There is much dialogue in the global aviation industry about Safety Management Systems (SMS) and how it should be integrated across all domains of the industry including aircraft design, production, flight operations, overhaul and maintenance, suppliers, service providers, airports, and so forth (Johnson, 2012). Regulators have made significant progress in recent years to implement ICAO’s SMS into airlines, albeit as a required or recommended practice. More recently the regulators are seeking to implement SMS into the aircraft manufacturing and aircraft maintenance domains. This research reviewed regulatory publications from multiple countries to assess the technical makeup of SMS, and understand what regulators are requiring, or recommending, and when. It was found that global regulators accept the ICAO published definition of SMS, but different regulators have varying approaches regarding implementation. However, they are consistent in initially targeting airlines for SMS implementation. SMS comments range from “The best thing since sliced bread” to “Worst thing since the creation of the FAA; I don’t need anyone telling me what’s safe when I already know it; waste of time and money”. This investigation experimented with field tests to connect the engineering, production and airline domains into one ICAO SMS model. Results indicate that because the different domains are risk-specific, the application of one safety risk management model to all domains is not viable. The SMS model applies to airlines because airlines’ primary risk is about operational safety. Aircraft production and maintenance is about production risk – therefore the risk model must be centric to process risk. Field test 3 tailored the ICAO SMS risk architecture to assess and mitigate process risk as applicable to the aircraft manufacturing and maintenance. Although the SMS architecture was usable, the content and focus was significantly adjusted to be production process-risk centric, to the point where the term “SMS’ was deemed out of place. The resulting model was therefore named Production Risk Management System (PRMS). Following the emergence of PRMS from field tests, this investigation reviewed industry, research and regulatory arguments for and against SMS in the airline industry, and correlated those arguments with the benefits and non-benefits of PRMS for the manufacturing and aircraft maintenance domains. The researcher advocates PRMS as a viable model that meets ICAO SMS-like architecture for aircraft production and maintenance. Methods were identified for developing and implementing PRMS, and for evaluating its ROI. If and when “SMS” is truly mandated in these domains, the researcher proposes PRMS as a viable model that should be considered. Furthermore, the researcher proposes that PRMS can be an effective production risk management system that can enhance the organization’s existing QMS, regardless of “SMS” regulations.

Utilizando registros isotópicos (\'delta\' \'POT.18\'O e \'delta\'\'POT.13\'C) de alta resolução, razões de elementos-traço em relação ao cálcio e taxas de crescimento de espeleotemas, precisamente datados pelo método U-Th, foi feita uma reconstrução da intensidade do Sistema de Monções Sul-Americano (SMSA) nos últimos 1500 anos na região do município de Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul. O estudo do sinal climático, interpretado por meio de variações geoquímicas dos espeleotemas, foi realizado com base em estudos e comparações com dados instr umentais de uma estação meteorológica de Bonito, com dados de monitoramentos do IAEA - GNIP de Campo Grande e Cuiabá e com informações de modelos computacionais que simulam a variação de \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O em relação à intensidade das monções na América do Sul, o qual e stá relacionado com variação regional de pluviosidade. Apesar destes dados mostrarem que o amount effect é um dos fatores determinantes na variação das razões isotópicas dos espeleotemas, outros fatores como o degree of rainout upstream e a fonte de umidade (Amazônia x oceano Atlântico sul) também devem ser considerados importantes. Assim, a interpretação das razões de \'delta\'\'POT.18\'O é atribuída à intensidade do sistema de monções e, desta forma, à atuação da Zona de Convergência do Atlântico Sul (ZACS), principalmente associada à propagação de chuvas da região Amazônica para o centro-oeste e sudeste brasileiro. O registro paleoclimático de Bonito mostrou excelente coerência com variados tipos de registros de outros locais da América do Sul, e também com dados do Hemisfério Norte, evidenciando a influência de eventos de escala secular como MCA e LIA na intensidade das monções na América do Sul. A boa correlação entre algumas razões de elementos-traço com a precipitação mostra que o \"amount effect\" não controla totalmente os registros isotópicos. Análises de estatísticas de séries temporais aplicadas aos registros isotópicos e aos registros de elementos-traço permitiram a observação de vários eventos de freqüêcia decadal a multidecadal influenciando as monções da América do Sul. Os principais destes eventos são a NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) e a AMO (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation), os quais, pelas flutuações de TSM no Atlântico Norte, desencadeiam teleconexões que têm resultados no posicionamento da Zona de Convergência Intertropical (Intertropical Convergence Zone - ITCZ) e da ZACS. / High-resolution isotope records (\'delta\'\'POT.18\'O e \'delta\'\'POT.13\'C), growth