Neste trabalho estuda-se o comportamento tensão-deformação de dois horizontes de um solo residual de gnaisse, pertencentes a um perfil típico da cidade de Viçosa-Minas Gerais, na condição saturada e sob diferentes valores de sucção. O estudo apóia-se em ensaios de caracterização física e mineralógica, em ensaios destinados às análises porosimétricas e morfológicas (lâminas delgadas), e em ensaios de compressão triaxial realizados em corpos de prova não saturados e saturados, estes sujeitos a diferentes direções de cisalhamento, em ambos solos, e distintas trajetórias de tensão, no solo jovem. Nos ensaios triaxiais saturados mostra-se que a resistência dos dois solos foi independente da direção de cisalhamento e que a deformabilidade revelou-se mais anisotrópica no solo maduro, que no solo jovem, este visualmente mais heterogêneo. Mostra-se, que o intercepto de coesão cresce com a sucção numa relação que pode ser bem representada por uma função hiperbólica e que o ângulo de atrito interno praticamente não apresentou variação com a sucção matricial. Apresenta-se uma alternativa de previsão da envoltória de resistência, baseada nos parâmetros de resistência do solo saturado e nos resultados de ensaio correspondente a uma sucção conhecida. A curva de plastificação do solo jovem pôde ser representada razoavelmente bem pela curva adotada nos modelos derivados da mecânica dos solos dos estados críticos (Cam-Clay modificado). A curva é centrada no eixo hidrostático e sua forma não apresenta mudança marcante durante o encruamento do solo, o qual foi obtido através da união de pontos com o mesmo trabalho plástico. / This thesis deals with the stress-strain behavior of a mature soil and a young soil from a typical residual soil of gneiss, as found in Viçosa-MG. This behavior is analyzed under saturated and non saturated conditions. The study rests on physical and mineralogical characterization tests, on porosimetric and morphological analyses (thin section) and on triaxial compression tests performed with saturated and non saturated soil. Saturated young and mature specimens were sheared according to different directions and saturated young soil was also sheared following various stress path. It is shown that the shear strength of saturated soil, both mature and young is independent of shearing direction. However, the visually more homogeneous mature soil showed to be more anisotropic, regarding the deformability, than the young residual soil that visually seems to be heterogeneous. The cohesion intercept tends to increase with soil suction according to a non linear relationship that can be adjusted through a hyperbolic function, while the angle of shearing stress was not influenced by soil suction. An alternative to forecast unsaturated shear strength envelope based on results of saturated soil and on tests performed at a known suction is also presented. The yielding curve of young soil was found to be fairly predicted using modified Cam-Clay model. The yield curve is centered along the hydrostatic axis of stress and its shape didn’t change during soil strain hardening that was obtained by joining the points to that exhibited the same plastic work.

Receptores nucleares formam uma superfamília de proteínas responsáveis pela regulação da expressão de genes. Estruturalmente, são formados por três domínios: um domínio N-terminal bastante variável, um domínio altamente conservado de ligação com o DNA e um domínio C-terminal, menos conservado, denominado domínio de ligação com o ligante (LDB). Diversos experimentos mostram que a interação com o ligante afeta a estrutura e a mobilidade da hélice C-terminal dos receptores nucleares (hélice 12 do domínio de ligação com o ligante), sendo o principal mecanismo de ativação e repressão da transcrição. As primeiras estruturas de LBDs de receptores nucleares revelaram importantes diferenças entre estruturas contendo ligantes (holo) e estruturas apo, principalmente no que diz respeito a posição da hélice 12: em estruturas apo, foi observada a H12 em uma conformação aberta, expondo o sítio de ligação com o ligante, enquanto que em estruturas holo, foi observada a H12 em uma conformação fechada, dobrada sobre o corpo do LBD e envolvendo completamente o ligante. Essa diferença sugeriu um mecanismo para a entrada e saída de ligantes do sítio de ligação denominado modelo