up actively, aimed at the previous effort in the aspect of policy made by related agriculture units. In addition, in this study, related research suggestions have been proposed, aiming at the directions such as product safety and hygiene, brand strategies for domestic fruits, consumers¡¦ purchase behavior, package styles, and so on.

A expansão dos centros urbanos, determinada pela demanda de áreas, está fortemente associada à vulnerabilidade da população. Este avanço, muitas vezes ocorre em direção a ambientes frágeis como margens de rios, encostas e mananciais. Desta maneira, as mudanças no ambiente, deflagradas pelas atividades antrópicas, têm contribuído fortemente para maior exposição da população e consequente impactos relacionados às inundações, em relação às inundações. Os mapeamentos de vulnerabilidade são medidas não estruturais muito importantes para avaliar as características de determinada população, que as tornam mais ou menos propensas aos impactos de uma inundação. Desta forma, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia, baseada na utilização de SIG, para mapeamento de vulnerabilidade à inundação a partir da integração de dados censitários e de outras fontes, usando como estudo de caso o município de Igrejinha, RS. Determinou-se- como unidade de estudo a mancha urbana presente em cada setor censitário do IBGE. Foram elaborados 10 indicadores distribuídos em 3 dimensões que buscaram avaliar aspectos demográficos, sociais e de infraestrutura e saneamento. Os dados utilizados são provenientes do IBGE e também de outras pesquisas realizadas no município por outros autores. Compreende-se nesta pesquisa que cada indicador possui uma importância diferente e atribui-se um peso especifico para cada indicador e dimensão pelo método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Os pesos foram atribuídos por especialistas da área e por agentes de Proteção e Defesa Civil. Os pesos foram atribuídos para duas fases distintas do gerenciamento de um desastre: resposta e recuperação. Através de ferramentas presente em SIG, foi utilizado o método dasimétrico para os dados à mancha urbana de cada setor censitário. Como resultado obteve-se um mapa de cada indicador e dimensão, bem como o mapa final de vulnerabilidade à inundação. Foram gerados mapas com pesos atribuídos para resposta e para recuperação. Em cada mapa gerado pode-se obter as áreas mais vulneráveis da área de estudo, que corresponderam as Zonas de Interesse Social de Igrejinha. Para observar certos aspectos que poderiam acarretar na vulnerabilidade, segundo o indicadores utilizados, foi empregada a ferramenta Google Street View. Devido ao seu baixo custo, bem como a facilidade da obtenção dos dados, a metodologia proposta pode ser replicada em qualquer município brasileiro. / The expansion of urban centers, determined by area demand, is strongly associated with the vulnerability of the population. This breakthrough often occurs toward fragile environments such as riverbanks, slopes and springs. In this way, environmental changes triggered by anthropic activitythe changes in the environment, triggered by the anthropic activities, have contributed strongly to greater exposure of the population and consequent flood impacts. Vulnerability mappings are very important non-structural measures to assess the characteristics of a given population, which make them more or less prone to the impacts of a flood. Along these lines, the main objective of this work is to propose a methodology, based on the use of GIS, to map vulnerability to flood, from the integration of census data and other sources, using as a case study, the municipality of Igrejinha, RS. The urban spot present in each IBGE census tract was used as the unit of study. Ten indicators were elaborated in three dimensions that sought to evaluate demographic, social, and infrastructure and sanitation aspects. The data used come from IBGE and also from other surveys conducted in the municipality by other authors. It is understood in this research that each indicator has a different importance and is assigned a specific weight for each indicator and dimension by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The weights were assigned by specialists in the area and by Civil Protection and Defense agents to two distinct phases of disaster management: response and recovery. By means of tools present in GIS, the dasymetric method was used for the data to the urban spot of each census sector. As a result, a map of each indicator and size was obtained, as well as the final map of vulnerability to flooding. Maps with weights assigned for response and retrieval were generated. In each generated map, it is possible to observe the most vulnerable areas of the study area, which corresponded to the Igrejinha Social Interest Zones. In order to observe certain aspects that could lead to vulnerability, according to the indicators used, the Google Street View tool was used. Due to its low cost, as well as the ease of obtaining the data, the proposed methodology can be replicated in any Brazilian municipality.

