Η λίμνη Παμβώτιδα των Ιωαννίνων είναι μια τυπική εύτροφη ρηχή λίμνη που παρουσιάζει μεγάλο οικολογικό ενδιαφέρον (ανήκει στο δίκτυο «ΦΥΣΗ 2000» , αποτελεί ενδιαίτημα πολλών ελληνικών ενδημικών ειδών ) . Ο ευτροφισμός και η εισαγωγή πολλών αλλόχθονων κυπρινοειδών ειδών τα τελευταία χρόνια έχουν προκαλέσει τα τελευταία χρόνια δραματική μείωση της αφθονίας της υδρόβιας βλάστησης. Στα πλαίσια αυτής της μεταπτυχιακής διατριβής μελετήθηκε η δομή της υπάρχουσας υδρόβιας βλάστησης και αξιολογήθηκε η επίδραση της παρόχθιας ζώνης στα φυσικοχημικά χαρακτηριστικά του νερού κατά τη δειγματοληπτική περίοδο 2004-2005. Εφαρμόστηκαν οι μέθοδοι TWINSPAN και NMS προκειμένου η υδρόβια βλάστηση να ταξινομηθεί σε ευδιάκριτες ομάδες βλάστησης και η CCA ώστε να διαπιστωθούν συσχετίσεις μεταξύ των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων και των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων. Πραγματοποιήθηκε ανάλυση διασποράς (one-way ANOVA) προκειμένου να διαπιστωθούν στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές μεταξύ των φυσικοχημικών χαρακτηριστικών του νερού της παρόχθιας ζώνης ,του νερού υδρόβιας βλάστησης εκτός παρόχθιας ζώνης και των ανοικτών νερών. Επιπλέον διερευνήθηκαν πιθανά εποχιακά πρότυπα στη διακύμανση των φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων ενώ διερευνήθηκαν και πιθανές συσχετίσεις μεταξύ των παραμέτρων. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι τροφικοί δείκτες Carlson για την αξιολόγηση της τροφικής κατάστασης της λίμνης και την εξαγωγή χρήσιμων συμπερασμάτων. Τα αποτελέσματα των αναλύσεων έδειξαν πως η υφυδατική βλάστηση έχει μειωθεί σε δραματικά επίπεδα ,ενώ έχουν απομείνει ελάχιστα είδη που παρουσιάζουν μέγιστη τιμή πληθοκάλυψης την άνοιξη. Διακρίθηκαν 4 ομάδες υδρόβιας βλάστησης εκ των οποίων οι 3 αντιστοιχούν σε ομάδες εφυδατικής βλάστησης. Η παρόχθια ζώνη παρουσίασε χαμηλότερα επίπεδα SRP ,pH ,διαλυμένου οξυγόνου ,ανθρακικών και διαφάνειας και υψηλότερα επίπεδα όξινων ανθρακικών ,αγωγιμότητας και λόγου διαφάνειας προς βάθος σε σχέση με τους άλλους δύο οικότυπους. Τα φωσφορικά και τα αμμωνιακά κυμάνθηκαν σε υψηλά επίπεδα το καλοκαίρι ενώ τα νιτρικά εμφάνισαν την υψηλότερη συγκέντρωσή τους το φθινόπωρο. Ο λόγος DIN /SRP κυμάνθηκε σε χαμηλές τιμές ( <15) υποδεικνύοντας περιοριστικές συνθήκες αζώτου ενώ η τροφική κατάσταση της λίμνης κατατάσσεται ως εύτροφη σύμφωνα με τον τροφικό δείκτη Carlson. Σύμφωνα με τα παραπάνω υπάρχουν ενδείξεις πως η παρόχθια ζώνη, είτε λόγω των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων είτε λόγω άλλων μηχανισμών ,επηρεάζει με διάφορους τρόπους ορισμένα φυσικοχημικά χαρακτηριστικά του νερού. Τα αυξημένα επίπεδα φωσφόρου το καλοκαίρι υποδεικνύουν την ύπαρξη μηχανισμών απελευθέρωσης φωσφόρου από το ίζημα ,ενώ οι χαμηλές τιμές του λόγου DIN/SRP αποτελούν ένδειξη για την επικράτηση αζωτοδεσμευτικών κυανοβακτηρίων με δυσμενείς επιπτώσεις για την υδρόβια ζωή. / Lake Pamvotis is a shallow eutrophic lake situated in northwestern Greece (Region of Epirus). The lake has been stocked with grass carp and common carp during the last years and since then a serious decline of submerged vegetation has been observed. The aquatic vegetation of the lake was studied during the sampling period 2004 –2005 and was classified in groups using TWINSPAN and NMS. CCA was performed in order to examine relationships between the aquatic macrophyte species abundance and the environmental variables. Moreover ,it was investigated the effect of the littoral zone on physical and chemical characteristics of water quality and the seasonal patterns of the environmental variables. One –way ANOVA was used to determine statistical significant differences of environmental variables between the littoral zone and the non –littoral plots with aquatic vegetation and without aquatic vegetation. The trophic state index of Carlson was calculated to evaluate the trophic state of the lake. The results showed a great decline of submerged aquatic vegetation and only a few submersed species were recorded (Ranunculus trichophyllus ,Potamogeton crispus ,Callitriche stagnalis). One-way ANOVA showed that SRP ,pH ,surface D.O ,carbonates and transparency were lower in the littoral zone while bicarbonates ,conductivity and transparency /depth ratio were higher. Higher SRP was recorded during the summer due to increased internal loading from the sediment ,while higher nitrate concentrations were occured during the autumn. The ratio DIN/SRP ranged in low values (<15) from spring to autumn indicating N limiting conditions where cyanobacteria blooms are likely to be dominant. The trophic state of the lake is classified as eutrophic according to the Kratzer and Brezonik classification system.