da ratoeira, entretanto, esse modelo apresenta diversas inconsistências e tem sido desacreditado. Estudos experimentais e teóricos recentes mostram que a hélice 12 é mais móvel na ausência de ligantes, entretanto, esses estudos não fornecem evidencias de que o aumento da mobilidade da está associado com o deslocamento da H12 em relação ao corpo do LBD, como sugerido pelo modelo da ratoeira. Embora esteja claro que a hélice 12 é mais móvel na ausência de ligantes, a dimensão da variação conformacional sofrida pela hélice 12 ainda não está clara. Nesse trabalho buscamos a construção de um modelo capaz de dimensionar a mobilidade da hélice 12 através da comparação direta entre simulações de dinâmica molecular e experimentos de anisotropia de fluorescência resolvida no tempo. Utilizando simulações de dinâmica molecular reproduzimos experimentos de anisotropia de fluorescência acoplando a sonda cys-flúor a hélice 12 do PPARγ para estudar sua mobilidade. Mostramos que as observações experimentais só podem ser explicadas por conformações onde a sonda fluorescente permanece presa a superfície do LBD. Foi mostrado também que curvas de anisotropia com decaimentos comparáveis com os decaimentos experimentais estão associados a pequenas variações conformacionais de hélice 12. Simulações para dois modelos de apo-PPARγ com a H12 aberta em relação ao corpo do LBD e para as estruturas cristalográficas de apo-RXR e apo-ER, onde a H12 também adota uma conformação aberta, revelaram curvas de anisotropia com decaimentos mais rápidos que os experimentais. Esses resultados implicam em um modelo onde a H12 sofre alterações conformacionais locais, não apresentando variações tão dramáticas como o proposto pelo modelo da ratoeira. / Nuclear Hormone Receptors comprise a protein superfamily responsible for regulation of gene expression. Structurally, they are composed by three domains: a variable N-terminal domain, a highly conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD), and a less conserved C-terminal domain, known as ligand binding domain (LBD). Many experiments have shown that the interaction with ligands affects the structure and the mobility of nuclear receptors C-terminal helix (LBDs Helix 12), being the main mechanism of transcription activation and repression. The first nuclear receptor LBDs structures revealed important differences between ligand bound (holo) and apo-structures concerning the position of the H12: in apo structures, H12 adopted an open conformation, exposing the ligand binding pocket, whereas in holo structures, the H12 was closed, packed over the body of the LBD, burying completely the ligand. This difference suggested a mechanism for ligand entry and exit from the binding pocket called mouse-trap model, however this model has several inconsistencies and has been discredited. Recent experimental and theoretical studies have shown that H12 is more labile in the absence of ligand, but these studies dont provide evidences that the increase in the mobility is associated with the detachment of H12 from the body of the LBD as suggested by the mouse-trap model. Although its clear that H12 is more flexible in the absence of ligands, the size of the conformational changes undergone by H12 is not yet clear. In this work we seek to construct a definitive model for the range of motions that H12 may undergo in the presence or absence of ligand using molecular dynamics simulations. Through direct comparison between molecular dynamics simulations and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy experiments, we show that experimental observation can only be explained by conformations where the fluorescent probe is interacting with the surface of the PPARγ surface. We also show that simulations with anisotropy decay rates comparable to the experimental decay are associated with small helix 12 conformational changes. Simulations with two models of apo-PPARγ with H12 detached from the body of the LBD and with crystallographic structures of apo-RXR and apo-ER, where the H12 also is in an open conformation, display anisotropy decay rates significantly faster than the experimental ones. These results imply a model for the molecular mobility of the LBD where H12 undergoes local conformational changes and should exhibit dynamic properties less dramatic than proposed by the mouse trap model.