A expansão dos centros urbanos, determinada pela demanda de áreas, está fortemente associada à vulnerabilidade da população. Este avanço, muitas vezes ocorre em direção a ambientes frágeis como margens de rios, encostas e mananciais. Desta maneira, as mudanças no ambiente, deflagradas pelas atividades antrópicas, têm contribuído fortemente para maior exposição da população e consequente impactos relacionados às inundações, em relação às inundações. Os mapeamentos de vulnerabilidade são medidas não estruturais muito importantes para avaliar as características de determinada população, que as tornam mais ou menos propensas aos impactos de uma inundação. Desta forma, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia, baseada na utilização de SIG, para mapeamento de vulnerabilidade à inundação a partir da integração de dados censitários e de outras fontes, usando como estudo de caso o município de Igrejinha, RS. Determinou-se- como unidade de estudo a mancha urbana presente em cada setor censitário do IBGE. Foram elaborados 10 indicadores distribuídos em 3 dimensões que buscaram avaliar aspectos demográficos, sociais e de infraestrutura e saneamento. Os dados utilizados são provenientes do IBGE e também de outras pesquisas realizadas no município por outros autores. Compreende-se nesta pesquisa que cada indicador possui uma importância diferente e atribui-se um peso especifico para cada indicador e dimensão pelo método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Os pesos foram atribuídos por especialistas da área e por agentes de Proteção e Defesa Civil. Os pesos foram atribuídos para duas fases distintas do gerenciamento de um desastre: resposta e recuperação. Através de ferramentas presente em SIG, foi utilizado o método dasimétrico para os dados à mancha urbana de cada setor censitário. Como resultado obteve-se um mapa de cada indicador e dimensão, bem como o mapa final de vulnerabilidade à inundação. Foram gerados mapas com pesos atribuídos para resposta e para recuperação. Em cada mapa gerado pode-se obter as áreas mais vulneráveis da área de estudo, que corresponderam as Zonas de Interesse Social de Igrejinha. Para observar certos aspectos que poderiam acarretar na vulnerabilidade, segundo o indicadores utilizados, foi empregada a ferramenta Google Street View. Devido ao seu baixo custo, bem como a facilidade da obtenção dos dados, a metodologia proposta pode ser replicada em qualquer município brasileiro. / The expansion of urban centers, determined by area demand, is strongly associated with the vulnerability of the population. This breakthrough often occurs toward fragile environments such as riverbanks, slopes and springs. In this way, environmental changes triggered by anthropic activitythe changes in the environment, triggered by the anthropic activities, have contributed strongly to greater exposure of the population and consequent flood impacts. Vulnerability mappings are very important non-structural measures to assess the characteristics of a given population, which make them more or less prone to the impacts of a flood. Along these lines, the main objective of this work is to propose a methodology, based on the use of GIS, to map vulnerability to flood, from the integration of census data and other sources, using as a case study, the municipality of Igrejinha, RS. The urban spot present in each IBGE census tract was used as the unit of study. Ten indicators were elaborated in three dimensions that sought to evaluate demographic, social, and infrastructure and sanitation aspects. The data used come from IBGE and also from other surveys conducted in the municipality by other authors. It is understood in this research that each indicator has a different importance and is assigned a specific weight for each indicator and dimension by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The weights were assigned by specialists in the area and by Civil Protection and Defense agents to two distinct phases of disaster management: response and recovery. By means of tools present in GIS, the dasymetric method was used for the data to the urban spot of each census sector. As a result, a map of each indicator and size was obtained, as well as the final map of vulnerability to flooding. Maps with weights assigned for response and retrieval were generated. In each generated map, it is possible to observe the most vulnerable areas of the study area, which corresponded to the Igrejinha Social Interest Zones. In order to observe certain aspects that could lead to vulnerability, according to the indicators used, the Google Street View tool was used. Due to its low cost, as well as the ease of obtaining the data, the proposed methodology can be replicated in any Brazilian municipality.