Ο Αμβρακικός κόλπος είναι ο μεγαλύτερος κόλπος της Δυτικής Ελλάδας με έκταση περίπου 405km2. Αποτελεί μια από τις σπουδαιότερες περιοχές της χώρας μας, όπου σύμφωνα με την Κ.Υ.Α. 16.611/93 έχει υπαχθεί σε καθεστώς προστασίας, σε εφαρμογή της διεθνούς σύμβασης Ramsar που αφορά την προστασία και τη διατήρηση των υδρόβιων και παρυδάτιων οργανισμών. Η περιοχή πρόσφατα έχει ενταχθεί στο δίκτυο ΦΥΣΗ 2000 με κωδικό GR2110001 και αποτελεί σημαντικό βιότοπο τόσο για τα υδρόβια και παρυδάτια πουλιά που διαχειμάζουν και αναπαράγονται στην περιοχή όσο και για σημαντικά είδη χλωρίδας και πανίδας. Οι λιμνοθάλασσες του Αμβρακικού κόλπου απαντούν κυρίως στο βόρειο τμήμα. Οι κυριότερες λιμνοθάλασσες είναι το σύμπλεγμα «Ροδιά, Τσουκαλιό, Αυλερή» δυτικά του λόφου της Σαλαώρας και η λιμνοθάλασσα Λογαρού ανατολικά του ίδιου λόφου. Οι δύο από τις τρεις λιμνοθάλασσες, η Τσουκαλιό και η Ροδιά επικοινωνούν μεταξύ τους και διαχωρίζονται από τη Λογαρού με μια στενή λωρίδα γης. Οι παράκτιες λιμνοθάλασσες βρίσκονται μεταξύ ξηράς και θάλασσας και επηρεάζονται τόσο από το θαλάσσιο όσο και από το χερσαίο περιβάλλον. Επηρεάζονται από σε αυξημένες εισροές θρεπτικών από τους ποταμούς και τις ανθρωπογενείς δραστηριότητες που αναπτύσσονται στη λεκάνη απορροής τους. Οι παράκτιες λιμνοθάλασσες είναι αυτόνομα δυναμικά οικοσυστήματα με υψηλή παραγωγική ικανότητα και παρουσιάζουν ιδιαίτερα μορφολογικά και οικολογικά χαρακτηριστικά. Τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά αυτών των συστημάτων είναι οι συχνές μεταβολές των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων (θερμοκρασία και αλατότητα) που προκαλούν σημαντικές μεταβολές στην αφθονία και την κατανομή των οργανισμών. Η οικολογική έρευνα βασίστηκε στην παρακολούθηση των εποχικών διακυμάνσεων κατά τη διάρκεια της βλαστητικής περιόδου, από τον Μάϊο του 2003 έως τον Μάϊο του 2004, της βλάστησης των υδροβίων μακροφύτων, των θρεπτικών αλάτων και των φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων του νερού (βάθος, διαφάνεια, θερμοκρασία, αλατότητα, αγωγιμότητα, διαλυμένο οξυγόνο, pH) στις τρεις παράκτιες λιμνοθάλασσες του Αμβρακικού κόλπου. Διερευνήθηκε επίσης η δομή των μακροφυτικών κοινωνιών που εντοπίστηκαν στις λιμνοθάλασσες του Αμβρακικού καθώς και ο τρόπος με τον οποίο οι αβιοτικοί παράγοντες μπορούν να επηρεάσουν την αφθονία των διαφορετικών φυτικών ειδών. Ειδικότερα μελετήθηκε η σύνθεση των φυτικών οργανισμών, οι εποχικές αλλαγές και η διαδοχή των κυρίαρχων ειδών στις λιμνοθάλασσες σε σχέση με τους κύριους περιβαλλοντικούς παράγοντες. Το σύμπλεγμα των λιμνοθαλασσών αποτελείται από διαφορετικούς βιότοπους ως προς την αφθονία και την ποιοτική και ποσοτική σύσταση των βυθισμένων μακροφύτων. Οι λιμνοθάλασσες Ροδιά και Τσουκαλιό παρουσιάζουν ομοιότητες μεταξύ τους, ενώ η Λογαρού έχει μεγαλύτερη ομοιότητα με τον Αμβρακικό, με τον οποίο η επικοινωνία είναι άμεση. Στη μακροφυτική βλάστηση των λιμνοθαλασσών του Αμβρακικού επικρατούν το αγγειόσπερμο Zostera noltii και το χαρόφυτο Lamprothamnium papulosum, ενώ έχουν καταγραφεί συνολικά 12 είδη υδρόβιων μακροφύτων τα οποία διαχωρίστηκαν με την ανάλυση συστάδων σε έξι ομάδες βλάστησης. Τα κυρίαρχα φυτικά είδη ήταν το αγγειόσπερμο Zostera noltii και το χαρόφυτο Lamprothamnium papulosum στις λιμνοθάλασσες Ροδιά και Τσουκαλιό, ενώ στη λιμνοθάλασσα Λογαρού καταγράφηκαν σε αφθονία τα είδη Gracilaria-bursa pastoris και Acetabularia mediterranea και σε περιορισμένη έκταση η Zostera noltii. Οι περιοχές στις οποίες παρατηρούνται οι μεγαλύτεροι δείκτες ποικιλότητας και αφθονίας των ειδών εντοπίζονται στο νότιο τμήμα της λιμνοθάλασσας Τσουκαλιό. Την άνοιξη του 2004 παρατηρήθηκε αυξημένη παρουσία νηματοειδών φυκών τα οποία χαρακτηρίζονται ως ευκαιριακά είδη και η παρουσία τους αποτελεί δείκτη ευτροφισμού. Η λιμνοθάλασσα Ροδιά παρουσίασε σημαντική μείωση την άνοιξη του 2004 τόσο στο αριθμό των υδρόβιων φυτικών ειδών όσο και στο ποσοστό κάλυψης. Για τον καθορισμό των σχέσεων μεταξύ των περιβαλλοντικών μεταβλητών και των ειδών των μακροφύτων χρησιμοποιήθηκε η ανάλυση κανονικών αντιστοιχιών CCA (CANOCO-Canonical Correspondence Analysis) Οι στατιστικές διαφορές στις μέσες τιμές των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων και των ομάδων βλάστησης υπολογίστηκαν με την Ανάλυση Διασποράς (ANOVA- Tukey’s test) Οι κυριότεροι παράγοντες που φαίνεται να επηρεάζουν τη μακροφυτική βλάστηση στην περιοχή μελέτης είναι το υδρολογικό ισοζύγιο, η αλατότητα, η περιεκτικότητα σε θρεπτικά άλατα και η διαφάνεια του νερού. Η διαφάνεια του νερού ήταν υψηλότερη στις λιμνοθάλασσες Τσουκαλιό και Ροδιά και μικρότερη