Um novo estado, o Plasma Quark-Gluon (QGP), é formado quando a matéria comum formada por hadrons é submetida a condições extremas de temperatura e/ou densidade. Acredita-se que esse estado esteja presente nos primeiros momentos do universo e que seja relevante para entender propriedades da cromodinâmica quântica. O QGP é criado e caracterizado em aceleradores de partículas por meio de colisões de íons pesados. No entanto, uma estrutura alongada em psedorapidez (\\textit{double ridge}) na distribuição da correlação angular entre duas partículas foi encontrada em sistemas pequenos, como pp e p--Pb. Essa estrutura assemelha-se àquela observada nas colisões com íons pesados, onde sua interpretação está ligada ao comportamento coletivo que gera uma anisotropia azimutal nos produtos finais das colisões. Essa estrutura não era esperada em sistemas pequenos e sua interpretação física ainda está em debate, em particular no que diz respeito ao papel da hidrodinâmica e das condições iniciais. Uma medida para este efeito com partículas provenientes de quarks pesados ainda não haviam sido realizadas no momento em que este trabalho foi iniciado e esta medida poderia esclarecer questões sobre as diferentes interpretações. Os quarks pesados são uma sonda interessante caso o QGP seja formado devido ao seu tempo de formação inicial, reagindo a toda a evolução do meio. Neste trabalho, os quarks pesados são estudados medindo-se os elétrons provenientes dos decaimentos semi-leptônicos de hádrons que contêm quarks \\textit{charm} ou \\textit{beauty} e outros quarks leves (\\textit{open heavy flavor}). Os hadrons não são reconstruídos e usa-se um método de extração de sinal para remover elétrons de outras fontes. As correlações angulares de elétrons de decaimento de hadrons de quarks pesados com partículas carregadas em colisões de p--Pb a $\\sqrt{s_{m NN}}$ = 5,02 TeV medidos com o experimento ALICE em rapidez central ($ | \\eta | <0,8 $) são apresentadas. As distribuições mostram sinais de anisotropias azimutais que são quantificadas pelo coeficiente $ v_2 $. O $ v_2 $ para elétrons provenientes de quarks pesados é positivo com mais de $ 5 \\sigma $ de significância, fornecendo uma forte indicação de anisotropias azimutais similares ao \\textit{double ridge} para partículas contendo quarks pesados em colisões de alta multiplicidade de p--Pb. Esta é a primeira medida do $ v_2 $ para elétrons vindos de quarks pesados em colisões p--Pb. / A new state of mater, the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), is formed when the ordinary hadronic matter is put under extreme temperature and/or density conditions. This state is believed to be present in the first moments of the universe and it is relevant to understand properties of the quantum chromodynamics. The QGP is created and characterized in particle accelerators by colliding heavy ions. However, a double-ridge long-range structure in the two-particle azimuthal correlation distribution was found in small systems, such as pp and p--Pb. This structure resembles the one observed in heavy-ion collisions, where its interpretation is linked to collective behavior that generates an azimuthal anisotropy in the final products of the collisions. This structure was not expected in small systems and its physical interpretation is still in debate, in particular regarding the role of hydrodynamics and initial conditions. A measurement for this effect with particles coming from heavy quarks was not done by the time this work started and this measurement could shed light into the different interpretations. Heavy quarks are an interesting probe in case the QGP is formed due to their early formation time, experiencing the whole evolution of the medium. In this work, heavy quarks are examined by measuring electrons originating from the semi-leptonic decays of hadrons that contain a heavy quark (charm or beauty) and other light quarks (open heavy flavor). The hadrons are not reconstructed and a signal extraction method is used to remove electrons from other sources. The azimuthal angular correlations of heavy-flavour hadron decay electrons with charged particles in p--Pb collisions at $\\sqrt{s_{m NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV measured with ALICE detector at mid-rapidity ($|\\eta| < 0.8$) are studied. The distributions show signs of azimuthal anisotropies which are quantified by the $v_2$ coefficient. The $v_2$ for heavy-flavor electrons is found to be positive with more than $5\\sigma$ significance, providing very strong indication of long-range azimuthal anisotropies for heavy-flavour particles in high multiplicity p--Pb collisions. This is the first measurement of the $v_2$ for electrons coming from heavy-flavor hadron decays in p--Pb collisions.

