Partial denitrification anammox (PdNA) is an emerging wastewater treatment technology with the potential to increase process capacity and save on energy and carbon. PdNA circumvents potential issues with stability of the more familiar mainstream partial nitritation anammox (PNA) process. The PdNA process can be used to effectively remove ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite from mainstream municipal waste streams. To retain slow growing anammox, some sort of retention system is needed with media being a common solution to this problem. PdNA has been successfully implemented in mainstream full-scale systems in sand filters and with moving media. The goal of this study was to assess the denitrifying capabilities, anammox treatment capacity, and effective surface area to volume of two types of fixed media. A nitrifying pilot was set up to assess the effective surface area to volume. To assess the nitrifying and anammox ammonia removal capabilities of the fixed media, a fixed media PdNA system was installed in the second anoxic zone of a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant. The fixed media system consisted of three modules of sheets modified to mimic a plug flow system. After accounting for the estimated nitrate removal from mixed liquor, denitrification rates normalized to media surface area were 0.52 +/- 1.9 g/m2-day in the first module, 0.62 +/- 0.91 g/m2-day for the second module, and 0.56 +/- 0.90 g/m2-day for the third module. In ex situ batch testing it was found that maximum ex-situ anammox ammonia removal rates for the / Master of Science / Urban population growth has created a two-pronged problem for wastewater treatment plants. Plants in populated areas are seeing increases in flow along with growing space restrictions that limit new infrastructure construction. Additionally, rising environmental awareness from the public has spurred regulatory agencies to impose tighter limits on the quality of water leaving plants and entering sensitive watersheds. These factors have driven a need for treatment techniques that allow plants to operate better with their existing equipment. Overall, this concept is known as process intensification. One such method that treatment plants are using to intensify wastewater treatment is the addition of plastic media into their existing tanks. This media provides additional surfaces for the microorganisms that biodegrade the pollutants in the wastewater to grow and allows waste to be treated faster in the same area. It also allows slow growing organisms to be retained in the system that would otherwise not have time to grow. Such slow-growing microbes are especially critical for the removal of ammonia, a toxic form of nitrogen that occurs in high concentrations in wastewater. The partial denitrification-anammox process is an intensification process that leverages microbial metabolisms to convert nitrate to nitrite instead of denitrifying the nitrate all the way to nitrogen gas. Plants then let more ammonia pass through the aeration zone, where ammonia is converted to nitrate. The bleed through ammonia and the nitrite generated from partial denitrification is used by microbes called anammox, which denitrify without the addition of carbon. The full denitrification process requires externally added carbon, which is energy intensive to produce and expensive, and aeration requires energy to run the aeration blowers. Bypassing the full denitrification process using PdNA results in two-fold cost and energy savings. The plastic media help slow-growing anammox bacteria attach and grow to achieve this aim. Most of the plants that use plastic media use media that is free floating in the tank. However, certain plants cannot use this floating plastic media because it can either plug up the system, or flow to the end of the treatment tank and have no way to get back to the front. In instances such as these it could be beneficial to use a type of media that is fixed in place. One potential use of fixed media that has never been tried before is with partial denitrification with anammox. This research sets out to evaluate the effectiveness of fixed media with use in a partial denitrification anammox process and compare it to a treatment tank of moving media that is present at the same plant to find out whether it may be a viable option for retrofitting plants that cannot use moving media.