στη Λογαρού. Το pH στις λιμνοθάλασσες ήταν αλκαλικό και κυμαίνονταν από 7,5 έως 9, και οι τιμές του διαλυμένου οξυγόνου μπορούν να κατατάξουν τα ύδατα των λιμνοθαλασσών του Αμβρακικού στα σχεδόν πλούσια ή πλούσια. Η μεγαλύτερη διακύμανση της αλατότητας παρατηρήθηκε στις λιμνοθάλασσες Ροδιά και Τσουκαλιό ενώ η μικρότερη διαπιστώθηκε στη λιμνοθάλασσα Λογαρού που μπορεί να χαρακτηριστεί ως υπερύαλη μιας και η τιμή της συγκεκριμένης παραμέτρου παρουσίασε τιμές που ξεπερνούσαν το 40‰. Παρατηρήθηκε εποχική μεταβολή στις συγκεντρώσεις των θρεπτικών αλάτων του αζώτου μεταξύ των περιόδων παρακολούθησης. Σημειώνεται μείωση της συγκέντρωσης του ολικού ανόργανου Ν κατά τη διάρκεια της άνοιξης του 2004 σε σχέση με την άνοιξη του 2003. Η συγκέντρωση του ολικού ανόργανου Ν είναι χαμηλότερη το καλοκαίρι και το φθινόπωρο. Η λιμνοθάλασσα Ροδιά παρουσιάζει τη μεγαλύτερη συγκέντρωση ολικού ανόργανου αζώτου, ακολουθεί η λιμνοθάλασσα Τσουκαλιό και τελευταία η λιμνοθάλασσα Λογαρού. Οι συγκεντρώσεις των νιτρικών ιόντων εμφανίζονται αυξημένες την άνοιξη και το φθινόπωρο. Το φθινόπωρο επίσης παρατηρούνται υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις αμμωνιακών ιόντων ενώ οι συγκεντρώσεις των φωσφορικών κυμαίνονται σε πολύ χαμηλά επίπεδα. Σημαντικό ρόλο στη ανάπτυξη των μακροφύτων παίζει ο φώσφορος ο οποίος αποτελεί περιοριστικό παράγοντα. Ο φώσφορος είναι αυτός που ρυθμίζει και τον ανταγωνισμό μεταξύ μακροφύτων και φυτοπλαγκτού και θεωρείται ότι είναι ένας από τους κύριους παράγοντες περιορισμού της φυτοκάλυψης στις λιμνοθάλασσες του Αμβρακικού κόλπου. / Amvrakikos Gulf, situated in Western Greece, is one of the most important areas of the country, protected by the Ramsar Convention, especially for waterfowl populations, and recently has been included to the Natura 2000 Network with code number GR2110001. It is considered to be a very important biotope for flora and fauna and especially for birds that they are nesting and breeding in such type of habitats. The lagoons of Amvrakikos Gulf appear mainly at the north part of it. The most important lagoons are Rodia, Tsoukalio and Ayleri western of Salaora’ s hill and Logarou at the eastern part of the same hill. Two of the lagoons are interconnected and separated from the third by a narrow strip of land. Coastal lagoons, situated between the land and the sea, are influenced by both marine and terrestrial factors and subjected to increased nutrient inputs by rivers and human activities of the catchment area. Coastal lagoons are autonomous dynamic systems with a high productivity potential and a number of common morphological and ecological features. Characteristic features of these systems are frequent fluctuations in the environmental parameters (temperature and salinity) causing severe changes in the abundance and distribution of organisms. The ecological study is based on monitoring data on the seasonal variation during the vegetated periods of 2003-‘04 on submerged vegetation, nutrients, light and physicochemical parameters of water (depth, transparency, temperature, salinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH), in three shallow coastal brackish lagoons of Amvrakikos Gulf, Ionian Sea. It was studied the species composition, the seasonal variations and the succession of submerged macrophytes in relation to the main environmental factors and the abundance of the different species. The submerged flora in the Rodia and Tsoukalio is dominated by a charophytes, Lamprothamnium papulosum and an important angiosperm Zostera noltii. In Logarou two species of macroalgae Gracilaria-bursa pastoris and Acetabularia mediterranea, are abundant while Zostera noltii occurs with a limited presence. Statistical analyses and ordination methods were performed with statistical package SPSS (V. 12) and PC Ord (V.4). The hydrological regime, depth, water transparency and the fluctuation of salinity seems to be the main factors controlling the abundance of different species in three lagoons. When the salinity changed during the second year of the survey it was observed an alteration of the vegetation. The most important alteration happened at Rodia lagoon on spring 2004. It was also observed changes on the concentrations of nutrients and especially on nitrogen. The concentrations of nitrates were higher in spring and autumn due to inputs from catchments area. On autumn they were observed higher concentrations of ammonium with the exception of phosphates that they were very low something that recorded in similar ecosystems in other areas of the world.