As áreas urbanas precárias, também denominadas de favelas são as mais frequentemente afetadas por escorregamentos e também as mais vulneráveis, gerando danos sociais de maior monta. Este cenário resultou na demanda e no desenvolvimento de uma série de ações do poder público em diferentes municípios e estados brasileiros, culminando com o estabelecimento de um programa federal, vinculado ao Ministério das Cidades, voltado à mitigação destes riscos com o desenvolvimento de mapeamentos e a implantação de planos preventivos de defesa civil, de obras de estabilização e de reurbanização nestas áreas de risco. No estado de São Paulo, o mapeamento de escorregamento em encostas urbanas precárias vem sendo realizado desde 1990, através das iniciativas de órgãos públicos e com a participação de diversas instituições. O método de mapeamento atualmente mais utilizado emprega como técnicas principais a realização de vistorias sistemáticas de campo, investigações de superfície, utilização de fichas descritivas para armazenar as informações coletadas e a delimitação de setores de risco em imagens aéreas recentes e de grande escala e de detalhe. Este método é bastante aplicado e muitas vezes consegue subsidiar satisfatoriamente as ações de mitigação dos riscos de escorregamentos, indicando os locais prioritários para receberem estas ações. Por outro lado, o método também é questionado pelo meio técnico devido sua abordagem qualitativa, pela pouca utilização dos métodos clássicos de mapeamento geotécnico e de análise de estabilidade de taludes e pelo grau elevado de subjetividade que pode agregar, podendo produzir resultados de baixa confiabilidade. A contribuição da presente pesquisa é o aprimoramento do método de mapeamento de perigo e de risco de escorregamentos em áreas urbanas, diminuindo a subjetividade na comparação e na hierarquização dos setores, sem modificar sua abordagem fundamental e suas técnicas principais atualmente utilizadas. Para tornar o método mais sistemático, propõe-se incorporar o Processo de Análise Hierárquica (AHP) na análise dos indicadores e na hierarquização dos setores de perigo. Comparou-se o mapeamento de perigo com a aplicação do AHP com o mapeamento de risco de escorregamentos realizado em São Sebastião (SP) pelo IG-SMA em 2005, verificando-se que os resultados do mapeamento de perigo com a aplicação do AHP foram mais conservadores em algumas áreas. Entretanto, os resultados com a aplicação do AHP, diminuiu a subjetividade e evidenciou a facilidade e praticidade em se verificar a contribuição (em forma de peso) dos indicadores de perigo na classificação do perigo nos setores mapeados. Também foram analisadas as opiniões de três especialistas nos julgamentos paritários dos indicadores de perigo de escorregamentos. Os resultados não mostraram discrepâncias na classificação do perigo. / The poor urban areas, also called slums are the most frequently affected by landslides and also the most vulnerable, leading to greater social harm mounts. This situation pushed a series of actions by public authorities in several Brazilian cities and states. In the federal level was, established a program, under the auspice of the Ministry of Cities, aimed to mitigating these risks with the development of hazard and risk mapping projects and implementation of preventive plans for civil defense, works of stabilization and redevelopment in these areas of risk. In the State of São Paulo, the landslide mapping on poor and slum urban areas has been held since 1990 in several municipalities, through the initiatives of government agencies and with the participation of many institutions. The mapping method employs currently more used as main techniques to carry out systematic field surveys, surface investigations, use of fact sheets to store the information collected and the delimitation of areas of hazard and risk in aerial images, and recent large-scale and detail. This mapping method has been widely applied and often gave satisfactorily support to the initiatives to mitigate the risks of landslides, indicating the prior sites to receive those initiatives. Nevertheless, the method is questioned by the specialists because of its qualitative approach, the lack of use of traditional methods of geological and geotechnical investigation and analysis of slope stability and the high degree of subjectivity that sometimes can produce unreliable results. The expected contribution to this research is to enhance the method of hazard mapping and risk of landslides in poor and slum urban areas by reducing its subjectivity for the comparison and ranking of sectors. It is not the intent of the research to change, its fundamental approach and its main techniques currently used. To this end, it is proposed to incorporate to the method the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the systematic analysis of the indicators and the ranking of hazard sectors. We compared the hazard mapping with the application of the AHP and landslide risk mapping conducted in São Sebastião - SP by the IG-SMA in 2005, verifying that the results of the hazard mapping in the application of the AHP were more conservative in some areas. However, the results from the application of the AHP, decreased the subjectivity and demonstrated the ease and convenience to verify the contribution (in the form of weight) of the hazard indicators in the ranking of hazard in the areas mapped. We also analyzed the opinions of three experts in the trials of parity landslides hazard indicators. The results showed no discrepancies in the ranking of hazard.