A importância do Estado de São Paulo (ESP) é notável no desenvolvimento do Brasil, seja no setor econômico ou energético, o que justifica o estudo do comportamento do clima nessa região. O conhecimento da variabilidade da precipitação é imprescindível na gestão de recursos hídricos e possui grande impacto na agricultura e geração de energia por meio de fontes hidrelétricas. Estudos anteriores apontaram efeitos não-lineares do El Niño-Oscilação Sul (ENOS) sobre a precipitação no ESP; entretanto, nenhum estudo específico acerca da influência da Oscilação interdecadal do Pacífico (ODP) nesta área foi ainda realizado, embora haja alguns impactos conhecidos na América do Sul. Deste modo, este trabalho estudou a relação entre anomalias de precipitação no ESP e a ODP, no período de 1901 a 2007, de forma a auxiliar as pesquisas na linha da previsão climática nessa região do Brasil. Na primeira etapa, foram descritos os regimes de precipitação tanto para a América do Sul como localmente, para o ESP, onde se destacaram fatores como a topografia e a influência do Oceano Atlântico. Posteriormente, foram calculados quantis anuais e mensais que permitiram classificar cada evento quanto ao total de precipitação. Regiões pluviometricamente homogêneas foram determinadas no ESP com base na climatologia e nos quantis de precipitação. Notou-se a relação construtiva entre eventos ENOS e as fases da ODP, com máximo durante o verão austral. Os sinais da ODP são percebidos em todo o ESP principalmente na primavera e no verão austrais. Uma análise complementar mostrou que as fases da Oscilação Multidecadal do Atlântico (AMO) também contribuem para a precipitação no ESP durante o verão e a primavera austrais no litoral, durante o verão no interior, e ao longo da primavera na região da Serra da Mantiqueira. Aparentemente, não há relação entre os eventos ENOS e a AMO. / São Paulo State (SPS) is remarkably important to the development of Brazil, economically or energetically, and this justifies climate studies on that region. Knowing rainfall variability is essential to water resources management and it has a great impact on agriculture an power production by hydroelectric power plants. Previous studies have detected non-linear effects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on SPS rainfall however no specific work deals with PDO influence in this area besides some impacts on South America are known. Therefore this work has studied the relationship between rainfall anomalies in SPS and PDO from 1901 to 2007 to contribute to the climate forecasting improvement. First it was described the rainfall regime in South America, and locally in SPS where topography and the Atlantic Ocean influences were of special importance. Then annual and monthly quantiles were calculated to allow the classification of events according to rainfall totals. Rainfall homogeneous regions were established in SPS using climatology and quantiles. It was observed the constructive relationship between ENSO events and PDO phases, mainly on austral summer. PDO signals were noticed all over the SPS mostly on austral spring and summer. An additional analysis showed that Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) phases also contribute to SPS rainfall during austral summer and spring at the coast, only on summer at the country and during spring at the Mantiqueira Slopes. Apparently, there is no relation between ENSO events and AMO phases.