Τα υδρόβια μακρόφυτα και τα βενθικά μακροασπόνδυλα μελετήθηκαν εποχικά σε δύο λιμνοθάλασσες της Δυτικής Ελλάδας (Κοτύχι και Πρόκοπος), με σκοπό την ανάλυση της χωρικής και εποχικής διακύμανσης των βιοκοινωνιών τους. Η λιμνοθάλασσα Κοτύχι παρουσιάζει μεγαλύτερη επικοινωνία με τη θάλασσα, ενώ ο Πρόκοπος έχει μεγαλύτερο βαθμό απομόνωσης από τη θάλασσα. Τα υδρόβια μακρόφυτα αποτελούν κύριο στοιχείο των λιμνοθαλασσών. Συνολικά και στις δύο περιοχές μελέτης βρέθηκαν 22 taxa μακροφύτων (αγγειόσπερμα και μακροφύκη), εκ των οποίων τα 8 αποτελούν νέες αναφορές για την περιοχή μελέτης. Συγκεκριμένα, βρέθηκαν 16 taxa στο Κοτύχι (2 ροδοφύκη, 8 χλωροφύκη, 5 αγγειόσπερμα, 1 στρεπτόφυτο) και 14 στον Πρόκοπο (1 ροδοφύκος, 5 χλωροφύκη, 5 αγγειόσπερμα, 3 στρεπτόφυτα). Τα αγγειόσπερμα Ruppia cirrhosa και Potamogeton pectinatus ήταν κυρίαρχα και στις δύο λιμνοθάλασσες. Κυρίαρχο taxon στο Κοτύχι ήταν και το χλωροφύκος Cladophora glomerata, ενώ για τον Πρόκοπο το αγγειόσπερμο Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata. H βιομάζα των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων παρουσίασε μεγάλη αύξηση κατά τη διάρκεια της θερινής περιόδου. Στο Κοτύχι απαντούν 28 taxa υδροβίων μακροασπονδύλων, ενώ στον Πρόκοπο 19. Η οικογένεια των Chironomidae (Miscellanea) και το Lekanesphaera monodi (Καρκινοειδή) ήταν τα κυρίαρχα taxa και για τις δύο λιμνοθάλασσες. Η ποικιλότητα (Η’) της βενθικής πανίδας κυμάνθηκε από 1,3 έως 2,6 στο Κοτύχι και από 0,7 έως 2,4 στον Πρόκοπο. Τα αποτελέσματα της ιεραρχικής ομαδοποίησης (Cluster analysis) σε σύνολο 72 δειγματοληπτικών επιφανειών, με βάση την αφθονία των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων στις δύο περιοχές μελέτης, ανέδειξαν 5 ομάδες βλάστησης. Στην ομάδα Ι κυρίαρχο taxon είναι το αγγειόσπερμο Zostera noltii, ενώ στις ομάδες ΙΙa και ΙΙb κυριαρχεί το αγγειόσπεrμο Ruppia cirrhosa, με διαφορετική αντιπροσώπευση των συνοδών ειδών. Στην ομάδα ΙΙIa κυριαρχούν τα αγγειόσπερμα Potamogeton pectinatus και Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata, ενώ η ομάδα ΙΙIb κυριαρχείται από το Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata που συνοδεύεται από το χλωροφύκος Ulva intestinalis. O έλεγχος των διαφορών των ομάδων βλάστησης, με βάση τη διακύμανση των περιβαλλοντικών τους παραμέτρων πραγματοποιήθηκε με τον έλεγχο Mann - Whitney U. Στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές υπάρχουν μεταξύ της ομάδας ΙΙb με τις ομάδες Ι και ΙΙIb, όσον αφορά το βάθος και μεταξύ της ομάδας ΙΙb και ΙΙΙa, όσον αφορά την αναλογία διαφάνεια/βάθος και τη συγκέντρωση του ολικού φωσφόρου. Τα αποτελέσματα της ιεραρχικής ομαδοποίησης (Cluster analysis) σε σύνολο 36 δειγματοληπτικών επιφανειών, με βάση την αφθονία των υδρόβιων μακροασπονδύλων ανέδειξαν δύο ομάδες βενθικής πανίδας σε επίπεδο ομοιότητας περίπου 50% (Bray curtis similarity 50%) που αντιστοιχούν στις δύο λιμνοθάλασσες. Η ομάδα που αντιστοιχεί στο Κοτύχι κυριαρχείται από την οικογένεια Chironomidae και η ομάδα που αντιστοιχεί στον Πρόκοπο κυριαρχείται από την οικογένεια Οstracoda. O έλεγχος Mann - Whitney U έδειξε ότι οι δύο λιμνοθάλασσες διαφέρουν με βάση τις αβιοτικές παραμέτρους σε επίπεδο σημαντικότητας p<0,001 στο βάθος, την αναλογία διαφάνεια/βάθος, τη συγκέντρωση του ολικού φωσφόρου, χλωροφύλλης –α και ολικών αιωρούμενων στερεών. Ο Πρόκοπος παρουσίασε μεγαλύτερο βάθος (0,87m) από το Κοτύχι (0,56m) και μεγαλύτερη διακύμανση των παραπάνω παραμέτρων. Γενικά, τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης κύριων συνιστωσών (PCA) και της ανάλυσης ANOSIM, που αφορούν τις περιβαλλοντικές παραμέτρους έδειξαν ότι η διακύμανση των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων παρουσίασε εποχικό και χωρικό πρότυπο και στις δύο λιμνοθάλασσες με τη μεγαλύτερη διακύμανση τους να παρατηρείται στον Πρόκοπo. Κατά τη διάρκεια της θερινής περιόδου ειδικά στον Πρόκοπο καταγράφηκαν πολύ χαμηλές τιμές διαλυμένου οξυγόνου (χαμηλότερη τιμή: 0,34 mg/l), ακραίες τιμές αλατότητας (μέγιστη τιμή: 38,43 psu) και αυξημένες τιμές pH (μέγιστη τιμή: 9,95). Αυτή η εποχική διακύμανση των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων προκαλεί έντονο φυσικό στρες στους υδρόβιους οργανισμούς επηρεάζοντας την αφθονία και εξάπλωση τους. Οι κυριότερες συσχετίσεις των αβιοτικών παραμέτρων που προέκυψαν από την ανάλυση Spearman είναι η θετική συσχέτιση του ολικού φώσφορου με τη χλωροφύλλη – α, τα ολικά αιωρούμενα στερεά και τη σταθερά απορρόφησης – α, η αρνητική συσχέτιση της αναλογίας διαφάνειας/βάθος με τον ολικό φώσφορο και τη χλωροφύλλη – α και του διαλυμένου οξυγόνου στο υπόστρωμα με τη συγκέντρωση φωσφορικών ιόντων, ολικού αζώτου, ολικού άνθρακα και οργανικού άνθρακα στο ίζημα. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης πλεονασμού (RDA), τo pH, η συγκέντρωση των ολικών αιωρούμενων στερεών της χλωροφύλλης - α, το βάθος, η θερμοκρασία και η σταθερά απορρόφησης Κ φαίνεται να παίζουν τον πιο σημαντικό ρόλο στην εξάπλωση & αφθονία των μακροφύτων. Όσον αφορά την εξάπλωση και αφθονία των υδρόβιων μακροασπονδύλων, σύμφωνα με την ανάλυση πλεονασμού (RDA), πιο σημαντικό ρόλο φαίνεται να παίζουν το βάθος, η συγκέντρωση των ολικών αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων, η θερμοκρασία και το pH. Γενικά, στις δύο λιμνοθάλασσες καταγράφηκε χαμηλός ειδών μακροφύτων και μακροαπονδύλων, όπως και σε άλλες λιμνοθάλασσες της Ελλάδας (Reizopoulou and Nicolaidou 2004, Kevrekidis 2004, Mogias and Kevrekidis 2005). Ο χαμηλότερος αριθμός ειδών και ατόμων μακροασπονδύλων παρατηρήθηκε κατά τη διάρκεια της θερινής περιόδου. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν επίσης ότι ο αριθμός ειδών, η ποικιλότητα και η αφθονία, των βενθικών μακροασπονδύλων σχετίζεται ισχυρά με την υδρόβια βλάστηση και το βαθμό απομόνωσης από τη θάλασσα. Ο αριθμός ειδών και ατόμων μακροασπονδύλων παρουσιάστηκε αυξημένος στον τύπο ενδιαιτήματος, όπου κυριαρχούν τα αγγειόσπερμα, ενώ παρουσιάστηκε μειωμένος σε γυμνό υπόστρωμα. Επίσης, ο αριθμός ειδών και ατόμων μακροασπονδύλων εμφανίζεται μειωμένος με την αύξηση της απόστασης από τη θάλασσα. Τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης πλεονασμού (RDA) έδειξαν ότι τα μαλάκια παρουσιάζουν καλύτερη συσχέτιση με το αγγειόσπερμο Zostera noltii και τα συνοδά του είδη, ενώ τα καρκινοείδη παρουσιάζουν καλύτερη συσχέτιση με τα αγγειόσπερμα Ruppia cirrhosa, Potamogeton pectinatus και Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata και τα συνοδά τους είδη. Τα Miscellanea δείχνουν καλύτερη συσχέτιση με τα ευκαιριακά είδη υδροβίων μακροφύτων. Το Gammarus insensibilis παρουσίασε συνεμφάνιση με το χλωροφύκος Chaetomorpha linum, το οποίο αποτελεί μέρος της διατροφής του (Sheader & Sheader 1987, Bamber et al. 1992). Στην παρούσα εργασία συζητούνται περαιτέρω η οικολογική ποιότητα των δύο λιμνοθαλασσών και οι χωρικές και χρονικές διακυμάνσεις των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων καθώς και οι επιδράσεις τους στη δομή και λειτουργία των βιοκοινωνιών των μακροφύτων και μακροασπονδύλων. / Aquatic macrophytes and benthic macroinvertebrates were studied seasonally in two coastal lagoons (Kotychi and Prokopos) located in Western Greece, in order to investigate spatial and temporal trends. Kotychi lagoon presents a better communication with the sea, while Prokopos has a high degree of confinement. Both ecosystems receive seasonally freshwater input by streams. The submerged aquatic macrophytes constituted a major component of the ecosystems studied. In total were found 22 taxa of aquatic macrophytes (angiosperms and macroalgae), 16 taxa for Kotychi (2 Rhodophyta, 8 Chlorophyta, 5 Magnoliophyta, 1 Streptophyta) and 14 taxa for Prokopos (1 Rhodophyta, 5 Chlorophyta, 5 Magnoliophyta, 3 Streptophyta). Ruppia cirrhosa, and Potamogeton pectinatus were dominant in both lagoons. Kotychi lagoon was also dominated by Cladophora glomerata and Prokopos by Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata, while the biomass of aquatic species peaked during summer period. The total number of macroinvertebrates found in the lagoons was 28 taxa for Kotychi and 19 for Prokopos. Chironomidae (Miscellanea) and Lekanesphaera monodi (Crustacea) were dominant in both lagoons, while Kotychi was also dominated by Monocorophium insidiosum (Crustacea), and Prokopos by Ostracoda (Crustacea). Benthic diversity (Η’) ranged from 1.3 to 2.6 in Kotychi and from 0.7 to 2.5 in Prokopos. Cluster analysis (Bray Curtis similarity) distinguished 5 vegetation groups based on 72 sampling plots. Group I, was dominated by Zostera noltii, groups IIa and IIb were both dominated by Ruppia cirrhosa, but they present different abundance in companion opportunistic species. Group IIIa was dominated by Potamogeton pectinatus and Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata and group IIIb by Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata and Ulva intestinalis. Mann - Whitney U – test showed that means of environmental variables such as depth, total P and the ratio transparency/depth differed significantly among groups IIb, IIIa and IIIb. Cluster analysis (Bray Curtis similarity) distinguished two groups of macroinvertebrates, based on 36 sampling plots. Group I represents Kotychi lagoon by Chironomidae and group II represents Prokopos lagoon II dominated by Ostracoda. Mann - Whitney U – test showed that means of environmental variables such as depth, the ratio transparency/depth, total P, chl-a and TSM differed significantly between the two lagoons. Prokopos (0,87m) is a deeper lagoon than Kotychi (0,56m) and presented higher values of the ratio transparency/depth, total P, chl-a and TSM. Generally, PCA and ANOSIM analysis showed that there is a seasonal and spatial fluctuation of environmental variables in the two lagoons. Prokopos showed widest range of the environmental variables among seasons. In Prokopos lagoon during summer period recorded very low values of D.O. (lowest value: 0,34 mg/l), high salinity (max. value: 38,43 psu) and pH (max. value: 9,95). The high seasonal fluctuations of environmental variables create a natural stress to aquatic organisms affecting their abundance. The results of Spearman analysis showed that total P was positively correlated with chl-a, TSM and attenuation coefficient K and the ratio transparency/depth was negatively correlated with total P and chl-a. Also, sediment’s D.O. was negatively correlated with orthophosphates, total nitrogen, total and organic carbon in the sediment. The results of RDA analysis showed that pH, TSM, chl-a, depth, attenuation coefficient K and temperature play the most important role in the abundance and distribution of aquatic macrophytes. Depth, TSM, temperature and pH influence the distribution and abundance of benthic mavroinvertebrates. Generally, both lagoon showed low number of species of macrophytes and macroinvertebrates, similarly with other Greek lagoons (Reizopoulou and Nicolaidou 2004, Kevrekidis 2004, Mogias and Kevrekidis 2005). The lowest number of species and individuals of macroinvertebrates was recorded during the summer period. Moreover, results showed that species richness, diversity, and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates were strongly related to aquatic vegetation and degree of confinement. The number of species and individuals of macroinvertebrates increased in the habitat where angiosperms were the dominated macrophytes. On the other hand, the number of species and individuals of macroinvertebrates presented lower values in bare substrates. Also, the number of species and individuals of macroinvertebrates presented a reduction at the sampling stations which have a high distance from the sea, in both lagoons. RDA analysis showed that Mollusca prefer as a habitat the angiosperm Zostera noltii and its companion species. Crustacea showed better relation with angiosperms Ruppia cirrhosa, Potamogeton pectinatus and Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata and their companion species. Miscellanea showed better relation with the opportunistic species of aquatic macrophytes. Gammarus insensibilis presented co-occurrence with Chaetomorpha linum, which is a part of its diet, as referred also, in Sheader & Sheader (1987) and Bamber et al. (1992). In the current study the ecological evaluation of the two coastal lagoons, the spatial and temporal fluctuations of environmental variables and their influence to the structure and function of biotic communities are further discussed.

