This work considers the management in the short run of aircraft departures from their parking stands at major airports where traffic congestion is noticeable. At the ground level, congestion is patent when carefully designed departure time tables become unworkable, causing ever increasing delays which penalize heavily passengers, airlines and the airport surrounding community. The study is composed of two parts: First an overall analysis of the considered problem is performed to provide background knowledge and to display basic principles for the management of aircraft ground movements at modem airports. Physical components as well as current operational rules are discussed and their interdependence is revealed. A particular importance is given to new and foreseeable developments in communication and guidance technology which allow an improved prediction of runway occupancy times or gaps. Capacity issues are also discussed with respect to aircraft ground activities and the airfield capacity is analysed. This first part of the work ends with the description of levels of fuel consumption and of pollution emission by aircraft ground operations and thus shows the relevance of the problem considered in this study. The second part of this work is devoted to the design of a just-in-time clearance policy which should minimise environment, fuel and pollution levels and made possible a delay-free ground traffic for departing aircraft A mathematical formulation of the considered decision problem, characterized as a real time scheduling problem, is built up. Then possible solution strategies are appraised and an "ad hoc" heuristic solution algorithm is designed. This solution is first compared in theoretical terms with a First Come First Served policy showing that in an error-free situation the proposed solution cannot be worse than its competitor. Then a simulation study is performed which confirms in practical terms the above result The influence of the main design parameters of the solution algorithm on its performance are also examined giving some insights in relation to necessary communication and prediction aids. Finally, possible extensions of the proposed method and its integration in a global aircraft traffic management system are discussed.

Ces dernières années, la phase de roulage au sol des avions a été mise en avant dans l'étude des retards aériens sur les grands aéroports. Cependant, le lien entre cette phase et l'optimisation des séquences d'avions sur les pistes reste encore peu étudié. L'objectif de réaliser des séquences optimales sur les pistes doit pourtant permettre de mieux gérer le trafic au sol, pour respecter les créneaux de décollage imposés tout en réduisant les retards des avions : dans cette thèse, un algorithme de calcul de séquences optimales est mis en place et intégré à la gestion du trafic au sol, modélisée comme un problème de résolution de conflits entre avions. Deux méthodes d'optimisation sont alors comparées : une méthode déterministe (utilisant un algorithme de type branch and bound) et une méthode stochastique (utilisant un algorithme génétique). Chacune des deux méthodes pouvant fonctionner avec et sans considération des séquences optimales sur les pistes. Les simulations effectuées montrent qu'une réduction significative des retards peut être espérée lorsque les séquences sont optimisées et anticipées. La méthode stochastique trouve de meilleures solutions, notamment en ce qui concerne la gestion des arrivées, mais la méthode déterministe reste intéressante, grâce à son temps de calcul bien plus rapide. / In the last few years, many studies concerning air traffic delays have focused on ground traffic management at busy airports. However, the link between the aircraft taxiing stage and runway scheduling optimisation is still rarely considered. Performing optimal aircraft sequences on runways should allow us to enhance the taxiing stage, while applying calculated take-off slots and reducing globally the aircraft mean delay. In this thesis, an algorithm is first defined to compute optimal aircraft schedules on runways. It is then integrated into the ground traffic management process, modeled as a conflict resolution problem between aircraft. A deterministic method (using a branch and bound algorithm) and a stochastic method (using a genetic algorithm) are both used to try and solve this problem. Each of these methods can work with and without the consideration of optimal runway scheduling. The simulations carried out show that the anticipation of the optimal runway schedules can yield a significant delay reduction for airport ground traffic. The stochastic method provides the best solutions, especially for arriving aircraft, while the deterministic method remains a considerable option because of its very fast running time.