rates, elemental ratios in precisely dated speleothems by U/Th method are used to reconstruct the intensity of the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) during the 1500 years in Bonito Region, Mato Grosso do Sul. The interpretations of geochemical variations in speleothems are based on comparative studies with instrumental climatic data and at isotope measurements in rain water at IAEA - GNIP stations in Campo Grande and Cuiabá, as well as from climate model studies using oxygen isotope ratios as tracers of monsoon rainfall intensity. Despite of these data suggest that the \"amount effect\" is a dominant factor controlling the isotope variations in preci pitation, the \"degree of rainout upstream\" is considered also important because the distal influence of SAMS and South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) along the moisture transport tra jectory from Amazon to SE Brazilian Coast. The other significant factor to isotope composition to precipitation, therefore to speleothems, is the difference in moisture source area from Amazon Region (summer monsoonal precipitation) and Atlantic Ocean (extratropical regime). Bonito\'s paleoclimate Record indicate very good coherence with other records in South America and Northern Hemisphere, particularly in the response to the global scale climate events such as Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) e Little Ice Age (LIA) on summer precipitation. In these events were evidenced dryer and wetter conditions, respectively, not just from the stable isotope ratios but also from Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios. Time series statistical analysis in the isotope and trace -element records showed that the SAMS is largely influenced by decadal to multidecadal events. In this regard, the most influent climate modes are the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) and the AMO (Atlantic multi Decadal Oscillation), with significant influence on the precipitation variability. In both cases these changes in precipitation are resulted from teleconection with Atlantic Ocean, which impacts the location of ITCZ and consequently the SACZ activity in Central-West Brazil.

Lorsqu'ils sont soumis à des pulses laser courts et intenses, des atomes peuvent perdre des électrons. Plusieurs canaux sont impliqués dans la double ionisation, comme la NSDI et le scénario associé de la recollision. La recollision est maintenant vue comme la “pierre d'angle de la physique en champ fort” pour les éclairages qu'elle donne dans l'organisation de la matière et en ce qu'elle constitue l'une des manifestations les plus flagrantes de la corrélation électron-électron dans la nature. Dans ce manuscrit, une analyse théorique des mécanismes de double ionisation est menée en utilisant la mécanique classique. Cette description complémente les modèles quantiques en observant la dynamique depuis un cadre de travail différent et avec l'éclairage de la dynamique nonlinéaire. L'analyse, menée dans l'espace des phases, permet l'identification des structures organisatrices qui régulent les différents mécanismes d'ionisation. Pour des champs laser polarisés linéairement, le mécanisme de la recollision est complété par l'image de l'électron interne. L'électron interne donne accès à une description fine de la dynamique de recollision et explique les différentes routes pour la double ionisation. Il permet également de faire des prédictions telles que l'intensité du coude dans la probabilité de double ionisation et explique complètement la RESI. En polarisation circulaire, il est communément cru que la recollision n'est pas possible, en dépit de résultats expérimentaux contradictoires. En fait, l'analyse de l'espace des phases montre que la recollision est possible mais pas accessible à tous les atomes, réconciliant par conséquent les contradictions expérimentales précédentes. / When subjected to strong and short laser pulses, atoms may lose electrons. Several ionization channels are involved in such double ionization events, like nonsequential double ionization (NSDI) and its associated recollision scenario. Recollision is now seen as the “keystone of strong field physics”, for its insights into the organization of matter, and is one of the most dramatic manifestations of electron-electron correlation in nature. In this manuscript a theoretical analysis of the double ionization mechanisms is carried out using classical mechanics. This description complements quantum treatments by observing the dynamics from a different framework, with the light of nonlinear dynamics, as both frameworks exhibit the main ingredient, i.e., strong electron-electron correlation. The analysis, carried out in phase space (e.g., through reduced models) enables the identification of the organizing structures that regulate the ionization channels. For linearly polarized lasers, the recollision mechanism is completed by the picture of the “inner” electron. The inner electron gives access to a fine description of the recollision dynamics and explains the routes to double ionization. It also enables verifiable predictions such as the location of the characteristic knee shape in the double ionization yield versus laser intensity and fully explains delayed ionizations like RESI. For circular polarization, it is commonly believed that recollision is not possible, despite apparently contradictory experimental results. In fact, the phase space analysis shows that recollision is possible but not accessible to all atoms, thus reconciling the previous experimental results.