Ett av riksdagens miljömål är att minska övergödande faktorer. En källa till övergödning är kväveutsläpp från avloppsreningsverk. Arvidstorps avloppsreningsverk i Trollhättan väntar en ökad inkommande belastning på grund av befolkningsökning i området samt skarpare krav på utgående halt utsläppt kväve. Detta innebär att planer på att bygga en ny anläggning har satts i verket för att kunna hantera den ökande belastningen. Eventuellt kommer den nya anläggningen inte bli klar innan de nya kraven kommer. Detta gör att reningsverket utreder andra alternativ för att reducera kväve ur avloppsvattnet som kan tas i drift innan den nya anläggningen är klar. Ett alternativ till kväverening är att använda rejektvattenrening eftersom denna avloppsström innehåller höga koncentrationer kväve. Ett annat problem som reningsverket står inför är att kostnaderna för att hantera det avvattnade slammet förväntas öka. Reningsverket utreder därför alternativ för att minska slamvolymen. En biokolsanläggning där biokol tillverkas av det avvattnade slammet skulle kunna vara ett alternativ. Fördelen är att slamvolymen minskar samt att biokol kan användas som vattenrening då det har förmågan att adsorbera ämnen. I detta arbete har två olika tekniker för att rena kväve ur rejektströmmen på Arvidstorps reningsverk studerats. Dessa är dels en beprövad teknik som kallas deammonifikation där kväve renas med bakterier, och dels biokolsadsorption som kvävereningsmetod vilket inte är en lika etablerad reningsteknik på kommunala reningsverk. Deammonifikationsprocessen finns som flera olika tekniker där den som valts för detta arbete är ANITA Mox. ANITA Mox finns som två tillämpningar där den ena är MBBR (Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor) och den andra är IFAS (Integrated Fixed Film Activate Sludge). Målet med detta arbete var att göra en investeingskalkylering för att bedöma hur ekonomiskt försvarbart det är att installera ANITA Mox MBBR eller ANITA Mox IFAS samt uppskatta kvävereningskapaciteten för alternativet med biokolsadsorption. Inga ekonomiska aspekter togs hänsyn till för det senare alternativet.  För beräkningarna byggdes modeller i Excel och två olika experiment utfördes. Pyrolysering av rötrest till biokol och adsorption, samt ett luftningsförsök för att bestämma faktorer som krävs vid beräkning av luftbehov för deammonifikationsprocessen. ANITA Mox MBBR ha de lägsta årskostnaderna, trots att IFAS kan reducera mer kväve och därmed har lägre driftkostnader. IFAS kräver dessutom en mindre volym total sett med reaktor och sedimenteringsbassäng inräknat, men anledningen till den högre kostnaden är de extra instrument och komponenter som krävs till sedimenteringsbassängen med slamretur och den kortare livslängden på dessa komponenter som ger den högre årskostnaden. Biokol som reningsmetod är inte en lämplig metod då det krävs 66 gånger mer rötrest för att producera den mängd biokol som krävs för att rena rejektvattnet. Den rötrest som kommer produceras i en framtida anläggning kan endast reducera 1,5 % av kvävemängden. / One of the environmental goals for the Swedish parliament is to reduce eutrophic factors. A source of eutrophication is nitrogen emissions from waste water treatment plants. Arvidstorp's waste water treatment plant in Trollhättan expects a population increase and sharper requirements for outgoing nitrogen emissions. This means that plans to build a new plant have been put into operation in order to handle the increasing load. The new facility may not be ready before the new requirements come. The waste water treatment plant is therefore investigating other options for reducing nitrogen from the wastewater. An alternative to nitrogen removal is to use reject water purification since this sewage stream contains high concentrations of nitrogen. Another problem facing the waste water treatment plant is that the costs of handling the dewatered sludge is expected to increase. The treatment plant is therefore looking for alternatives to reduce the sludge volume. A biomass pyrolysis plant where biochar is produced by the dewatered sludge could be an alternative since the advantage is that the sludge volume is reduced and that biochar can be used as water purification as it has the ability to adsorb substances. In this work, two different techniques to remove nitrogen from the reject stream at Arvidstorp's treatment plant has been studied. One is a proven technique called deammonification where nitrogen is purified with bacteria, the other one is biochar adsorption as a nitrogen removal process, however not an equally established purification technique on municipal waste water treatment plants. Several different techniques exists as deammonification processes. The one chosen for this work is ANITA Mox. ANITA Mox is available as two implementations where one is MBBR and the other is IFAS. The goals of this work was to make an investment calculation to assess how economically justifiable it is to install either ANITA Mox MBBR or ANITA Mox IFAS and to estimate the nitrogen removal capacity of the alternative with biochar adsorption. No economic aspects were taken into account for the latter option. For the calculations, models were built in Excel and two different experiments were performed. Pyrolysis of digestion residue for biochar production and adsorption, as well as an aeration test to determine the factors required when calculating the air demand for the deammonification process. ANITA Mox MBBR has the lowest annual costs, even though IFAS can reduce more nitrogen and thus have a greater impact on operating costs. IFAS also requires a smaller reactor volume. The reasons for the higher cost are the extra instruments required for the sedimentation basin and the shorter life span of these components which gives the higher annual cost. Biochar as a purification method is not a suitable method as it requires 66 times more sludge to produce the amount of biochar required to purify the reject water. The sludge that will be produced in a future plant can only reduce 1.5% of the nitrogen load.