Over the last 20 years, internal use of Performance Management(PM) within organizations has become much more complex in terms measurement techniques and approaches as well as their deployment within different organizational structures. In contrast to the traditional use of PM as an intra-organizational system, the emergence of networked operations, has extended organizational boundaries of Performance Management System (PMS) to new operational settings where actors often deal with a challenge of Collaborative Measures. Consequently, there is a significant lack of feedback and feedforward reporting mechanisms. This raises an important question for Performance Measurement &amp; Management (PMM) literature. How do actors manage operations through inter- organizational performance measures? Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate the management of collaborative measures in a quest to attain better operational performance for inter- organizational PM. The thesis builds on four studies investigating a collaborative PMS for capacity enhancements in airport operations. Due to their operational complexity and highly networked subsystems, airport operations provided a fitting empirical scene for studying PM that transcends organizational boundaries. Within the context of this thesis, airports are viewed as a System of System (SoS), and inter- organizational PM is investigated with the dimensions Organizational Complexity, Continuous Improvement and Social system. The studies use a multimethod approach, including longitudinal action research, multiple-case study, Systematic Literature Review (SLR), Classification and Regression Tree method (CART) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Method. The findings show that that (1) inter- organizational performance is affected by intrinsic Performance Measurement Complexity (PMC) which aggregates as interactive complexity with many actors. (2) The challenge of feedback and feedforward mechanisms as a dual control for collaborative performance is analysed with four cybernetic functions: sensor, commander, actuator and process. (3) The concept of Reflective Performance Measurement System (RPMS) is introduced with general conditions to facilitate collaborative decision-making within such platforms. / <p>This research was conducted within the framework of the European Doctorate in Industrial Management—EDIM, which is funded by the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) of the European Commission. QC 20170524</p> / MASCA- Managing System Change in Aviation

Die lange Lebensdauer und die hohe Intensität der Wirbelschleppen landender Großraumflugzeuge kann zu einer Gefährdung des nachfolgenden Verkehrs führen. Zur Vorhersage einer gefährdungsfreien Nutzungszeit der Landebahn, nach der die Staffelungsabstände der landenden Flugzeuge bestimmt werden, dient ein Wirbelschleppenwarnsystem. Ein wesentlicher Teil dieses Warnsystems ist die Vorhersage des quer zur Landebahn wehenden Windes. Dafür wird bisher ein auf Persistenz beruhendes Verfahren eingesetzt. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, daß durch Verwendung eines autoregressiven Modells die Querwindprognose verbessert werden kann. Dazu werden die Meßdaten analysiert und die Modellparameter geschätzt. Der Einsatz der AR Prognose im Wirbelschleppenwarnsystem führt im Vergleich zur bisherigen Methode zu längeren Nutzungszeiten und vermeidet das Auftreten von Diskontinuitäten (Sprüngen) in der Vorhersage. Besonders durch letzteres wird die Akzeptanz des Warnsystems bei den Fluglotsen verbessert.

A impossibilidade da ampliação física suficiente para atender às perspectivas de crescimento da demanda de vôos em aeroportos como Congonhas (São Paulo), faz com que soluções alternativas para maior eficiência no processamento dos vôos sejam de grande interesse, destacando-se as soluções operacionais. Considerando-se a complexidade dos processos logísticos associados às operações aeroportuárias, a utilização da simulação em ferramentas de apoio à decisão permite a análise minuciosa do desempenho e eficiência do sistema de pátio de aeronaves. O objetivo principal dessa dissertação consiste em identificar os parâmetros e representar as operações do pátio em um modelo de simulação para análise do processo de atendimento das aeronaves e da influência de cada componente no seu tempo total. Desenvolvido em Arena® esse modelo utiliza os dados da movimentação real de aeronaves do aeroporto de Congonhas (a partir de fontes como os registros da torre, relatórios de planos de vôo, HOTRAN ou planejamento de pátio). Sua aplicação ao caso do aeroporto mostrou-se útil ao estudo do tempo de ocupação das posições (turn-around time), das esperas para atendimento e das taxas de ocupação dos recursos, assim como na determinação dos impactos das esperas em solo (ground holding) na capacidade total do sistema. Permitiu também a análise do processo de atendimento das aeronaves e o balanceamento do número dos equipamentos de pátio, aliada à animação detalhada dos serviços prestados no pátio desse aeroporto. Poderia, além disso, ser utilizado na avaliação de cenários de demanda, no teste de políticas de alocação de aeronaves às posições, na determinação do impacto do uso de slots, do compartilhamento de recursos ou da alteração de outras práticas operacionais. Em resumo, este modelo computacional oferece uma completa simulação dos serviços prestados no pátio de aeronaves buscando a melhor utilização dos recursos existentes e permitindo melhorias na capacidade do pátio, tanto com o enfoque de planejamento (configuração das posições) como operacional (avaliação da capacidade das posições). / The impossibility of physical expansion large enough to accommodate the anticipated growth in flight demand at airports such as Congonhas, São Paulo, has drawn interest to alternative solutions, especially operational ones, for the improvement of apron services efficiency. Considering the complexity of airport operation logistics, the utilization of simulation based decision support tools allows for the detailed analysis of the performance and efficiency in the airport apron system. The main objective of this dissertation is to identify the parameters that influence apron operations and to represent the apron operations in a simulation model in order to analyze the aircraft servicing process and the influence of each component in the servicing process total time. The simulation model was developed with Arena™ and uses real flight traffic data of operations at Congonhas airport (obtained from the tower logs, flight plan reports, HOTRAN and apron utilization planning documents). The application of the model to Congonhas airport was useful for the study of turn-around times, servicing waiting times, resource occupation rates, as well as the determination of ground holding impacts on the overall capacity of the system. The model was also used to analyze the airport’s apron servicing process and the adjustment of apron resources numbers, in addition to the detailed animation of those services. Moreover, this model could be used in the evaluation of demand scenarios, test of gate assignment rules, determination of impacts of slot time attribution, of sharing resources or other operational practices. In summary, this computational model offers a complete simulation of the apron services, with the goal of enabling better utilization of the airport’s existing resources and improvements in the apron capacity, both from a planning point of view (considering the apron configuration) and from an operational point of view (considering the capacity of each stand position).