Orientador: Robinson Antonio Pitelli / Coorientador: Claudinei da Cruz / Banca: Lúcia Helena Sipauba Tavares / Banca: Matheus Nicolino Peixoto Henares / Resumo: As plantas aquáticas podem constituir problemas em muitos corpos hídricos, sendo necessário empregar técnicas de controle. A utilização do peixe carpa capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) é uma técnica consagrada de controle biológico em muitos países. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a preferência alimentar e a eficiência de controle da carpa capim diploide, pelas macrófitas aquáticas submersas Ceratophyllum demersum, Egeria densa, Egeria najas e Hydrilla verticillata isoladas e combinadas em condição de mesocosmos. Para tanto, foram realizados 3 experimentos. No primeiro experimento foi realizado a oferta e o plantio das macrófitas C. demersum, E. densa e E. najas em microcosmos de 250 litros em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com 5 repetições. No segundo e terceiro experimento as plantas foram ofertadas isoladas e associadas em condição de mesocosmos de 2000 L. No segundo experimento foi utilizada as plantas: C. demersum; E. densa e E. najas e no terceiro experimento: C. demersum; E. densa; E. najas e H. verticillata em delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC) em triplicata. No primeiro experimento ocorreu maior controle e ganho em biomassa de peixe nos tratamentos com a menor quantidade de peixes. No segundo experimento a planta mais predada pela carpa capim foi a E. najas e C. demersum quando ofertadas isoladamente, e quando oferecidas em conjunto a ordem de preferência alimentar foi C. demersum > E. najas > E. densa. No terceiro experimento a planta mais consumida tanto isolada quanto combinada foi a H. verticillata e a menos consumida foi a E. densa. Assim, conclui-se que a carpa capim (C. idella) como agente de controle biológico apresentou elevada eficiência devido a sua maior preferência pela H. verticillata, seguida pela E. najas e C. demersum e com menor intensidade pela E. densa em condição de mesocosmos, o que torna a carpa capim uma ótima ... / Abstract: The macrophytes may be problems in many water bodies, being necessary to employ control technique. The use of grass carp fish (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is an established biological control technique in many countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of food preference and control of diploid grass carp exposed the macrophytes Ceratophyllum demersum, Egeria densa, Egeria najas and Hydrilla verticillata isolated and combined condition micro and mesocosms. To this, three experiments were conducted. The first experiment was the supply and planting of macrophytes C. demersum, E. densa and E. najas in microcosms of 250 liters with five repetitions in completely randomized design (CRD). In the second and third experiment plants were offered in isolated and combinated condition mesocosms 2000 L. In the second experiment the plant C. demersum, E. densa and E. najas was used, in the third experiment the macrophyte C. demersum, E. densa, E, najas and H. verticillata in a randomized block design (RBD) in triplicate. In the first experiment the treatment with lower quantity of fish were what to show the bigger consumption and to get in weight in conditions of microcosms. In the second experiment the plant more predated by grass carp was E. najas and C. demersum when offered alone, and when offered together the order of food preference was C. demersum > E. najas > E. densa. In the third experiment the plant most consumed either alone or in combination was the H. verticillata and the least consumed was E. densa. Thus, it is concluded that use of grass carp (C. idella) as a biological control agent has advantages for having high rates of consumption and in greater preference for H. verticillata, followed by E. najas and C. demersum and lower intensity in the E. densa in mesocosms condition, which makes the grass carp one great tool for biological control / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:31:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4000.pdf: 1405688 bytes, checksum: 20351183bd8a8281e307e66398831dbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-08 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The riparian forest deforestation by pasture activities allows greater solar incidence on the streams bed. The high input of light favours the development of aquatic macrophytes, which also contributing with the high primary production rate and are important substrate for aquatic organisms. This substrate generates stability subunities and complex microhabitats which are used as refugee, places and feeding source and interfere in the trophic relations in the streams. Benthic macroinvertebrates can be affected in several ways by fish (predators) through direct effects (feeding) or indirect effects (predation risk, bio-perturbation, trophic links). However, the complexity offered by the macrophytes can influence the trophic interactions between fish and the macroinvertebrates, decreasing the predation pressure and allowing the coexistence among these organisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the macrophyte influence on the aquatic communities. With the purpose of facilitate the understanding, the study was divided in two chapters: (1) It compared the macroinvertebrate assemblages present in sites with or without macrophytes in three different streams; (2) It evaluated the aquatic macrophyte effects on the colonization of macroinvertebrate communities and on the predation interaction between macroinvertebrates and fish, using an experiment with exclusion cages in two streams. The results allow a better understanding of the functional processes in the structure of the streams, providing knowledge about the human interaction effects on the functioning of these systems. / O desmatamento das matas ciliares realizado por atividades de pastagens possibilita maior incidência solar sobre o leito dos córregos. A alta entrada de luz favorece o desenvolvimento de bancos de macrófitas, que além de contribuírem com alta taxa de produção primária são importante substrato para os organismos aquáticos. Esse substrato gera subunidades de estabilidade e microhabitats complexos que são utilizados como refúgio, local e fonte de alimentação e interferem nas relações tróficas dentro dos riachos. Macroinvertebrados bentônicos podem ser afetados de diversas formas pela presença de peixes (predadores), seja através de efeitos tróficos diretos (alimentação) ou de efeitos indiretos (ameaça de predação, bioperturbação, ligações tróficas). No entanto, a complexidade fornecida pelas macrófitas pode influenciar as interações tróficas entre peixes e macroinvertebrados, diminuindo a pressão de predação e permitindo a coexistência entre esses organismos. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência das macrófitas aquáticas nas comunidades de macroinvertebrados aquáticos. Na intenção de facilitar a compreensão, o estudo foi dividido em dois capítulos: (1) Comparou as comunidades de macroinvertebrados presentes em locais com e sem macrófitas em três diferentes riachos; (2) Avaliou o efeito das macrófitas aquáticas na colonização da assembléia de macroinvertebrados e na interação de predação entre macroinvertebrados e peixes, usando um experimento com gaiolas de exclusão em dois riachos. Os resultados permitem um melhor entendimento dos processos funcionais e estruturais de riachos, fornecendo conhecimento dos efeitos de alterações humanas no funcionamento desses sistemas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:32:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6259.pdf: 1872707 bytes, checksum: b6729ed53cb8e3b7fd961aa092dad810 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-22 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of Zn and Pb in the anaerobic decomposition of aquatic macrophytes. Considering this purpose, bioassays with Hedychium coronarium coronarium and Urochloa subquadripara from Fazzari and Espraiado lagoons (São Carlos, SP, Brazil) were performed in laboratory. The kinetics of macrophytes detritus decompositions was conducted during 100 days. The pH, electrical conductivity and ratio E4/E6 was measured along this period. This procedure was carried under 6 experimental conditions: C1 (control), C2 (control plus KNO3), Zn95 (95.3 mg.L-1), Zn2 (2.0 mg.L-1), Pb6 (6.0 mg.L-1) and Pb06 (0.06 mg.L-1). Each of these conditions was also tested under two temperatures (15°C and 25°C) with the aim of evaluate the seasonality effect on the process. The organic and inorganic carbon data was fit to a kinetics model. Zinc and lead concentrations decreased the rate of particulate organic carbon loss of H. coronarium, which was observed by lower k4 and kT values. The highest zinc concentration performed the most aggressive effect causing very little loss of particulate organic carbon. Also mineralization of H. coronarium did not occur in any of the experimental conditions including control (C1), which can be associated with antimicrobial effect of some natural products in the plant. The COP loss and the COD increase were possibly related to fermentative microorganisms. The organic carbon breakdown was the only process represented by the mathematical model adopted. Zinc and lead concentrations decreased or increased U. subquadripara refractory organic carbon loss (k4) depending on condition. These differences are probably related to interactions of metals with the macrophyte detritus and humic substances produced along the process, changing thus the bioavailability of metals for heterotrophic microorganisms. Also, the highest zinc concentration condition (Zn95) had a negative effect on mineralization of U. subquadripara, showing that metal can affect mineralization and organic carbon decay independently. Overall, the kinetic model used represented the decomposition dynamics of U. subquadripara. The temperature showed a positive correlation with both plants detritus breakdown. We conclude the Zn and Pb can play a driving force role on the anaerobic decomposition of macrophytes, reducing or inhibiting heterotrophic activity. Also, we conclude that Zn and Pb had different effects for H. coronarium and U. subquadripara. Zinc showed independent effect on mineralization and POC breakdown processes. Finally, metals adsorption on detritus and humic substances are processes that determine its influence on decomposition. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do Zn e Pb sobre a decomposição anaeróbia de duas macrófitas aquáticas. Para tanto foram realizados bioensaios utilizando fragmentos de Hedychium coronarium e Urochloa subquadripara, coletadas respectivamente nas represas do Fazzari e do Espraiado (São Carlos, SP, Brasil). A cinética de decomposição dos detritos foi acompanhada por 100 dias, juntamente com a variação temporal do pH, condutividade elétrica e razão E4/E6. Esse procedimento foi realizado com 6 tratamentos diferentes: C1 (controle), C2 (controle com adição de KNO3), Zn95 (95,3 mg.L-1), Zn2 (2,0 mg.L-1), Pb6 (6,0 mg.L-1) e Pb06 (0,06 mg.L-1). Os tratamentos foram mantidos a 15°C e 25°C com o objetivo de discutir o efeito da temperatura sobre a decomposição. As cinéticas do carbono orgânico e inorgânico em cada tratamento foram parametrizadas por modelos matemáticos. Para H. coronarium observou-se que os metais reduziram a velocidade de decaimento do carbono orgânico, o que foi representado pela redução dos coeficientes kT e k4. O tratamento com a maior concentração de zinco (Zn95) teve destaque por ter proporcionado decréscimos pequenos na quantidade de carbono orgânico particulado (COP) ao longo do período experimental. Os detritos de H. coronarium não foram mineralizados, inclusive nos tratamentos controle, o que pode estar associado a efeitos antimicrobianos dessa espécie. O decaimento do COP e aumento do carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) estiveram provavelmente associados a microrganismos fermentadores. Embora o modelo de duplo decaimento tenha se ajustado bem à dinâmica do COP, a não ocorrência de mineralização não permitiu ajuste das demais equações que integram o modelo adotado. Para U. subquadripara os metais atuaram tanto no sentido de diminuir quanto de aumentar a velocidade de decaimento do carbono orgânico refratário, refletindo valores de k4 menores ou maiores em relação aos controles. Essas diferenças estão provavelmente relacionadas a interações dos metais com os detritos e/ou substâncias húmicas, alterando a concentração biodisponível aos organismos heterotróficos. O tratamento Zn95 ainda influenciou negativamente o processo de mineralização, demonstrando a capacidade do zinco em atuar de maneira independente nos processos de decaimento e mineralização do carbono orgânico. De maneira geral o modelo proposto representou a dinâmica de decomposição de U. subquadripara. A temperatura mostrou correlação positiva com o decaimento e mineralização do carbono orgânico em ambas as plantas. Concluiu-se que os metais Zn e Pb são capazes de atuar como funções de força no processo de decomposição anaeróbia, inibindo ou reduzindo a atividade heterotrófica; que o zinco pode atuar de maneira independente sobre os processos de decaimento do COP e de mineralização; que os efeitos destes metais foram diferentes para cada espécie, e que a adsorção dos mesmos aos detritos e substâncias húmicas são fatores que provavelmente condicionam o papel destes contaminantes como funções de força do processo de decomposição.

