CAPES / Durante a dormência, as plantas de clima temperado cessam temporariamente o crescimento visível. No caso da macieira sabe-se que a temperatura é o fator ambiental que mais influencia a dormência. A planta necessita de baixas temperaturas para induzir a entrada e posteriormente a saída da dormência, para então retomar o crescimento vegetativo. Sabe-se que quando não ocorre acúmulo suficiente de frio, as plantas apresentam crescimento errático, com brotação ocorrendo predominantemente na porção distal dos ramos, comprometendo a brotação satisfatória. No entanto, há pouca informação sobre o metabolismo destes carboidratos e sua relação com a dormência de plantas em condições de inverno ameno. Contudo o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as diferenças biológicas e bioquímicas entre as porções distal e proximal de ramos de macieira que influenciam a acrotonia. De abril a outubro dos anos de 2012, 2013 e 2014, foram coletados ramos e esporões de três cultivares de macieira (Eva, Galaxy e Fuji Suprema) cultivadas em um pomar comercial no município de Plamas-PR. Para avaliar a intensidade da dormência em gemas vegetativas foi realizado o teste de estacas de uma só gema, e o teste de Tabuenca para as gemas florais. Variáveis bioquímicas também foram avaliadas como o teor de proteínas solúveis; atividade de alfa-amilase; açúcares (glicose, frutose, sacarose e sorbitol); amido e umidade. De forma geral as cultivares apresentaram tempo médio de brotação (TMB) menores do que em clima temperado. A porcentagem de brotação manteve-se alta na maioria das coletas para as três cultivares. O teste de Tabuenca confirmou a precocidade da cultivar Eva e mostrou comportamento muito semelhante entre a ‘Galaxy’ e a ‘Fuji Suprema’. Além disso foi observado um intervalo muito curto entre a saída da endodormência em condições de forçagem e em condição de campo. A umidade ponderal variou conforme o padrão da temperatura em cada ano, sendo que em 2013, ano de maior acúmulo de frio a umidade ponderal apresentou os menores valores para todas as cultivares. Em 2013 a tendência de aumento da atividade da alfa-amilase e no teor de proteína coincidiram com o menor valor de TMB. A glicose e frutose apresentaram comportamento muito semelhantes entre si durante as observações. O teor de sacarose variou de ano para ano, não apresentando um padrão fixo. O sorbitol, açúcar mais abundante no xilema, tende a ser mais constante durante a dormência com leve tendência de redução próximo à brotação. O teor de amido tende a diminuir com os primeiros acúmulos de horas frio, no entanto frequentemente sofre ressíntese, devido às ondas de calor comuns no inverno. Existe diferenças entre as porções dital e proximal dos ramos para todas as variáveis analisadas, com teor de carboidrato, atividade enzimática, proteínas e umidade predominantemente maiores na porção distal dos ramos, com algumas exceções pontuais. Isso pode estar associado à ocorrência de acrotonia em macieiras. As plantas avaliadas parecem não entrar em dormência profunda em condição de inverno ameno, tendo seu metabolismo muito sujeito às oscilações de temperatura. O metabolismo das plantas tende a mudar de ano para ano de acordo com o padrão do inverno em cada ano. / During dormancy, temperate plants temporarily stops visible growth. In apple trees, it is known that temperature is the environmental factor that most influences dormancy. The plant requires low temperatures to induce input and then to output endodormancy, thus resumption vegetative grow. It is known that when there isn’t sufficient chilling accumulation, plants present erratic growth, with budbreak occurring predominantly in the distal portion of the branches, compromising the satisfactory budbreak. However, there is little information on the metabolism of these carbohydrates and their relationship to plant dormancy in subtropical humid climates. This work aimed to evaluate the biological and biochemical differences between the distal and proximal portions of apple tree branches that influence acrotonia. From April to October of 2012, 2013 and 2014, branches and spurs of three apple cultivars (Eva, Galaxy and Fuji Suprema) were harvested in a commercial orchard in Palmas-PR. In order to evaluate the dormancy intensity in vegetative and floral buds, single bud cuttings test and Tabuenca test were carried out, respectively. Biochemical variables were also evaluated such as soluble protein content; Alpha-amylase activity; Soluble sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose and sorbitol); Starch and water content. In general, the cultivars showed the Mean Time to Budbrst (MTB) lower than in temperate climate. The budburst percentage remained high in most of the observation dates for the three cultivars. The Tabuenca test confirmed the precocity of the cultivar Eva and showed very similar behavior between 'Galaxy' and 'Fuji Suprema'. In addition, a very short interval between the endodormancy output under forcing conditions and in field condition was observed. The water content varied according to the temperature pattern in each year, and in 2013, the year of greatest cold accumulation, the lowest values for all cultivars were observed. In 2013, the trend of increased alpha-amylase activity and protein content coincided with the lower value of MTB. Glucose and fructose presented very similar behavior among themselves during the observations. The sucrose content varied from year to year and did not present a fixed pattern. Sorbitol, sugar most abundant in the xylem, tends to be more constant during dormancy with a slight reduction tendency close to budding. The starch content tends to decrease with the first chilling accumulations, however it often undergoes resynthesis due to the heat waves common in winter. There are differences between the distal and proximal portions of the branches for all variables analyzed, with carbohydrate content, enzymatic activity, proteins and humidity predominantly larger in the distal portion of the branches, with some occasional exceptions. This may be associated with the occurrence of acrotonia in apple trees. The evaluated apple trees do not appear to fall into deep endodormancy in a mild winter condition, their metabolism seems to be very subject to temperature oscillations. Plant metabolism tends to change from year to year according to the winter pattern in each year.