O intenso crescimento populacional associado à demanda excessiva de água, principalmente em grandes centros urbanos, tem comprometido de forma significativa os recursos hídricos tornando-os escassos em muitas regiões. Frente a este cenário a adoção de medidas que proporcionem a conservação da água nas diversas atividades nas quais ela é utilizada é de grande relevância. Neste contexto, medidas como o uso racional e a prática do reúso de água são opções que devem ser consideradas para combater a escassez induzida. No caso do reúso de água é possível utilizar efluentes, tratados ou não, como fonte alternativa às demandas para usos menos restritivos, preservando a água de melhor qualidade para aplicações mais nobres, como o consumo humano. Assim, neste trabalho foi avaliada a viabilidade técnica da utilização de efluentes secundários submetidos ao tratamento complementar por membranas de ultrafiltração, do tipo fibra oca, para atendimento de demandas não potáveis em sistemas aeroportuários. O estudo foi desenvolvido através da operação de uma unidade piloto de membranas, instalada na saída do sistema de esgotamento sanitário do Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo/Guarulhos Governador André Franco Montoro. Por meio de ensaios específicos as condições ótimas de operação foram estabelecidas, pressão de 0,9 bar (90 kPa), frequência de retrolavagem de 40 minutos e frequência de limpeza de 200 h, sendo que a taxa de recuperação de água no sistema permaneceu em torno de 70%. O desempenho do sistema em relação à remoção de contaminantes foi avaliado verificando-se as porcentagens de remoção de Cor, Turbidez, DBO5,20, DQO, Carbono Orgânico Dissolvido, Absorbância de radiação UV (254 nm) e Coliformes Termotolerantes, obtendo-se remoções de 89%, 99%, 70%, 78%, 80%, 36% e 100%, respectivamente. Com base nos resultados das análises foi possível concluir que a água produzida pelo sistema de membranas apresenta potencial para atender aos seguintes usos não potáveis: irrigação de áreas verdes, descargas em bacias sanitárias e mictórios, lavagem de pitas e reserva para combate a incêndios. Como a água produzida pelo sistema de membranas apresentou concentrações elevadas de Nitrogênio Amoniacal, Fosfato e Matéria Orgânica recomenda-se um estudo mais detalhado da estação de tratamento biológico, antes de utilizar para atender a esse fim. / The excessive demand for water associated with intense population growth, principally in large urban centers, has significantly compromised water resources and transformed the situation in many regions to a scarcity status. Faced with this scenario, it is of great relevance to adopt measures that promote the conservation of water, through various activities and uses. In this context, rational water use and water reuse are measures that should be considered to tackle the induced shortage. In the case of water reuse, it is possible to use effluents, treated or untreated, as an alternate source for uses that have less stringent quality standards. This in turn, preserves the higher quality water for more demanding water uses, such as human consumption. In this study, we evaluated the technical feasibility of the use of secondary effluents, subjected to ultrafiltration membrane treatment (hollow fiber), to meet the non-potable demands of airport systems. The study was conducted with a pilot plant membrane, installed and operated at the sewage system discharge at the International Airport of São Paulo/Guarulhos Governor André Franco Montoro. Specific tests were conducted to establish optimum operation conditions: 0.9 bar (90 kPa) of pressure, a backwash frequency of 40 minutes, a cleaning frequency of 200 hours, and a recovery rate maintained around 70%. The system performance with respect to contaminant removal was evaluated by determining the percent removal of color, turbidity, BOD5, 20, COD, dissolved organic carbon, UV Absorbance (254 nm), and coliform, which yielded removals of 89%, 99%, 70%, 78%, 80%, 36%, and 100%, respectively. Based on analysis results, it was concluded that the water produced by the membrane system has the potential to supply the following non-potable uses: irrigation of green areas, discharges in toilets and urinals, floor washing, and firefighting reserves. As the water produced by the membrane system had high concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen, phosphate, and organic matter, a more detailed study is recommended before using the effluent in cooling towers.