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:46:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiane.pdf: 1885862 bytes, checksum: aad0cd61161687c2e8f1680f61ea38b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-01 / The poultry slaughter industries have been producing an effluent with nitrogen which, when released in watercourses, can have strong impact on natural environments. Mostly, the conventional treatment systems are not able to remove nutrients in the right levels that are demanded by Brazilian legislation. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt post-treatment mechanisms to remove those composts. Thus, the present study aimed at evaluating and comparing both reactors performance concerning partial nitritation with a sequential batch reactor and a continuous flow one, whose biomass is under suspension at pre-ANAMMOX treatment using poultry slaughter effluent. Two reactors were used in this trial: the first model is in the sequential batch, in which the time reductions in cycle of 24, 16, 6, 5 and 4 hours were tested as a mechanism of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria inhibition. The conditions of low concentration of dissolved oxygen, ammonia inhibition or restriction of free alkalinity were also associated in this process. While, nitrite-oxidizing organisms Inhibition was achieved with a 4 hour time cycle, with low dissolved oxygen concentration (0.3 to 0.5 mg.L-1) and supplying alkalinity as carbonates and bicarbonates to 50% ammonia oxidation (restriction alkalinity). A four hour time was not enough to achieve 50% oxidation of ammonia. Then, there were partial nitritation tests according to time, consequently such cycle time reached up an average of 6.03 ± 0.63 hours. So, the continuous flow reactor started working with the best batch conditions, which was operated with a 6 hour HRT, SSV in 2700 mg.L-1 inoculation and 0.015 L.h-1 recycle flow. When the data removal began, the reactor showed a nitrate accumulation as a strategy to inhibit nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, so, there was a reduction in SSV to 1500 mg.L-1, which was effective to inhibit nitrite-oxidizing organisms. But, during the 40 days of operation, the continuous flow reactor did not show stable behavior concerning the effluent attainment as compared to 50% ammoniacal nitrogen and 50% nitrite, available in the pre-ANAMMOX affluent. / As indústrias de abate de aves produzem um efluente nitrogenado, o qual quando lançado em corpos d água pode ter forte impacto sobre os sistemas naturais. Os sistemas de tratamento convencionais muitas vezes não são capazes de promover a remoção de nutrientes de modo a satisfazer a legislação vigente. Portanto, faz-se necessária a adoção de mecanismos de pós-tratamento para a remoção desses compostos. O presente estudo se propôs a avaliar e comparar o desempenho de dois reatores quanto à nitritação parcial, sendo um reator em batelada sequencial e um reator de fluxo contínuo, com biomassa em suspensão no tratamento pré-ANAMMOX de efluente de abate de aves. Neste experimento, foram utilizados dois reatores, o primeiro no modelo em batelada sequencial, em que foram testadas como mecanismo de inibição das bactérias oxidadoras de nitrito as reduções de tempos de ciclo de 24, 16, 6, 5 e 4 horas, associando ainda as condições de baixa concentração de oxigênio dissolvido, inibição por amônia livre ou restrição de alcalinidade. A inibição dos organismos oxidantes de nitrito foi alcançada com tempo de ciclo de 4 horas, baixa concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (na faixa de 0,3 a 0,5 mg.L-1) e fornecimento de alcalinidade na forma de carbonatos e bicarbonatos para oxidação de 50% da amônia (restrição de alcalinidade). O tempo de 4 horas foi insuficiente para atingir a oxidação de 50% da amônia então partiu-se para os testes de nitritação parcial em função do tempo e atingiu-se o tempo de ciclo médio de 6,03±0,63h. Assim, deu-se início à operação do reator em fluxo contínuo com as melhores condições do reator em batelada, o qual foi operado com TDH de 6 horas, SSV na inoculação de 2700 mg.L-1 e vazão de reciclo de 0,015L.h-1. No início da retirada de dados, o reator apresentou acúmulo de nitrato e, como estratégia de inibição das bactérias nitratadoras, houve a redução de SSV para 1500 mg.L-1, eficaz para a inibição dos organismos oxidantes de nitrito. Porém, durante os 40 dias de operação do reator de fluxo contínuo, o mesmo não apresentou comportamento estável quanto à obtenção de efluente com relação de 50% nitrogênio amoniacal e 50% nitrito, desejável no afluente pré-ANAMMOX.