Seismic anisotropy at continental regions, mainly at stable areas, gives important information about past and present tectonic events, and helps us in understanding patterns of upper mantle flow in a way not achieved by other methods. The measurement of shear wave splitting (SWS), at individual stations, from core refracted phases (such as SKS phases), indicates the amount and orientation of the seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. Previous studies of SWS in South America concentrated mainly along the Andes and in southeast Brazil. Now we add extra measurements extending to all Brazilian territory, especially in the Pantanal and Paraná-Chaco basins, as part of the FAPESP 3-Basins Thematic Project. The results from both temporary deployments and from the Brazilian permanent network provide a more complete and robust anisotropy map of the South America stable platform. In general the fast polarization orientations have an average E-W orientation. Significant deviations to ESE-WNW or ENE-WSW are observed in many regions. We compare our results with different anisotropy proxies: absolute plate motion given by the hotspot reference frame HS3-NUVEL-1A, a recent model of time dependent upper mantle flow induced by the Nazca plate subduction, global anisotropy from surface wave tomography, and geologic trends. We observe a poor correlation of the anisotropy directions with geological trends, with the exception of a few stations in northern Brazil and a better correlation with the mantle flow model. Therefore, our observed anisotropy is mainly due to upper-mantle flow, with little contribution from frozen lithospheric anisotropy. Also, deviations from the mantle flow model, which includes a thicker lithosphere at the Amazon craton, are mainly due to flow surrounding cratonic nuclei not used in the model: the keel of the São Francisco craton and a possible cratonic nucleus beneath the northern part of the Paraná Basin (called Paranapanema block). Large delay times at the Pantanal Basin may indicate a stronger asthenospheric channel, a more coherent flow, or a thicker asthenosphere. Small delays beneath the northern Paraná Basin and central Amazon craton may indicate thinner anisotropic asthenosphere. / Anisotropia sísmica em regiões continentais, principalmente em áreas estáveis, nos dá informações importantes sobre eventos tectônicos do passado e do presente, e nos ajuda a entender padrões de fluxo do manto superior de forma não alcançada por outros métodos geofísicos. A medida de separação de ondas cisalhantes (SWS), em estações individuais, de fases refratadas no núcleo (fases SKS, por exemplo), indica a intensidade e orientação da anisotropia sísmica no manto superior. Estudos prévios de SWS na América do Sul se concentraram principalmente ao longo dos Andes e no sudeste do Brasil. Agora adicionamos medidas extras que se extendem por todo território Brasileiro e alguns países vizinhos, especialmente nas bacias do Pantanal e do Chaco-Paraná, como parte do \"Projeto Temático 3-Bacias\" da FAPESP. Os resultados tanto das estações temporárias quanto da rede permanente Brasileira mostram um mapa de anisotropia mais robusto e completo da plataforma estável da América do Sul. Em geral, as direções de polarização rápida tem em média direção L-O. Desvios significantes nas direções LSL-ONO ou LNL-OSO são observadas em muitas regiões. Comparamos nossos resultados com diferentes representantes da anisotropia: movimento absoluto de placa dado pelo sistema de referência de hotspot HS3-NUVEL-1A, um modelo recente dependente do tempo de fluxo do manto superior induzido pela subducção da placa de Nazca, anisotropia global de tomografia de ondas de superfície, e tendências geológicas. Observamos pouca correlação das direções de anisotropia com tendências geológicas, com exceção de algumas estações no norte do Brasil e uma melhor correlação com o modelo de fluxo do manto. Portanto, nossa anisotropia observada é devida principalmente a fluxo do manto superior, com pouca contribuição de anisotropia \"congelada\" litosférica. Também, desvios do modelo de fluxo do manto, o qual inclui uma litosfera mais espessa no cráton da Amazônia, são devido ao fluxo ao redor de núcleos cratônicos não usados no modelo: a quilha do cráton do São Francisco e um possível núcleo cratônico abaixo da região norte da bacia do Paraná (chamado bloco do Paranapanema). Atrasos de tempo grandes na bacia do Pantanal podem indicar um canal astenosférico mais forte, um fluxo mais coerente ou uma astenosfera mais espessa. Pequenos atrasos abaixo da parte norte da bacia do Paraná e no centro do cráton da Amazônia podem indicar uma astenosfera mais fina.