A importância do Estado de São Paulo (ESP) é notável no desenvolvimento do Brasil, seja no setor econômico ou energético, o que justifica o estudo do comportamento do clima nessa região. O conhecimento da variabilidade da precipitação é imprescindível na gestão de recursos hídricos e possui grande impacto na agricultura e geração de energia por meio de fontes hidrelétricas. Estudos anteriores apontaram efeitos não-lineares do El Niño-Oscilação Sul (ENOS) sobre a precipitação no ESP; entretanto, nenhum estudo específico acerca da influência da Oscilação interdecadal do Pacífico (ODP) nesta área foi ainda realizado, embora haja alguns impactos conhecidos na América do Sul. Deste modo, este trabalho estudou a relação entre anomalias de precipitação no ESP e a ODP, no período de 1901 a 2007, de forma a auxiliar as pesquisas na linha da previsão climática nessa região do Brasil. Na primeira etapa, foram descritos os regimes de precipitação tanto para a América do Sul como localmente, para o ESP, onde se destacaram fatores como a topografia e a influência do Oceano Atlântico. Posteriormente, foram calculados quantis anuais e mensais que permitiram classificar cada evento quanto ao total de precipitação. Regiões pluviometricamente homogêneas foram determinadas no ESP com base na climatologia e nos quantis de precipitação. Notou-se a relação construtiva entre eventos ENOS e as fases da ODP, com máximo durante o verão austral. Os sinais da ODP são percebidos em todo o ESP principalmente na primavera e no verão austrais. Uma análise complementar mostrou que as fases da Oscilação Multidecadal do Atlântico (AMO) também contribuem para a precipitação no ESP durante o verão e a primavera austrais no litoral, durante o verão no interior, e ao longo da primavera na região da Serra da Mantiqueira. Aparentemente, não há relação entre os eventos ENOS e a AMO. / São Paulo State (SPS) is remarkably important to the development of Brazil, economically or energetically, and this justifies climate studies on that region. Knowing rainfall variability is essential to water resources management and it has a great impact on agriculture an power production by hydroelectric power plants. Previous studies have detected non-linear effects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on SPS rainfall however no specific work deals with PDO influence in this area besides some impacts on South America are known. Therefore this work has studied the relationship between rainfall anomalies in SPS and PDO from 1901 to 2007 to contribute to the climate forecasting improvement. First it was described the rainfall regime in South America, and locally in SPS where topography and the Atlantic Ocean influences were of special importance. Then annual and monthly quantiles were calculated to allow the classification of events according to rainfall totals. Rainfall homogeneous regions were established in SPS using climatology and quantiles. It was observed the constructive relationship between ENSO events and PDO phases, mainly on austral summer. PDO signals were noticed all over the SPS mostly on austral spring and summer. An additional analysis showed that Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) phases also contribute to SPS rainfall during austral summer and spring at the coast, only on summer at the country and during spring at the Mantiqueira Slopes. Apparently, there is no relation between ENSO events and AMO phases.

Cross-selling is the practice of selling products or services that do not replace already purchased products or services to existing customers. In industries characterized by complex products, long lead times and intricate relations between customer and company, the determinants of a company's cross-selling performance are different than those present in other industries. This study explores salespersons' perceptions of antecedents of their cross-selling performance in a Swedish professional services company. The results are synthesized into a theoretical model that provides partially different perspectives compared to previous research. The most unexpected finding is that cross-divisional transpersonal efficacy - belief in the ability of service providers of cross-sold services to perform well - appeared to affect motivation to cross-sell notably. Transpersonal efficacy is an unexplored concept in the context of cross-selling and should thus be explored further. Managers should attempt to increase salespersons' cross-divisional transpersonal efficacy to increase salespersons' cross-selling performance. / Korsförsäljning, eller cross-selling, innebär att sälja produkter eller tjänster som inte ersätter redan köpta sådana till befintliga kunder. I branscher med komplexa produkter, långa ledtider och invecklade relationer mellan säljare och köpare skiljer sig faktorer som ökar cross-selling åt från andra branscher. Den här studien undersöker vad försäljare i ett yrkestjänsteföretag uppfattar påverkar deras korsförsäljningsprestation. Resultaten konsolideras i en teoretisk modell vars perspektiv delvis skiljer sig från tidigare studier i ämnet. Det mest oväntade resultatet är att försäljares motivation att korsförsälja påverkas starkt av deras uppfattning av hur väl de förmedlare som tillhandahåller de tjänster som korsförsäljs kan prestera. Detta fenomen är inte tidigare undersökt inom korsförsäljning, och bör därför undersökas vidare. Organisationer som vill öka sina försäljares korsförsäljningsprestation bör förbättra försäljares uppfattning av förmedlare av andra tjänsters prestationsförmåga.