I och med övergödningsproblematiken i Östersjön och Sveriges åtaganden i samband med Baltic Sea Action Plan kommer det i framtiden ställas högre krav på rening av kväve från de större avloppsreningsverken i Sverige. Anammox är processen där ammonium oxideras till kvävgas med nitrit som elektonacceptor. Anammox har under den senare tiden implementerats för rejektvattenbehandling i avloppsreningsverk runt om i världen.  När anammox används för att rena ammonium krävs att ca hälften av inkommande ammonium oxideras till nitrit genom nitritation. Detta steg utförs av ammoniakoxiderande bakterier (AOB) vilka kräver en aerob miljö. Den kombinerade processen med anammox och nitritation kallas deammonifikation. På Sjölunda avloppsreningsverk i Malmö har en pilotstudie, i sammarbete med VA-teknik på Lunds Tekniska Högskola, startats för att undersöka potentialen i att implementera deammonifikation i huvudströmmen på reningsverket. Detta examensarbete har syftat till att utarbeta metoder för aktivitetstest av anammox och AOB på bärarmaterial från pilotanläggningen. Med de utarbetade metoderna studerades sedan anammoxbakteriernas aktivitet vid förändrad temperatur. Eftersom anammox producerar kvävgas kunde en metod som baseras på tryckmätning utarbetas för att bestämma anammoxaktiviteten. Metoden visade sig vara tidseffektiv och enkel att utföra. I examensarbetet framkom resultat som visar på att anammox­aktiviteten är beroende av startkoncentrationen av nitrit vid startkoncentrationer under 75 milligram kväve per liter (mg N/l). Beroendet följer av diffusionsbegränsningar i biofilmen vid lägre koncentrationer. Vid startkoncentrationer i intervallet 75-150 mg N/l var aktiviteten oberoende av startkoncentrationen. Vid koncentrationer över 150 mg N/l konstaterades en aktivitetsminskning som troligtvis beror på nitritinhibering. Metoden som arbetades fram för aktivitetstest av AOB baserades på att mäta syrerespirationen innan och efter tillsats av ammonium i en alternerande syresatt reaktor. I metoden skulle en inhibitor för nitritoxiderande bakterier, NaClO3, tillsättas vid slutet av försöket för att säkerställa att dessa bakterier inte konsumerar syre och därmed påverkar resultatet. Vid tillsats av inhibitorn uppstod en orimligt stor aktivitetsförlust som tyder på att denna även inhiberar AOB.  Anammoxaktivitetens temperaturberoende analyserades genom aktivitetsmätning vid fyra temperaturer, i intervallet 11,1-24,9 °C. Försöken visade att förhållandet var exponentiellt och att vid en temperatursänkning från 24,9 °C till 11,1 °C förloras 93 % av aktiviteten. / Given the problem with eutrophication in the Baltic Sea and Sweden's obligations in the Baltic Sea Action Plan, a higher requirement on the removal of nitrogen from the major wastewater treatment plants is expected to be set in the future. Anammox is the process where ammonium is oxidized to nitrogen gas with nitrite as electron acceptor. Anammox has been implemented for treatment of the sludge liquor in wastewater treatment plants around the world. When anammox is used to reduce ammonium, the process requires about half the incoming ammonium to be oxidized into nitrite. This is conducted by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) that require an aerobic environment. The combined process with anammox and nitritation is called deammonification. A pilot study is taking place at Sjölunda Wastewater Treatment Plant in Malmö in collaboration with Water and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University. The aim of the pilot study is to explore the potential of implementing deammonification in the main stream at the wastewater treatment plant. The aim of this Master Theisis is to develop methods for activity tests of Anammox and AOB on carrier material. The elaborated methods were then supposed to be used to study the change in activity with decreasing temperature.  Since anammox produces nitrogen gas a method based on pressure measurements was developed to determine the anammox activity. The results in this thesis showed that the anammox activity was dependent of the initial concentration of nitrite at concentrations below 75 mg N / L. This dependence is a result of the limitations of the diffusion in the biofilm at low concentrations. When the initial concentration of nitrite was within the range of 75 to 150 mg N / L the activity was independent of the initial concentration. At concentrations above 150 mg N / L there was a decrease in activity which probably occurred as a result of nitrite inhibition. To determine the activity of AOB a method based on the oxygen consumption rate was developed. The aeration switched between being turned on and off every five minutes and after some rounds of aereation, ammonium was added. The AOB activity was determined by calculating the difference between the oxygen consumption before and after the addition of ammonium. To ensure that nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were not consuming any oxygen, NaClO3 was added at the end of the experiment. The resulting decrease in activity was too excessive to only represent the activity loss from only NOB which may suggest that NaClO3 also inhibits AOB. The temperature dependence of anammox activity was analyzed in activity tests at four temperatures in the range of 11.1 to 24.0°C. The experiments concluded that the relationship was exponential and by a drop in temperature from 24.9 ° C to 11.1 °C 93% of the activity was lost.