This paper develops and applies a practical method to estimate the benefits of improved reliability of road networks. We present a general methodology to estimate the scheduling costs due to travel time variability for car travel. In contrast to existing practical methods, we explicitly consider the effect of travel time variability on departure time choices. We focus on situations when only mean delays are known, which is typically the case when standard transport models are used. We first show how travel time variability can be predicted from mean delays. We then estimate the scheduling costs of travellers, taking into account their optimal departure time choice given the estimated travel time variability. We illustrate the methodology for air passengers traveling by car to Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. We find that on average planned improvements in network reliability only lead to a small reduction in access costs per trip in absolute terms, mainly because most air passengers drive to the airport outside peak hours, when travel time variability tends to be low. However, in relative terms the reduction in access costs due to the improvements in network reliability is substantial. In our case we find that for every 1 Euro reduction in travel time costs, there is an additional cost reduction of 0.7 Euro due to lower travel time variability, and hence lower scheduling costs. Ignoring the benefits from improved reliability may therefore lead to a severe underestimation of the total benefits of infrastructure improvements.

The increasing scale of, and demand for, civil air transport has necessitated ever greater numbers of passengers and staff travelling to and from airports. At airports worldwide, private vehicles represent the vast majority of these surface access journeys and this has led to severe problems of traffic congestion and raised levels of air pollution. Consequently, UK and international airports are re-evaluating their approach to surface access mode choice and considering how to reduce the reliance on private vehicles. Despite improvements in public transport links at some airports, in the UK it is currently estimated that around 65% of surface access trips at large airports are undertaken in private cars, with this figure being as high as 99% at smaller regional or secondary airports. The problems associated with high private vehicle use are likely to become even more acute in the future given the forecasted growth in demand for UK air travel. Surface access is a complex airport management issue as decision makers must balance the often competing requirements and demands of different user groups with the wider commercial and environmental goals of the airport. Passengers pose a particular problem due to the large number of trips generated, and the wide range of factors affecting their travel. Passengers are also important because they represent the airport s primary customers. The aim of the thesis is to examine passenger surface access travel behaviour in order to make recommendations for reducing private vehicle use. The research adopts a social psychological approach, employing two theories of attitude-behaviour relations, the Norm-Activation Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour, in order to identify groups of passengers with the potential to reduce their private vehicle use. Research methods employed to fulfil the aim include interviews with surface access managers at UK airports and a questionnaire survey of passengers at Manchester Airport, an international airport in the North-West of England. It is found that passenger mode choice decisions are motivated primarily by considerations of self-interest, as posited in the Theory of Planned Behaviour, rather than normative or moral elements, as proposed by the Norm-Activation Theory. As well as attitudes, passengers are also found to vary considerably in terms of their specific personal, situational and spatial characteristics. For example, passengers using public transport are likely to be travelling alone from areas further from the airport and flying without checked-in luggage. Using this combined attitudinal, situational and spatial information, eight distinct passenger groups are then identified. Two of these groups, described as the Public Transport Advocates and the Pessimistic Lift Seekers, are found to have the greatest potential to reduce their private vehicle use. Overall, it is important that strategies targeted at reducing private vehicle use and encouraging public transport use address both the physical and perceived barriers preventing behavioural change. Furthermore, while airport managers tend to favour implementing so called soft incentive measures for encouraging modal shift as opposed to more draconian measures, in the future it is likely that decision makers will increasingly need to find ways of implementing the latter in a fashion that is both effective and acceptable to airport users.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics; and, (M. Arch. in Advanced Studies)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1979.. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND AERONAUTICS. / Bibliography: leaves 175-177. / by Susan Karen Funk. / M.S.

The objective of this thesis is to propose an optimal mix of shops at Ruzyně airport and ways of improving the comunication strategy towards customers of the airport's shops. The theoretical part outlines the comunication theories and specifications of Travel retailing at the airports. The practical part contains a situational analysis of the comunication at Ruzyně airport including analysis of the airport's shops. This is followed by inquiries using questionnaires passed on to a selected target group, by an external analysis of other world's airports and by a sumarizing SWOT analysis. Based on this research, recomendations to Letiště Ruzyně on how to structure the mix of airpoirt's shops and on how to make the comunication with the airport's customers are suggested.