Salesforce control systems have been widely studied with numerous constructs mediating the effects on performance. Behavior-based salesforce control (BBC) has often proved to increase performance and recently the Ability, Motivation, Opportunity (AMO) theory has been proposed to cluster the mediators. However, the extant literature is limited regarding implementation of BBC. The purpose of the thesis is twofold: (1) to explore the challenges that emerge during the implementation process of BBC at the Swedish sales organization of a global MedTech company, and (2) to investigate whether these challenges can be explained by prior research. An embedded case study at a MedTech company is used to explore the challenges that emerge while implementing BBC. Both structured and semi-structured interviews were conducted, where the structured part was an operationalization of the conceptual framework adopted from a previous study of a closely related field. The findings suggest that challenges within Process, Purpose and Communication have emerged in the case study, and that they affect AMO constructs. Further, the juxtaposition of our findings with the conceptual framework used and extant literature within BBC and implementation provides for an adaptation of the conceptual framework. This new framework could be used in future research to extend the research within implementation of BBC and possibly validate our findings in other case studies. / Olika metoder för säljstyrning har i bred utsträckning studerats tillsammans med faktorer som påverkar dess effekt på säljarnas prestation. Beteendebaserad säljstyrning (BBC) har ofta visats öka säljarnas prestation, och nyligen har teorin som grundar sig i Förmåga, Motivation och Möjlighet (AMO) föreslagits för att gruppera de påverkande faktorerna. Emellertid är den befintliga litteraturen med fokus på implementationsfasen av BBC begränsad. Syftet med detta examensarbete är tvådelat: (1) att utforska de utmaningar som uppstår vid implementationen av BBC inom den svenska säljorganisationen på ett globalt medicinteknikföretag (MedTech), och (2) att undersöka om utmaningarna kan förklaras med tidigare forskning. Empiriska data från en fallstudie vid ett medicinteknikföretag används för att utforska de utmaningar som uppstår under implementationen av BBC. Datainsamlingen har skett genom både strukturerade och semistrukturerade intervjuer, där resultat från de strukturerade intervjuerna syftade till att undersöka om ett konceptuellt ramverk som presenterats i en tidigare studie inom ett närliggande område kan vara applicerbart i en bredare kontext. De empiriska resultaten från fallstudien visar att utmaningar inom tre teman, Process, Syfte och Kommunikation, uppstod vid implementationen av BBC, samt att de tre temana i sin tur påverkar säljarnas Förmåga, Motivation och Möjlighet (AMO). Baserat på sammansättningen av resultaten från fallstudien och befintlig litteratur inom BBC och implementation föreslås en utvidgning av det konceptuella ramverk som undersökts. Det nya utvidgade ramverket skulle kunna användas i framtida studier för att utöka forskningen inom implementation av BBC, samt möjligen validera resultaten från detta examensarbete genom ytterligare fallstudier.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-17T17:33:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ruthestefaniasalazargascon.pdf: 12825677 bytes, checksum: d4f1b4c5c63aca50f95a5bc736215fb5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T14:39:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ruthestefaniasalazargascon.pdf: 12825677 bytes, checksum: d4f1b4c5c63aca50f95a5bc736215fb5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T14:39:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ruthestefaniasalazargascon.pdf: 12825677 bytes, checksum: d4f1b4c5c63aca50f95a5bc736215fb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-29 / O Parque Nacional Canaima (PNC) está localizado no sudeste da Venezuela e sua fundação foi promovida para conservação da parte alta da Bacia do Rio Caroní, aonde se localizam as nascentes dos principais Rios que abastecem a Central Hidroelétrica Simón Bolívar (Represa Del Guri) a qual fornece aproximadamente 72% da energia hidroelétrica Nacional. No setor oriental do PNC está localizada a região da GS, que apresenta a maior quantidade de visitantes pelo turismo e tem a maior população de moradores indígenas Pemón dentro de uma área protegida na Venezuela, os quais utilizam o fogo como parte de sua cultura. Nas últimas décadas tem se observado um aumento considerável na frequência de anomalias climáticas e dos incêndios na GS, o que tem sido apontado pelos gestores como o principal agente na diminuição do fornecimento de água na Represa Del Guri. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a frequência e severidade das queimadas que aconteceram na Gran sabana (GS) - Parque Nacional Canaima (PNC) entre 2003 e 2014 em relação aos eventos climáticos extremos como ENOS (El Niño- La Niña/Oscilação do Sul) e AMO (Oscilação do Atlântico Norte) e às dinâmicas próprias da vegetação. Foram usados dados dos focos de calor, dados de pluviosidade, imagens de satélites e dados das anomalias nas Temperaturas da Superfície do Mar (TSM) no Oceano Pacífico. Estimaram-se: correlações de Pearson (r) entre as frequências de queimadas VS as anomalias nas TSM; (r) anomalias na pluviosidade para cada estação VS anomalias nas TSM; Índice Normalizado de Queimadas (INQ); Índice de Vegetação por Diferencia Normalizado (NDVI); quantidade e extensão de cicatrizes de queimadas e mudanças na cobertura do solo. Constatou-se que AMO, em sua fase quente, afeta infimamente a ubiquação da ZCIT e altera a Célula de Hadley aumentando as precipitações na GS; anomalias fase positiva/negativa do ENOS alteram infimamente a Célula de Walker, inibindo/promovendo a pluviosidade e incremento/diminuição na extensão dos períodos de secas na GS; ENOS em fase negativa e AMO em fase quente, simultaneamente, fomentam um incremento nos volumes de precipitação na GS; secas prolongadas contribuem na degradação dos sistemas arbóreos, na expansão dos sistemas herbáceos e no incremento da frequência de queimadas; AMO, La Niña, ou ambas, contribuem para a expansão dos sistemas arbustivos e, em menor grau, na recuperação dos sistemas arbóreos; a distribuição das cicatrizes de queimadas encontra-se fortemente associada às mudanças nos padrões culturais de subsistência da população local. Conclui-se que a severidade e frequências das queimadas na Gran Sabana são um processo multifatorial e multiescalar que acontecem como produto da sincronia de fatores ecossistêmicos (vegetação), sociais (proximidade aos centros populacionais) e climáticos (ENOS e AMO). / The Canaima National Park (PNC) is located in the southeast of Venezuela and its foundation was promoted to the conservation of the Bacía of the Río Caroní, where are the sources of the main rivers that feed the Hydroelectric Central Simón Bolívar (Guri Dam) which provides approximately 72% of the National hydroelectric energy. In the eastern sector of the PNC if located the region of GS, which has the highest number of visitors for tourism and has the largest population of indigenous Pemón residents within a protected area in Venezuela, which use the fire as part of their culture. The last decades has reported an increase frequency of climatic anomalies and fires at Gran Sabana (GS), which has been appointed by the managers as the main agents in the reduction of the supply of water at the Guri dam. Therefore, the objective of this work is to evaluate the frequency and severity of bushfires that occurred in the GS PNC between 2003 and 2014 in relation to extreme weather events as ENSO (El Niño-La Niña/Southern Oscillation) and AMO (Multidecadal Atlantic Oscillation) and the dynamics of the vegetation. Were used data from the sources of heat, rainfall data, satellite imagery, and data from the anomalies in Sea Surface temperatures (SST) in the Pacific Ocean. Estimated: Pearson correlation (r) between fire frequencies VS. the SST anomalies; (r) anomalies in rainfall for each season VS SST: anomalies, normalized Index Burned (INQ), vegetation index (NDVI), Normalized Differentiates amount and extent of burned scars; and changes in land cover. It was found that: AMO in its warm phase, affects insignificantly the population of the ITCZ and changes the cell Hadley increasing precipitation in GS; anomalies positive phase/negative ENSO alter insignificantly the cell Walker, inhibiting/promoting rainfall and an increase/decrease in the length of dry periods in GS; ENSO negative phase and AMO warm phase simultaneously encourage an increase in rainfall volumes in GS; prolonged droughts contribute to the degradation of arboreal systems, the expansion of herbaceous systems and increases the frequency of fires; AMO, La Niña , or both, contribute to the growth of shrubs systems and to a lesser extent, to the recovery of arboreal systems; the distribution of burned scars is strongly associated with changes in cultural patterns of livelihood of the local population. It is concluded that the severity and frequency of fires in the Gran Sabana is a multifactorial process and multiscale that happen as a product of sync ecosystem factors (vegetation), social (proximity to population centers) and climate (ENSO and AMO).