The purpose of this thesis is to assess the implications of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) on the agricultural supply chain in Greece by examining the relationships between farmers and their intermediaries, and their interactions during the buying and selling process. More specifically, the focus of the research takes place in Pouri, a small village in central Greece whose economy centers around Apple Farming, where we can observe the exchange of locally grown goods between farmers and intermediaries. The thesis consists of two parts; the first part examines how Greek farmers perceive the process of buying and selling agricultural products and how they respond to problems within their current structure; through observing processes, conducting interviews and collecting narrative stories to identify the issues, we assess whether it would be advantageous for farmers to implement ICTs as part of the solution. The second part consists of a review of the academic literature to examine the same or similar situations in the agricultural supply chain of other global regions and their economic contexts. Lastly, a thorough thematic analysis of the research data provides a better understanding of the issues facing farmers and their needs as they pertain to ICTs, to improve the agricultural supply chain and the entire rural sector.

El presente estudio de pre-factibilidad tiene como principal objetivo, determinar la viabilidad comercial, técnica, social, medio ambiental y económica de la operación exitosa de una planta productora de compotas a base de tarwi y manzana. Esta investigación desea revalorar el cultivo del tarwi, que es una leguminosa autóctona del Perú, la cual posee un gran valor nutricional que ayuda al desarrollo del bebé. Este insumo será utilizado como materia prima principal de nuestro producto junto con la manzana que le adicionará un agradable sabor. Las compotas a base de tarwi y manzana están dirigidas a las madres de familia que tienen hijos en edades de 6 meses a 3 años, de los niveles socioeconómicos A y B que residen en Lima Metropolitana y la estrategia de distribución estará orientada a los supermercados. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente estudio de prefactibilidad tiene como objetivo principal el establecer la viabilidad técnica, económica, social y de mercado para la implementación de una planta destinada a la elaboración de bebidas energizantes a base de caña de azúcar y manzana; para lo cual se realizó el análisis de los aspectos determinantes, / Trabajo de investigación

It is generally accepted in British Columbia that Canada Land Inventory Class 1 to 4 lands are arable, yet in many instances commercial farms exist on lands of lower capability. A case study was done for an area (1.6 km * 2.9 km) southeast of Nanaimo, B.C. to determine if Canada Land Inventory Class 4 and 5 soils are biophysically suitable for Pyrus (pear) and Mai us (apple) orchards, and if such a development would be socioeconomically feasible. The critical biophysical conditions governing orchard development identified were climate (freeze free period, effective growing degree days, dormancy period and minimum winter temperature); soils (depth, drainage, texture/% coarse fragment content and topography); and groundwater availability for irrigation. The critical economic conditions were land tenure (Tree Farms and parcel size); current land use; and fruit yields and prices. While all biophysical conditions were favourable to apple orchards, the soils were found to be too coarse textured for pear orchards. Maps outlining the critical biophysical and socioeconomic conditions were prepared and overlayed. The composite map identified one area with realistic development potential for apple orchards. Although soils, land tenure, parcel size and current land use decreased the area available for orchards, the lack of groundwater for irrigation was found to be the most limiting factor to orchard development. Estimates of costs and returns for a 3.3 ha apple orchard over a 25 year period were done. Using these estimates, the net present value of the orchard was determined for three discount rates: 5%, 8% and 10%; and for five prices per kilogram: $0.15, $0.22, $0.33, $0.44 and $0.66. At prices of $0.15, $0.22, $0.33 and $0.44 (at discount rates of 10% and 8%), orchard establishment was not feasible. However, at prices of $0.44 (and discount rate of 5%) and $0.66, orchard establishment was feasible. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