Resurseffektiv kvävereduktion genom nitritation Problematiken med övergödning i våra akvatiska system har lett till hårdare krav på kväverening vid våra reningsverk. En rejektvattenbehandling har visat sig vara ett bra alternativ för att utöka kvävereningen. Vid Nykvarnsverket i Linköping renas avloppsvatten och sedan 2009 finns en SHARON-anläggning i drift. SHARON står för ”Stable High rate Ammonia Removal Over Nitrite” och är en kvävereningsprocess för rejektvatten utvecklad av Grontmij i samarbete med Tekniska universitetet i Delft. I denna studie har SHARON-processen i Linköping undersökts. Dess funktion har utvärderats, drift- och underhållsbehov har studerats och nyckeltal för processen har tagits fram. Arbetet har utförts under våren 2012 genom teoretiska studier samt genom platsbesök och praktiska undersökningar vid Nykvarnsverket i Linköping. Resultaten av denna studie visar att SHARON-processen i Linköping renar ammonium med en reningsgrad på 92,5 %. Denna kväverening motsvarar 18 % av reningsverkets totala kvävereduktion trots att endast cirka 0,5 % av det totala flödet genom reningsverket behandlas. Kostnaden för den utökade kvävereningen är 9,3 kr/kg N och energiåtgången är 2,2 kWh/kg N. Processen har sedan idrifttagandet haft undermålig luftningskapacitet. Detta har troligen lett till den instabilitet som processen uppvisat och att den uppsatta reningsgraden på 97 % inte nås. På grund av låga syrehalter finns Anammoxbakterier i SHARON-reaktorn. Anammoxbakterierna påverkar kvävereningen, men i vilken utsträckning detta sker är inte klarlagt. En ny blåsmaskin är i drift sedan den 30 april och luftningskapaciteten motsvarar nu ursprunglig processdesign. Effekten av den utökade luftningen behöver utvärderas ytterligare. De stöddoseringar av bland annat fosfor och koppar, som är nödvändiga för mikroorganismernas tillväxt, kan exempelvis behöva justeras då processen reagerat på den utökade syretillförseln. / Resource-efficient nitrogen removal through nitritation Eutrophication in our aquatic systems has led to stricter limits regarding nitrogen removal at our wastewater treatment plants. Side stream treatment of reject water has proven to be a good alternative for extended nitrogen removal. At Nykvarnsverket, in Linköping municipality, in Sweden a SHARON-process has been operational since 2009. SHARON stands for ”Stable High rate Ammonia Removal Over Nitrite” and is a nitrogen removal reject water treatment process developed by Grontmij and Delft University of Technology. In this study the function of the SHARON-process in Linköping has been evaluated. The operating and maintenance costs have been calculated. The study has been performed during the spring of 2012 through theoretical studies and practical investigations at Nykvarnsverket in Linköping. The results show that the SHARON-process in Linköping removes ammonia with an efficiency of 92.5 %. This nitrogen removal corresponds to 18 % of the total nitrogen removal at Nykvarnsverket, in spite of the fact that the reject water treatment constitutes only 0.5 % of the treatment plant’s total hydraulic capacity. The cost of the extended nitrogen removal was 9.3 SEK/kg N and the energy consumption was 2.2 kWh/kg N. Ever since the process was put into operation, there has been a lack of aeration capacity. This is probably the cause of the process instability and the fact that the nitrogen removal efficiency does not reach the design value of 97 %. Because of the low levels of dissolved oxygen there are Anammox-bacteria present in the process. The Anammox-bacteria affect the nitrogen removal, but exactly to what extent has not been determined. A new blower is in operation since the 30th of April and the aeration capacity now corresponds to the original design. The effect of the increased aeration needs further evaluation. The aid dosages of copper and phosphorous, important for the growth of the microorganisms, may need to be fine-tuned when the process has reacted to the increased oxygen supply.

An alternative to conventional removal of nitrogen through autotrophic nitrification and heterotrophic denitrification is autotrophic nitritation-anammox. The anammox bacteria oxidise ammonium directly to nitrogen gas with nitrite as an electron acceptor. Total autotrophic removal of nitrogen in the mainstream would bring wastewater treatment plants closer to being energy self-sufficient as it would allow for a significant reduction of aeration and an increased chemical oxygen demand reduction in the pre-treatment. An increased chemical oxygen demand reduction by mechanical treatment would potentially generate a greater biogas yield in the subsequent anaerobic digestion of the sludge. Nitritation-anammox processes have been successfully implemented over the world for treatment of ammonium rich sludge liquor of higher temperatures, while the feasibility of a mainstream implementation is still under evaluation. Lower ammonium concentrations, lower operating temperatures and better effluent quality represent the main challenges considering this energy autarkic