För att kunna förbättra processer och användning av det duplexa rostfria stålet SAF 2507 måste dess deformationsegenskaper undersökas och förklaras. Genom EBSD-analyser har deformationsstrukturer och polfgurer tagits fram för att kunna beskriva materialets beteende vid deformation. Även Taylorfaktorer, E-moduler och Poissons tal har tagits fram för att kunna undersöka materialets anisotropi. Experimenten har utförts på prov av SAF 2507 som har deformerats plastiskt till olika töjningar. Det som undersökts är odeformerat prov, prov som dragits enaxligt till 7,7 % och 24,3 % töjning, samt ett prov som är cykliskt belastat till 3 % töjning. Det undersökta stålet tillverkas genom två olika metoder, men i denna rapport har enbart det extruderade stålet undersökts. Genom att jämföra hur stålets olika mekaniska egenskaper beter sig under plastisk deformation har resultatet blivit att stålets ferritfas beter sig anisotropt med en antydan till ökande isotropi vid ökande deformation. Austenitfasen beter sig däremot isotropt och blir varken mer eller mindre isotropt vid ökande deformation. Substrukturerna i ferritfasen ökar tydligt vid ökande deformation, och ses framför allt i austenitfasen efter 24 % deformation. / In order to improve the processes and the use of the duplex stainless steel SAF 2507, its deformation properties has to be investigated and explained. Through EBSD-analysis deformation structures and pole figures have been developed to describe the behavior of the material during deformation. Also Taylor factors, Young’s modules and Poisson's ratio have been developed in order to investigate the material's anisotropy. The experiments have been performed on samples of SAF 2507 which has been plastically deformed at different strains. The strains studied are undeformed sample, samples drawn uniaxial drawn to 7.7 % and 24.3 % elongation, and one sample which is cyclically loaded to 3% elongation. The steel we have investigated is produced by two different methods, but in this report, only the extruded steel is investigated. By comparing how different mechanical properties of the steel behave during plastic deformation, the result shows that the steel’s ferrite phase behaves anisotropically with a hint of increasing isotropy when the deformation is increasing. The austenite phase behaves isotropic and does not become more or less isotropic with increasing deformation. The substructures in the ferrite phase are clearly increasing with increasing deformation, and are seen mainly in the austenite phase after 24 % deformation.

本論文主要在研究多層膜之垂直異向性結構組成及其介面特質，本實驗多層膜選取的材料為鐵磁性的鈷(Co)以及貴重金屬的鉑(Pt)，並利用濺鍍(Sputtering)系統來製作(鈷/鉑)多層膜樣品，最初的實驗為尋找(鈷/鉑)多層膜結構組成最佳垂直易性發生之條件，所以分別變化鐵磁層鈷之厚度、一般金屬層鉑之厚度、(鈷/鉑)雙層層數及緩衝buffer layer層鉑之厚度，並利用震動樣品磁度儀(VSM)及超導量子干涉儀(SQUIDE)分別量測垂直及平行磁場方向之磁化強度M對磁場field H的關係，再由M-H圖進行判別其垂直異向性的程度。 在最初的實驗部分可了解如何得到最佳(鈷/鉑)垂直異向性多層膜之結構，並從中可得不同緩衝層鉑之厚度、(鈷/鉑)雙層層數及雙層內鉑之厚度的矯頑場有一趨勢存在，於第二部分的實驗即利用這些矯頑場之趨勢來製作一系列產生巨磁效應之三層膜結構，其中的鐵磁層由(鈷/鉑)垂直異向性多層膜取代，並對此結構做一系列量測，利用震動樣品磁度儀(VSM)量測其磁化強度對磁場的關係、利用LR700系統及物理低溫量測系統(PPMS)量測其異常Hall effect霍爾效應(EHE)現象和電阻對磁場的關係，再將這一系列的量測結果分析其中被一般金屬層鉑所隔開的上下(鈷/鉑)垂直異向性多層膜之間耦合程度。 / The topic of this thesis is about the property of the interface and structure in the multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy. The materials of this multilayers are ferromagnetic cobalt and platinum. We use sputtering system to fabricate cobalt/platinum multilayer with various thicknesses. The initial experiment is to search for the optimum condition that develop cobalt/platinum multilayer with perpendicular anisotropy. Then, the influenceof the buffer layer of platinum is studied. We use Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer to measure the magnetization vs. magnetic field relation by applied magnetic fields in both out of plane and in plane directions to distinguishe the degree of perpendicular anisotropy from the M-H figures. From the initial experiments we can understand how to get the optimum structure of cobalt/platinum perpendicular anisotrpy multilayer. There is a tendency exists in the coercivity depending on different thicknesses of the ferromagnetic layer cobalt, the normal noble platinum, the number of bilayers of cobalt/platinum, and the buffer layer of platinum. In the second part of this experiment we used the difference of coercivities to fabricate a series of trilayers structures that produce giant magnetoresistance effect. The individual ferromagnetic layer was cobalt/platinum perpendicular anisotropy multilayer. The structures was measured by VSM to study magnetization vs. field relation. A LR700 resistance bridge and a physical properties measurement system (PPMS) were used to measure the Anomalous Hall Effect (AHE) and resistant vs. field relation.