No description available.

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella[Lepidoptera: Tortricidae], is a major entomological pest of apples, pears, and walnuts cross the world (Pajac et al. 2016). Female codling moths lay eggs on the apple exocarp and larvae burrow within the fruit causing economic losses to fruit growers.Organic apple orchards in San Luis Obispo, CA currently have three codling moth, Cydia pomonella,control options commercially available including granulovirus (CpVG), spinosad, and mating disruption. In field tests on apple (Malus), we compare percent fruit injury between treatments of granulovirus (2.43 oz/ha Cyd-X® organically approved, Certis USA, Columbia MD), spinosad (4.05 oz/ha Entrust® Naturalyte® organically approved WP formation, Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis IN), and a control. We also compared mating disruption in form of codling moth Codlemone® sex pheromone (257 ties/ha (506 mg)/acre Isomate®-OFM TT organically approved Pacific Biocontrol Corporation Vancouver, WA) against a control. Delta taps and 1 mg pheromone lures were used to trap males and track the degree day (DD) model for the two orchard’s codling moth populations to determine application timing for each treatment. A preliminary DD model was used based on the University of California at Davis Agricultural Extension codling moth DD model. During 2016 trialsno detectible control was provided by spray treatments with an average fruit injury of 26% control, 23% granulovirus, 28% spinosad. During 2016 trialsno detectible control was provided by mating disruption with an average fruit injury of 16% control and 16% pheromone. During 2017 trials there was detectible control provided by the treatments to the crop by both spray treatmentsand pheromone ties. 2017 average fruit injury for spray treatments was 51% control, 20% granulovirus, and 14% spinosad. 2017 average fruit injury for mating disruption was 29% control and 6% pheromone. Data suggest underlying relationship between location specific climate factors, cultivars, codling moth populations, and treatment efficacy.