treatment technique. Terminating nitrification at nitritation, i.e. favouring ammonia-oxidising bacteria while supressing nitrite-oxidising bacteria, is vital for a functioning nitritation-anammox process. This study aims to evaluate the suppressive effect of intermittent aeration on nitrite- oxidising bacteria while sustaining anammox activity by ex-situ batch tests in a pilot-scale moving bed biofilm reactor at Sjölunda Wastewater Treatment Plant in Malmö, Sweden. The pilot plant consists of one reactor treating sludge liquor and two mainstream reactors, connected in series, receiving effluent from a high-loaded activated sludge plant. The batch test showed a slight decrease of nitrite-oxidising bacteria activity when the reactors were intermittently aerated. Some loss in activity is expected as oxygen supply is decreased when aeration is switched from continuous to intermittent. Furthermore, the decrease coincided with an increased organic carbon loading favouring fast growing heterotrophic bacteria. The decrease in nitrite-oxidising bacteria activity can thereby be coupled with an increased competition for dissolved oxygen and space with heterotrophic bacteria. The suppression of nitrite-oxidising bacteria was not selective as results indicate a decrease in ammonia-oxidising bacteria activity as well. The nitrogen removal rate was decreased during the study while the potential anammox activity was stable in the mainstream and increased in the sludge liquor reactor. This indicates that the anammox bacteria are not hampered but rather that the availability of nitrite, i.e. the activity of ammonia-oxidising bacteria, is the limiting factor of the process. / Ett alternativ till konventionell kväverening via autotrof nitrifikation och heterotrof denitrifikation är autotrof nitritation-anammox. Anammoxbakterien oxiderar ammonium direkt till kvävgas med nitrit som elektronacceptor. Fullständigt autotrof kväverening skulle föra avloppsreningsverk närmare ett självförsörjande energiläge då luftningsbehovet minskas signifikant och en ökad reduktion av organiskt kol via mekanisk rening skulle möjliggöras. Den ökade reduktionen av organiskt kol ger potentiellt en ökad biogasproduktion i den efterkommande anaeroba rötningen av slammet. Framgångsrika nitritation-anammoxprocesser har implementerats över världen för behandling av ammoniumrikt rejektvatten med högre temperatur medan möjligheten för en huvudströmsimplementation utreds. Lägre ammoniumkoncentrationer, lägre drift- temperaturer och höga krav på utgående vattens kvalitet utgör de största utmaningarna för denna reningsteknik. Att avbryta nitrifikation vid nitritation, det vill säga gynna ammoniakoxiderande bakterier och hämma nitritoxiderande bakterier är vitalt för en fungerande nitritation- anammoxprocess. Denna studie ämnar att utvärdera den hämmande effekten av intermittent luftning på nitritoxiderande bakterier samtidigt som anammoxaktiviteten bibehålls. Detta gjordes med hjälp av ex situ -aktivitetstest med bärare från en bioreaktor i pilotskala med rörligt bärarmaterial på Sjölunda Avloppsreningsverk i Malmö. Pilotanläggningen består av en reaktor för behandling av rejektvatten och två huvudströmsreaktorer, kopplade i serie, som mottar vatten från Sjölundas högbelastade aktivslamanläggning. Aktivitetstesterna visade att aktiviteten av nitritoxiderande bakterier sjönk något. En viss minskning i aktiviteten är dock förväntad enbart utifrån att tillförseln av syre minskat då luftningsstrategin ändrats från kontinuerlig till intermittent. Minskningen av aktiviteten sammanföll även med en ökad belastning av organiskt kol, vilket gynnar snabbväxande heterotrofer. Den minskade aktiviteten av nitritoxiderande bakterier kan därmed förklaras av en ökad konkurrens med heterotrofa bakterier om löst syre och plats. De nitritoxiderande bakterierna hämmades inte selektivt då resultaten tyder på att det även skett en minskning av de ammoniakoxiderande bakteriernas aktivitet. Kväverenings- hastigheten har gått ned under studien medan den potentiella anammoxaktiviteten har varit stabil i huvudströmsreaktorerna och har ökat i rejektvattenreaktorn. Detta indikerar att anammoxbakterierna inte blivit hämmade utan att det snarare är tillgången på nitrit, det vill säga aktiviteten av ammoniakoxiderande bakterier, som är begränsande för processen.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:23:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiane.pdf: 1885862 bytes, checksum: aad0cd61161687c2e8f1680f61ea38b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-01 / The poultry slaughter industries have been producing an effluent with nitrogen which, when released in watercourses, can have strong impact on natural environments. Mostly, the conventional treatment systems are not able to remove nutrients in the right levels that are demanded by Brazilian legislation. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt post-treatment mechanisms to remove those composts. Thus, the present study aimed at evaluating and comparing both reactors performance concerning partial nitritation with a sequential batch reactor and a continuous flow one, whose biomass is under suspension at pre-ANAMMOX treatment using poultry slaughter effluent. Two reactors were used in this trial: the first model is in the sequential batch, in which the time reductions in cycle of 24, 16, 6, 5 and 4 hours were tested as a mechanism of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria inhibition. The conditions of low concentration of dissolved oxygen, ammonia inhibition or restriction of free alkalinity were also associated in this process. While, nitrite-oxidizing organisms Inhibition was achieved with a 4 hour time cycle, with low dissolved oxygen concentration (0.3 to 0.5 mg.L-1) and supplying alkalinity as carbonates and bicarbonates to 50% ammonia oxidation (restriction alkalinity). A four hour time was not enough to achieve 50% oxidation of ammonia. Then, there were partial nitritation tests according to time, consequently such cycle time reached up an average of 6.03 ± 0.63 hours. So, the continuous flow reactor started working with the best batch conditions, which was operated with a 6 hour HRT, SSV in 2700 mg.L-1 inoculation and 0.015 L.h-1 recycle flow. When the data removal began, the reactor showed a nitrate accumulation as a strategy to inhibit nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, so, there was a reduction in SSV to 1500 mg.L-1, which was effective to inhibit nitrite-oxidizing organisms. But, during the 40 days of operation, the continuous flow reactor did not show stable behavior concerning the effluent attainment as compared to 50% ammoniacal nitrogen and 50% nitrite, available in the pre-ANAMMOX affluent. / As indústrias de abate de aves produzem um efluente nitrogenado, o qual quando lançado em corpos d água pode ter forte impacto sobre os sistemas naturais. Os sistemas de tratamento convencionais muitas vezes não são capazes de promover a remoção de nutrientes de modo a satisfazer a legislação vigente. Portanto, faz-se necessária a adoção de mecanismos de pós-tratamento para a remoção desses compostos. O presente estudo se propôs a avaliar e comparar o desempenho de dois reatores quanto à nitritação parcial, sendo um reator em batelada sequencial e um reator de fluxo contínuo, com biomassa em suspensão no tratamento pré-ANAMMOX de efluente de abate de aves. Neste experimento, foram utilizados dois reatores, o primeiro no modelo em batelada sequencial, em que foram testadas como mecanismo de inibição das bactérias oxidadoras de nitrito as reduções de tempos de ciclo de 24, 16, 6, 5 e 4 horas, associando ainda as condições de baixa concentração de oxigênio dissolvido, inibição por amônia livre ou restrição de alcalinidade. A inibição dos organismos oxidantes de nitrito foi alcançada com tempo de ciclo de 4 horas, baixa concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (na faixa de 0,3 a 0,5 mg.L-1) e fornecimento de alcalinidade na forma de carbonatos e bicarbonatos para oxidação de 50% da amônia (restrição de alcalinidade). O tempo de 4 horas foi insuficiente para atingir a oxidação de 50% da amônia então partiu-se para os testes de nitritação parcial em função do tempo e atingiu-se o tempo de ciclo médio de 6,03±0,63h. Assim, deu-se início à operação do reator em fluxo contínuo com as melhores condições do reator em batelada, o qual foi operado com TDH de 6 horas, SSV na inoculação de 2700 mg.L-1 e vazão de reciclo de 0,015L.h-1. No início da retirada de dados, o reator apresentou acúmulo de nitrato e, como estratégia de inibição das bactérias nitratadoras, houve a redução de SSV para 1500 mg.L-1, eficaz para a inibição dos organismos oxidantes de nitrito. Porém, durante os 40 dias de operação do reator de fluxo contínuo, o mesmo não apresentou comportamento estável quanto à obtenção de efluente com relação de 50% nitrogênio amoniacal e 50% nitrito, desejável no afluente pré-ANAMMOX.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor achieving partial nitritation/anammox process to treat reject water after dewatering of digested sludge. During the study period, dissolved oxygen setpoint, aeration mode and inflow loading were changed to evaluate their influence on the process performance and efficiency in the reactor. Four different values for dissolved oxygen setpoint were tested: 2.0 mg/L, 1.8 mg/L, 1.5mg/L and 1.3 mg/L. Three different aeration modes in a one-hour cycle were tested: 30 min, 35 min, 40 min. And two different inflow loadings were tested: 2 g N/m2∙d and 1.6 g N/m2∙d. Discussion and evaluation were based on laboratory analyses and online sensors. The highest achieved total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency was 85.6%, at 40 min aeration per hour, 2.0 mg/L dissolved oxygen and with 2 g N/m2∙day inflow NH4-N loading. Specific anammox activity (SAA) tests were also done for the anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria in biofilm attached to the carriers in the IFAS reactor, and the results showed that the bacteria could achieve a higher nitrogen removal rate than in the pilot-scale IFAS reactor.

Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution is still a serious environmental problem and a major threat to sustainable development, as they mainly cause eutrophication. Therefore, increasingly stricter requirements are placed on wastewater treatment plants when it comes to emissions of nutrients. To meet these requirements, it is important to continuously renew and improve the purification processes, thereby reducing the emissions of nutrients to the sea, lakes, and streams. The effect of simultaneous nitrogen removal and phosphorus recycling was investigated in this study, employing a one-step process for partial nitritation/anammox-hydroxyapatite (PN/HAP). An experiment in a laboratory-scale SBR reactor (Sequence Batch Reactor) was performed using wastewater from the side-stream centrate. This study validated results to a certain extent published studies by other researchers. However, they had almost exclusively used synthetic wastewater, unlike the here presented where real wastewater was used. The innovative PN/A-HAP process showed effective nitrogen and phosphorus removal without additional aeration or pH adjustment, which means lower energy consumption, reduced nitrous oxide emissions, and reduced sludge production. The results showed an average nitrogen removal efficiency of 32.84% and an average phosphorus removal efficiency of 71.48%. These results indicate significant potential for sustainable wastewater management for some nitrogen and phosphorus side streams at the treatment plants. However, further research is required on a larger scale to precisely assess the long-term separation efficiency for nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as the scalability and usability of the process under real conditions.  This Thesis was performed in the frame of a research project 'Process development of CA-induced HAP (Hydroxyapatite) granulation in nitrogen separation with Anammox' funded by the VA Cluster Mälardalen. / Kväve- och fosforföroreningar är fortfarande ett allvarligt miljöproblem och ett stort hot mot en hållbar utveckling, eftersom de främst orsakar övergödning. Därför ställs allt strängare krav på avloppsreningsverken när det gäller utsläpp av näringsämnen. För att uppfylla dessa strängare krav är det viktigt att kontinuerligt förnya och förbättra reningsprocesserna och därigenom minska utsläppen av näringsämnen till hav, sjöar och vattendrag. I denna studie undersöktes effekten av samtidig kväveavskiljning och fosforåtervinning från avloppsvatten med hjälp av en enstegsprocess för partiell nitritering/Anammox-Hydroxyapatit (PN/HAP). Ett experiment i laboratorieskala genomfördes med hjälp av en SBR-reaktor (sequence batch reactor) för behandling av avloppsvatten från sidoströmscentrat. Denna studie validerade delvis resultat från andra forskares publicerade studier.Dessa hade dock nästan uteslutande använt syntetiskt avloppsvatten till skillnad från den här presenterade där riktigt avloppsvatten användes. Den innovativa PN/A-HAP-processen visade effektiv kväve- och fosforavskiljning utan behov av ytterligare luftning eller pH-justering, vilket i praktiken betyder lägre energiförbrukning, minskade lustgasutsläpp och minskad slamproduktion. Resultaten visade en genomsnittlig kväveavskiljningseffektivitet på 32,84% och en genomsnittlig fosforavskiljningseffektivitet på 71,48%. Dessa resultat tyder på en betydande potential för hållbar avloppsvattenhantering för vissa kväve- och fosforrika sidoströmmar vid reningsverken. Det krävs dock ytterligare forskning i större skala för att exakt kunna bedöma den långsiktiga avskiljningseffektiviteten för kväve och fosfor, samt processens skalbarhet och användbarhet under verkliga förhållanden. Denna artikel är skriven som en del av ett forskningsprojekt 'Processutveckling av Ca-inducerad HAP (hydroxyapatit) granulering vid kväveavskiljning med anammox' finansierat av VA-kluster Mälardalen.

Nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater with the application of deammonification process offers an operational cost reduction, especially if it is combined with a maximal use of organic content of wastewater for biogas production. In this thesis, two approaches for integration of the deammonification process into the municipal wastewater treatment scheme were studied. The first approach is based on ammonium concentration from municipal wastewater by ion exchange followed by biological removal of ammonium from the concentrated stream by deammonification process. Experiments with synthetic and real municipal wastewater showed that strong acid cation resin is suitable for ammonium concentration due to its high exchange capacity and fast regeneration. Since NaCl was used for regeneration of ion exchange materials, spent regenerant had elevated salinity. The deammonification biomass was adapted to NaCl content of 10-15 g/L by step-wise salinity increase. The technology was tested in batch mode with 99.9 % of ammonium removal from wastewater with ion exchange and up to 95 % of nitrogen removal from spent regenerant by deammonification process. The second studied approach was to apply anammox process to low-concentrated municipal wastewater in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) system without a pre-concentration step. After a 5 months period of transition to mainstream wastewater the pilot plant was operated during 22 months and stable performance of one-stage deammonification was proven. Clear advantage of IFAS system was shown. The highest stable nitrogen removal efficiency of 70 % and a nitrogen removal rate of 55 g N/(m3·d) was reached. Moreover, the influence of operation conditions on competition between ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was studied by literature review, batch tests and continuous pilot plant operation. / <p>QC 20170309</p>