This thesis concerns the development, estimation and investigation of a general anisotropic spatial correlation function, within model-based geostatistics, expressed as a Gaussian linear mixed model, and estimated using residual maximum likelihood (REML). The Matern correlation function is attractive because of its parameter which controls smoothness of the spatial process, and which can be estimated from the data. This function is combined with geometric anisotropy, with an extension permitting different distance metrics, forming a flexible spatial covariance model which incorporates as special cases many infinite- range spatial covariance functions in common use. Derivatives of the residual log-likelihood with respect to the four correlation-model parameters are derived, and the REML algorithm coded in Splus for testing and refinement as a precursor to its implementation into the software ASReml, with additional generality of linear mixed models. Suggestions are given regarding initial values for the estimation. A residual likelihood ratio test for anisotropy is also developed and investigated. Application to three soil-based examples reveals that anisotropy does occur in practice, and that this technique is able to fit covariance models previously unavailable or inaccessible. Simulations of isotropic and anisotropic data with and without a nugget effect reveal the following principal points. Inclusion of some closely-spaced locations greatly improves estimation, particularly of the Matern smoothness parameter, and of the nugget variance when present. The presence of geometric anisotropy does not adversely affect parameter estimation. Presence of a nugget effect introduces greater uncertainty into the parameter estimates, most dramatically for the smoothness parameter, and also increases the chance of non-convergence and decreases the power of the test for anisotropy. Estimation is more difficult with very “unsmooth" processes (Matern smoothness parameter 0.1 or 0.25) | non- convergence is more likely and estimates are less precise and/or more biased. However it is still often possible to fit the full model including both anisotropy and nugget effect using REML with as few as 100 observations. Additional simulations involving model misspecification reveal that ignoring anisotropy when it is present can substantially increase the mean squared error of prediction, but overfitting by attempting to model anisotropy when it is absent is less damaging. Further, plug-in estimates of prediction error variance are reasonable estimates of the actual mean squared error of prediction, regardless of the model fitted, weakening the argument requiring Bayesian approaches to properly allow for uncertainty in the parameter estimates when estimating prediction error variance. The most valuable outcome of this research is the implementation of an anisotropic Matern correlation function in ASReml, including the full generality of Gaussian linear mixed models which permits additional fixed and random effects, making publicly available the facility to fit, via REML estimation, a much wider range of variance models than has previously been readily accessible. This greatly increases the probability and ease with which a well-fitting covariance model can be found for a spatial data set, thus contributing to improved geostatistical spatial analysis. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297562 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2007

Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes attachés à mesurer la résistance induite par les parois magnétiques dans différents métaux ferromagnétiques (fer, cobalt, oxydes de manganèse, alliage de Fe0.5Pa0.5). Le premier circuit étudié consistait en un fil de 200 nanomètres de large et 50 nanomètres d'épaisseur, fabriqué par lithographie électronique. Par microscopie à force magnétique et microscopie de Lorentz nous avons observé que les domaines sont en position tête-bêche dans l'état vierge dans des fils de cobalt. La configuration magnétique a été suivie en fonction du champ appliqué. Par lithographie électronique, nous avons pu disposer sur le fil des contacts en or. Dans le cobalt, la résistance d'une paroi magnétique unique a été mesurée et sa valeur est supérieure aux prédictions théoriques. Dans le manganite, sur un circuit équivalent, nous avons pu mesurer la magnétorésistance de joints de grain. Nous avons aussi effectué la mesure de la résistance d'une paroi sur une couche à aimantation perpendiculaire (alliage de fer-palladium), dont les domaines étaient alignés. Nous avons mesuré la résistance perpendiculairement (MR=9%) et parallèlement (MR=2.8%) aux parois, et ainsi corroboré certains modèles. Nous avons, par ailleurs, étudié (expérimentalement et numériquement) des systèmes magnétiques dans lesquels l'anisotropie de forme joue un rôle prépondérant. Dans des plots triangulaires de taille variant entre 0.1 et 2 microns, la frustration géométrique stabilise des états de vortex. Dans des lignes de fer-palladium, nous avons montré que les dimensions des domaines étaient conservées lorsque la taille latérale du système était réduite jusqu'à 300 nanomètres En revanche, l'orientation des domaines devient anisotrope et les parois magnétiques s'orientent perpendiculairement à l'axe de la ligne. Ces études permettent de mieux comprendre les effets de l'anisotropie de forme.