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-09-09T18:13:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO - BARROS, E.F.S..pdf: 12788222 bytes, checksum: dbe454f0a13455b88d0412fdf006c4e1 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-09T18:13:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO - BARROS, E.F.S..pdf: 12788222 bytes, checksum: dbe454f0a13455b88d0412fdf006c4e1 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The absence or disability of environmental sanitation systems causes serious environmental and social problems . Large portion of the population lives in poor sanitation, primarily those living in rural areas . This fact tailpiece directly to agrarian reform , where the absence of public policies directed to this aspect , lack of technical assistance and insufficient funds for the construction of housing, makes many residents adopt techniques and improper practices that harm your health and the environment . The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental sanitation conditions in agrarian reform settlements using the Analytic Hierarchy Process ( AHP ) . The method was structured for the analysis of environmental sanitation in rural areas , establishing a hierarchical structure considering the aspects related to sanitation and socioeconomic conditions , determining the weights of criteria through analysis of interviews with experts in the field and elaboration of the form data collection . The application form was held in February 2013 in settlements in the region Pinga - Fogo , municipality of Miners , and settlement Don Carmelo , Caiapônia municipality , both in the state of Goiás After application form , which determined the weights of each criterion analyzed in the area , went to the processing and determination of local priorities and global settlement of each and comparing them . The AHP method allowed visited lots of hierarchy according to the conditions of each sub-criterion (water supply , sewerage and solid waste ) and analysis criteria ( sanitation and socioeconomic conditions ) for settlement and then comparing them . Besides having to prioritization of lots , it was possible to diagnose which were the main criteria for interference in local conditions , which allows for better targeting and prioritization of actions aimed at improving sanitation and hence the quality of life of local community . According to the results, the settlements of the region Pinga - Fogo had better conditions in all sub-criteria and criteria examined , compared with the settlement Don Carmelo. / A ausência ou deficiência dos sistemas de saneamento ambiental causa sérios problemas ambientais e sociais. Grande parcela da população brasileira vive em condições precárias de saneamento, principalmente os residentes em áreas rurais. Tal fato afeta diretamente a reforma agrária, onde a ausência de políticas públicas voltadas a essa vertente, falta de assistência técnica e insuficiência de créditos destinados à construção de moradia, faz com que muitos moradores adotem técnicas e práticas inadequadas que prejudicam sua saúde e o ambiente. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as condições de saneamento ambiental em assentamentos de reforma agrária utilizando o método de análise hierárquica de processos (AHP). O método foi estruturado para a análise de saneamento ambiental em áreas rurais, estabelecendo uma estrutura hierárquica considerando os aspectos relacionados aos serviços de saneamento e as condições socioeconômicas, determinação dos pesos dos critérios de análise por meio de entrevistas com especialistas da área e elaboração do formulário de coleta de dados. A aplicação do formulário foi realizada em fevereiro de 2013 nos assentamentos da região Pinga-Fogo, município de Mineiros, e no assentamento Dom Carmelo, município de Caiapônia, ambos no estado de Goiás. Após a aplicação do formulário, o qual determinou os pesos de cada critério analisado na área, prosseguiu-se para o tratamento dos dados e determinação das prioridades locais e globais de cada assentamento e comparando-os. O método AHP permitiu a hierarquização dos lotes visitados de acordo com as condições de cada subcritério (abastecimento de água, esgotamento sanitário e resíduos sólidos) e critério de análise (serviços de saneamento e condições socioeconômicas) por assentamento e depois os comparando. Além de ter-se a hierarquização dos lotes, foi possível diagnosticar quais foram os principais critérios de interferência nas condições locais, o qual permite um melhor direcionamento e priorização de ações voltadas à melhoria das condições de saneamento e, consequentemente, da qualidade de vida da comunidade local. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, os assentamentos da região Pinga-Fogo apresentaram melhores condições em todos os subcritérios e critérios analisados, quando comparado com o assentamento Dom Carmelo.

ABSTRACTNowadays the importance of environmental logistics is increasing while organizations are trying to pay more attention to their transport activities. Since PNL is a famous logistics company in Nordic countries and transport activates are done by sub contractors they intend to make sound environmental choices by assessing their suppliers from environmental performance in order to identify the best suppliers which is comply with the PNL environmental policy.In this project the survey study and questionnaire has been made in order to evaluate the supplier performance from environmental perspective. At first the investigation has been made for improving the previous questionnaire which was made by PNL. Some parts were revised according to researchers‟ knowledge, reliable references and suggestion of environmental consultant. Lots of study has been made in order to find the most importing effects that can affect environmentalism. Obtained results from questionnaire were analyzed and appropriate suggestions were given in order to enlighten the significant importance of environmental issues.Due to complexity of decision making environment, the applicable and reliable method should be applied to cope with complexity and the factors that can affect the objective while simplifying the process. Analytical Hierarchy process has been applied for this project in order to change the qualitative situation into quantitative manner to rate the suppliers based on their performance.The first step in AHP process is constructing hierarchy in two or more level for evaluating the alternatives. The goal of the project is environmental performance .Second level is criteria which has been made according to literature and the importance of them while the suggestions of consultant has been applied as well. Third level is sub criteria which are questions of questionnaire and finally the forth level include alternative which is suppliers.Next step in AHP process is weighting criteria and sub criteria and making pair wise comparison between them. Procedure of weighting is done by researchers and managers from PNL in order to decrease the subjectivity of decision making process. The result from suppliers has been investigated and points were given to them according to their performance and ability regarding environmental logistics.Sensitivity analysis was made for analyzing the result from AHP in order to investigate the responsiveness of the result.Key words: Logistics, Environmentalism, AHP Method, Supplier Assessment, Survey Study.