The 87Rb 49s->48s Rydberg state transition was rendered insensitive to electric field fluctuations about a 1V/cm dc electric field. This was accomplished by applying a non-resonant 38.445GHz microwave field to modify the electric dipole moment difference between the two states involved. This effect can be used to preserve the coherence of Rydberg state qubits in the presence of varying electric fields.

The 87Rb 49s->48s Rydberg state transition was rendered insensitive to electric field fluctuations about a 1V/cm dc electric field. This was accomplished by applying a non-resonant 38.445GHz microwave field to modify the electric dipole moment difference between the two states involved. This effect can be used to preserve the coherence of Rydberg state qubits in the presence of varying electric fields.

Amorphous manganese oxide has been already successfully tested as an efficient amendment for limiting the mobile fraction of risk elements in soil. However, its application is accompanied with an unsolicited phenomenon of increased dissolution of this agent related to oxidation of soil organic matter. For that reason, surface modification of the studied Mn oxide with the layer of MnCO3 has been proposed (Sm-AMO). The subject of this thesis is to assess the effectiveness of chemical stabilization of two contaminated soils using Sm-AMO with a focus on Zn and to verify the stability Sm-AMO based on laboratory experiments. The results of preliminary stability testing of both materials in demineralized water confirmed that Sm-AMO is less soluble than the original AMO. However, this fact was not confirmed by the results of testing of AMO and Sm-AMO performed using pH-static leaching experiments, when no differences were observed between AMO and Sm-AMO stability based statistical analysis, except for the natural pH (6.03) in the Litavka soil (soil L). Both sorbents yielded greater stability with increasing pH. Adsorption kinetics of Pb, Zn, Cd and As, which are present in the tested soils, onto AMO and Sm-AMO was studied to compare the adsorption properties of both materials. Affinity of these metals was generally higher towards AMO, but the recorded equilibrium time was similar for both sorbents. The results of adsorption kinetics for both materials tested showed the highest sorption rate and the highest adsorbed amount for Pb and the lowest for Zn. Similar results were also observed at pH-static leaching experiment. Stabilization effectiveness of Sm-AMO compared to AMO was mainly demonstrated for Pb and As under natural pH conditions (pH 6,03 and 6,43) of Litavka and Smolotely soils. Considering the stabilization of Zn statistically significant stabilizing effect of AMO/Sm-AMO was observed only at pH 8, when the AMO showed to be more effective. The effectiveness of Sm-AMO for the immobilization of Zn was not as significant as expected, but compared with other immobilization amendments Sm-AMO is an effective sorbent for Zn stabilization.

No description available.

Non-linear optical processes such as coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and sum frequency generation offer a view into the chemical and biological interactions of molecules that is distinctly different from linear techniques like near infra-red and fluorescence. This insight comes at a cost: non-linear techniques are more sensitive to external perturbations of the system, increasing the noise and decreasing the repeatability of the data. We work here on both aspects of these non-linear techniques, taking advantage of their power to offer new imaging techniques as well as working to quantify and reduce the non-resonant noise inherent to the system. In pursuit of the first part, we look at formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue samples. This is the most common form of tissue storage in the world. However, the paraffin renders them unavailable for spectroscopic study. We introduce a new technique, combination coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy and sum frequency generation microscopy, to avoid the issue of paraffin signal contamination. This high resolution, widefield technique allows for the separate identification of paraffin and the tissue embedded within it. We show in this work the capability of this technique to enable high throughput automated detection of osteoporosis in mice. In pursuit of the second part, we demonstrate experimentally for the first time, deferred build up in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. We show that coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering signal is maximized when the probe pulse is delayed by an amount dependent on the probe width and the material itself. Non-resonant contamination, however, is maximized when the probe delay is zero, meaning that it is possible to decrease the non-resonant noise while increasing the desired signal. We also show that the dephasing time is inversely dependent on the probe width, so narrower probe pulses allow for further delayed probe pulses, which in turn decrease non-resonant noise more. We demonstrate this technique by looking at the effects of hydrogen bonding in pyridine-water complexes.