Ce présent travail s'inscrit dans le cadre de la modélisation multi-échelles de la plasticité cristalline des superalliages monocristallins à base nickel. Dans ce contexte, une transition d'informations recueillies à l'échelle mésoscopique justifiant physiquement un modèle micromécanique est mise en évidence. Un couplage entre une simulation par dynamique des dislocations et la méthode des éléments finis, le Modèle Discret-Continu (MDC) est utilisé afin de reproduire les interactions entre dislocations et précipités. Une première application a pour objet de décrire des effets d'échelle induits par une variation de la largeur du couloir de matrice sur les propriétés mécaniques. La relation entre les microstructures simulées de dislocations, la contrainte d'écoulement et la déformation plastique est appréhendée. Une seconde étude traite l'influence de l'orientation du chargement sur le comportement mécanique du superalliage. Les interactions entre les systèmes primaires et déviés sont discutées et leur rôle majeur dans la localisation de la déformation plastique dans les couloirs de matrice est démontré. Par ailleurs, l'écrantage des interactions élastiques à longues portées associées aux réseaux de dislocations d'interface explique l'origine du faible taux d'écrouissage observé pour des essais orientés <111> à hautes températures. Fortes des interprétations faites à l'échelle des dislocations, deux modélisations de nature très différentes sont développées. Une première évoque dans sa formulation une loi de durcissement dictée par une densité de dislocations géométriquement nécessaires. La formation et l'évolution des microstructures de dislocations sont étudiées : la comparaison avec les résultats obtenus avec le MDC montre les faiblesses de cette approche continue. On justifie ainsi le développement d'un second modèle micromécanique par homogénéisation, pour lequel la réponse globale du matériau est déterminée en considérant les rôles de la microstructure et des interactions mécaniques entre constituants. Dans ce modèle, les mécanismes locaux sont décrits de manière physique et les lois d'écrouissage sont écrites en termes de densités de dislocations mobiles. Il a été identifié à 850 et 950°C, et validé avec succès sur le superalliage CMSX-4 monocristallin.

<p>Magnetic properties of selected compounds and superlattices have been experimentally studied using SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) and VSM (vibrating sample magnetometer) magnetometry, neutron diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements combined with theoretical <i>ab initio</i> calculations. </p><p>The magnetic compounds (Fe_1-xM_x)₃P, M=Co or Mn have been studied extensively. It was found that Co can substitute Fe up to <i>x</i>=0.37. Increasing the Co content leads to a reduction of the Curie temperature and the magnetic moment per metal atom. Mn can substitute Fe up to<i> x</i>=0.25 while Fe can be substituted into Mn₃P to 1-<i>x</i>=0.33. On the iron rich side, the drop in Curie temperature and magnetic moment when increasing the Mn content is more rapid than for Co substitution. On the manganese rich side an antiferromagnetic arrangement with small magnetic moments was found. </p><p>The interlayer exchange coupling and the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy of Fe/V superlattices were studied. The coupling strength was found to vary with the thickness of the iron layers. To describe the in-plane four-fold anisotropy, the inclusion of surface terms proved necessary. </p><p>The in-plane four fold anisotropy was also studied in a series of Fe/Co superlattices, where the thickness of the Co layers was kept thin so that the bcc structure could be stabilized. Only for samples with a large amount of iron, the easy axis was found to be [100]. The easy axis of bulk bcc Co was therefor suggested to be [111]. </p>