In biotechnology industry, health-care food is the most influential product accounting for considerable market share. Nowadays, National Health Insurance has been in the red innumerably, and Bureau of National Health Insurance has become stricter toward the payment to medical systems. Consequently, the medical market is reapportioned. Preventive Medicine, which has no subsidies from National Health Insurance, has become the ¡§Blue Sea¡¨ soon that medical systems intend to develop, instead of its original unnoticed situation; also, health-care food is the main subject collocated within this area. However, Taiwan¡¦s health-care food has numerous brand names which have their own independent channels, unable to develop an established business model effectively due to the limits of their scales. Hence, although many health-care food companies have good products, they are unable to find a good partner with insight of appreciation, so that they can not survive in the market. This study has explored how to cultivate a business model to expand the health-care food market under the current macro-environment. In this study, health-care food companies were the research targets. Through questionnaire surveys, this study has explored that choosing different marketing channel structures will bring in different marketing channel benefits. In this study, based on channel planning in marketing strategy, through the collections of questionnaire data by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method, the key success factors in health-care food marketing channels have been induced, aimed at the interactive relationship between health-care food industry and the developing trend of the consumer market. Also, the market is divided into four groups, namely TV Shopping, convenient stores and professional comprehensive pharmacy chains, health-care food distributers, the state-owned enterprises systems operating health-care food, to produce the common (consistently indentified) key success factors and the individual difference factors. In the overall conclusions in this study, the high weight is given according to weighting value, and the priority is: unique marketing method, customer satisfaction survey mechanism (customer response), nationwide media advertisement benefit, headquarters¡¦ goodwill value (brand image), and mechanism of reducing inventory and distribution costs. But for the consideration of resources utilization, if the proprietors of health-care food marketing channels can carry out the foregoing key indicators step by step according to the priority, in order to gain competitive advantage in business management, they may yield twice the result with half the effort.

<p>ABSTRACTNowadays the importance of environmental logistics is increasing while organizations are trying to pay more attention to their transport activities. Since PNL is a famous logistics company in Nordic countries and transport activates are done by sub contractors they intend to make sound environmental choices by assessing their suppliers from environmental performance in order to identify the best suppliers which is comply with the PNL environmental policy.In this project the survey study and questionnaire has been made in order to evaluate the supplier performance from environmental perspective. At first the investigation has been made for improving the previous questionnaire which was made by PNL. Some parts were revised according to researchers‟ knowledge, reliable references and suggestion of environmental consultant. Lots of study has been made in order to find the most importing effects that can affect environmentalism. Obtained results from questionnaire were analyzed and appropriate suggestions were given in order to enlighten the significant importance of environmental issues.Due to complexity of decision making environment, the applicable and reliable method should be applied to cope with complexity and the factors that can affect the objective while simplifying the process. Analytical Hierarchy process has been applied for this project in order to change the qualitative situation into quantitative manner to rate the suppliers based on their performance.The first step in AHP process is constructing hierarchy in two or more level for evaluating the alternatives. The goal of the project is environmental performance .Second level is criteria which has been made according to literature and the importance of them while the suggestions of consultant has been applied as well. Third level is sub criteria which are questions of questionnaire and finally the forth level include alternative which is suppliers.Next step in AHP process is weighting criteria and sub criteria and making pair wise comparison between them. Procedure of weighting is done by researchers and managers from PNL in order to decrease the subjectivity of decision making process. The result from suppliers has been investigated and points were given to them according to their performance and ability regarding environmental logistics.Sensitivity analysis was made for analyzing the result from AHP in order to investigate the responsiveness of the result.Key words: Logistics, Environmentalism, AHP Method, Supplier Assessment, Survey Study.</p>