Apples stored onshore in Australia and New Zealand, are maintained at optimal storage conditions with the aid of low temperatures; controlled atmospheres (CA) and new technologies that retard the production or effect of ethylene (AVG and 1-MCP respectively). These technologies allow distribution of the highest quality apples to local and export markets on a year round basis. However, during distribution, maintenance of optimal storage conditions may be lost due to refrigeration system breakdown, operational constraints or management decisions. This thesis quantifies the influence of commercially realistic breaks in optimal storage conditions (temperature and CA) on fruit physiology and quality, both at the time of the break and in subsequent optimal storage conditions. The ‘Cripps Pink’ (‘Pink Lady™’) apple cultivar was chosen for consideration in this thesis because it is a high value cultivar that is of considerable importance to the Australian apple industry. The knowledge of the behaviour of ‘Cripps Pink’ apples in coolstorage conditions (in air and CA) was confirmed through comparison of physiological and quality change behaviour of fruit from three harvests collected in this research and those reported recently by other authors. The investigation of the influence of breaks in temperature control during storage in air at 0°C, revealed that preclimacteric apples exposed to a break in temperature control, were advanced towards the establishment of the climacteric. Postclimacteric apple, responded by doubling ethylene production a short time after return to coolstorage. Harvest maturity, timing of break during coolstorage, length of break of temperature control and multiple breaks in temperature control, had little influence on the increase ethylene production response. Quality factors (firmness, background hue angle, and titratable acidity) were all reduced as a result of exposure to warmer temperatures, but on return to coolstorage temperatures rates of loss in these quality factors were not influenced by the increased ethylene production. Short-term (3-day) breaks in CA while fruit remained at refrigerated temperatures were shown to have no substantial effect on fruit physiology or quality, either during the period of the break in CA or in subsequent CA storage. Breaks in temperature control in combination with breaks in CA were observed to cause a doubling of ethylene production on CA stored apples regardless of being returned to 0°C in air or CA. Those apples that were exposed to a break in temperature control and returned to air storage at refrigerated temperature lost quality (firmness and background hue angle) more rapidly than apples not exposed to breaks in temperature control and transferred to air storage. This result strengthened the knowledge of the influence of ethylene on changes in apple quality, as found for many other apple cultivars. The influence of the decision to transport fruit in CA or air atmosphere shipping containers was initially investigated with a laboratory simulation. Physiology (respiration rate and ethylene production) of air shipped fruit was found not only to be more rapid, but more variable between fruit, than for apples shipped in CA. This more rapid and larger variation of possible fruit physiologies, suggests that in addition to losing quality at a faster rate, the variation in the quality of fruit shipped in air will also enlarge during shipment. This hypothesis was confirmed with data pooled from treatments subjected to 0°C and 3°C, simulating the likely temperature variability within a shipping container. Validation of the influence of shipping atmosphere on delivered fruit quality, was conducted in the commercial environment. This trial found that the length of time to ship fruit from Australia and New Zealand to European markets was not sufficient to induce commercially significant differences between ‘Cripps Pink’ apples shipped in the two atmospheres. Finally, as ethylene production was influenced by fluctuations in temperature control and subsequently affected quality of apples previously stored in CA, an investigative attempt to model ethylene production in temperature variable scenarios was conducted. Published models of ethylene production in apples were adapted to the variable temperature storage scenario and a new model was proposed. Unfortunately, none of the models investigated were able to predict all of the consistent behaviours of ethylene production observed during the experimental work, indicating that more knowledge of the ethylene production pathway is required, before modelling of ethylene production and subsequently apple quality can be conducted successfully.

Eight phylloplane yeasts were isolated from backyard apple trees in Corvallis, OR. Yeast isolates were classified to genus or species level. All isolates were tested in vitro for antagonistic activity against the postharvest pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum. Of these isolates, Aureobasidium pullulans, Sporobolomyces roseus Rhodotorula sp., consistently reduced mycelial growth of B. cinerea and P. expansum in nutrient yeast dextrose agar (pH 4.5 or 7.0) incubated for 8 or 30 days at 24 or 1 C, respectively. These three yeasts also were evaluated for their ability to suppress spore germination of B. cinerea and P. expansum in a gradient of apple juice concentrations and to suppress development of gray and blue mold lesions in inoculated fruits of Golden Delicious apple. Germination of B. cinerea and P. expansum was reduced significantly (P���0.05) when incubated with the yeast isolates in 100 or 50% apple juice, but not in 0, 1 or 10% apple juice. S. roseus and A. pullulans reduced significantly (P���0.05) the size of gray mold lesions in wounded fruit stored at 5 C and 24 C by 63 to 72 and 81 to 90%, respectively, when compared to the nontreated control. Size of blue mold lesions in fruit stored at 5 and 24 C also were reduced significantly (P���0.05) by 66 to 38 and 74 to 63%, respectively, when pre-treated with S. roseus and A. pullulans. In general, fruit rot suppression by some yeasts isolated in this study was similar in magnitude to suppression obtained by Cryptococcus laurentii isolate 87-108, a yeast with commercial potential to suppress postharvest rots of pome fruits. Pretreatment of apple wounds with washed cells of A. pullulans, S. roseus, Rhodotorula sp., resulted in disease suppression, but treatment of wounds with cell-free culture supernatant of these isolates did not affect lesion development. Population size of A. pullulans, S. roseus, and C. laurentii increased in apple wounds incubated at 5 or 24 C for up to 25 days, indicating that they colonized the wound site. Data collected in this study support the hypothesis that yeast isolates antagonize fruit pathogens by competing for nutrients in wounds on fruit surfaces. The isolates of A. pullulans and S. roseus show promise for commercial development. / Graduation date: 1997

This Thesis is an exploration of white fathers in three post-apartheid novels: Mark Behr's The Smell of Apples, Nadine Gordimer's The House Gun, and J. M. Coetzee's Disgrace. By examining the link between private white hegemonic masculinity and the apartheid government, the Thesis analyzes the transitional process as these men try to adopt less authoritative identities.