Orientador: Luiz Augusto do Amaral / Banca: Antônio Fernando Monteiro Camargo / Banca: Irineu Bianchini Júnior / Resumo: A aquicultura é uma atividade impactante para o meio ambiente, podendo causar eutrofização de corpos hídricos, introdução de espécies exóticas, transmissão de doenças e competição pelo uso da água. Os efluentes de criações de organismos aquáticos são ricos em matéria orgânica e nutrientes, nitrogênio e fósforo, decorrente de adubação, restos de ração e excreção. A partir de um viveiro de criação de pacu "Piaractus mesopotamicus" foi avaliado o impacto ambiental causado pela criação, a presença de organismos indicadores de contaminação fecal (Escherichia coli), e avaliada a eficiência de um sistema de tratamento tipo wetland construída utilizando três espécies de macrófitas aquáticas de tipos ecológicos diferentes: Eichhornia crassipes (flutuante), Ceratophyllum demersum(submersa) e Typha dominigensis (emersa). As variáveis analisadas foram temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, alcalinidade, dureza total, demanda química e bioquímica de oxigênio (DQO e DBO), nitrogênio (total, amoniacal, nitrito e nitrato), fósforo (total e ortofosfato) e o NMP de Escherichia coli, como ferramenta de análise foi aplicada uma análise multivariada de fatores. Os resultados demonstraram que a criação de pacu apresentou impacto ambiental significativo na qualidade da água do efluente do viveiro, gerando elevação da concentração de fósforo total, nitrogênio total e material particulado suspenso, aumento nos níveis de turbidez e demanda bioquímica e química de oxigênio. O sistema de tratamento foi eficiente no tratamento do efluente e todas as etapas do tratamento foram significativas para a remoção das variáveis relacionadas com o impacto ambiental. Todas as amostras apresentaram número mais provável de Escherichia coli dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira / Abstract: Aquaculture is responsible for various types of environmental impacts, causing eutrophication of water bodies, introduction of exotic species, disease transmission and competition for water use. The effluents from aquatic organisms breeding are rich in organic matter and nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, due to fertilization, food leftovers and excretion. From a pacu "Piaractus mesopotamicus" breeding pond was evaluated the environmental impact in the water, the presence of fecal indicator organisms (Escherichia coli) and evaluated the effluent treatment by a constructed wetland using three species aquatic macrophytes of different ecological types: Eichhornia crassipes (floating), Ceratophyllum demersum (submerged) and Typha dominigensis (onshore). The analyzed variables were temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, alkalinity, total hardness, chemical demand and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD), nitrogen (total, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate) and phosphorus (total and orthophosphate), for data analysis was applied a multivariate factor analysis. The results demonstrated that the pacu breeding showed significant environmental impact on water quality of the effluent, causing elevation of total phosphorus, total nitrogen and suspended particulate material, an increase in turbidity and chemical and biochemical oxygen demand. The treatment system was effective in the treatment of effluent and all stages of treatment were significant for the removal of variables related to environmental impact. The most probable number of E. coli was in accordance with Brazilian law in all samples / Mestre

Submitted by Joseane Rabelo (josyrabb@gmail.com) on 2018-08-18T17:55:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RABELO, J_ME.pdf: 3506789 bytes, checksum: 945c66fa4447e66037b3f637d1c9a0c8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Carolina Gonçalves Bet null (abet@iq.unesp.br) on 2018-08-20T13:46:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rabelo_j_me_araiq_int.pdf: 3348948 bytes, checksum: 2b3987dc3b3fc2f4ef2a5f330e2b95c0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T13:46:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rabelo_j_me_araiq_int.pdf: 3348948 bytes, checksum: 2b3987dc3b3fc2f4ef2a5f330e2b95c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os biossorventes provenientes de materiais lignocelulósicos são alternativas de baixo custo e mais sustentável para o meio ambiente na remoção das espécies metálicas. Neste caminho, o presente trabalho descreve o uso da macrófita, Typha sp, também conhecida como taboa, para remover as espécies metálicas Cu (II), Cr (III), Cd (II) e Zn (II) em amostras aquosas. Caracterizou-se inicialmente a macrófita Typha sp utilizando as técnicas analíticas como: espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FT-IR), análise elementar de N e Ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de 13C, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raio X (EDS) e análise de área superficial utilizando adsorção de N2. As características adsortivas da Typha sp foram estabelecidas através de experimentos em batelada em função do pH, o tempo de contato e a concentração. As micrografias da Typha sp apresentou-se partículas com morfologia heterogênea, irregular em formato de bastão. O FT-IR e o RMN 13C confirmaram a presença de grupos funcionais como COOH, NH2 e S=C=N, que possuem pares de elétrons não ligantes e que coordenam com as espécies metálicas. A área superficial específica da Typha sp foi menor que 1 m2/g, característico de materiais não porosos. Os experimentos de adsorção mostraram que o pH 5,5 favorece a adsorção das espécies metálicas em estudo. A cinética de adsorção é rápida, sendo menor que 15 min, ajustando aos dados experimentais do modelo cinético de pseudo-segunda ordem. A capacidade máxima de adsorção determinada experimentalmente foi de 9,48, 6,55, 3,01 e 9,52 mg/g para Cr (III), Cu (II), Zn (II) e Cd (II). Respectivamente, os dados obtidos nas isotermas foram aplicados ao modelo Langmuir, cujos valores do coeficiente linear foi maior que 0,95, comprovando o bom ajuste dos dados a este modelo. A adsorção na presença de um segundo íon teve maior interferência para as espécies metálicas de Cu (II) e Zn (II) diminuindo a adsorção em 30 %. Após a determinação das caracteristica adsortivas da Typha sp, essa foi utilizada como suporte sólida na estração em fase sólida. Os parâmetros otimizados no sistema em fluxo para utilizar a Typha sp na extração em fase sólida (SPE) foram: vazão, massa, volume da amostra, concentração do ácido e o volume do eluato, obtendo uma recuperação acima de 78 %. A aplicação nas amostra do Rio Tietê e Paranapanema foram satisfatórias para as espécies Cu (II), Cd (II) e Zn (II), porém a recuperação do Cr (III) foi nula, devido a interferência da matriz. A Typha sp possui grande potencial para ser utilizada como biossorvente na adsorção das espécies metálicas em estudo, devido ao baixo custo do material e a elevada capacidade de adsorção das espécies metálicas. / Biosorbents from lignocellulosic materials are low cost alternatives and more environmentally sustainable in the removal of metal species. In this way, the present work describes the use of the macrophyte, Typha sp, also known as Taboa, to remove the Cu (II), Cr (III), Cd (II) and Zn (II) metal species in aqueous samples. Typha sp macrophyte was initially characterized using analytical techniques such as infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis of N and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy spectroscopy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDS) and surface area analysis using N2 adsorption. The adsorptive characteristics of Typha sp were established through batch experiments as a function of pH, contact time and concentration. The micrographs of the Typha sp presented particles with heterogeneous morphology, irregular in stick format. FT-IR and 13C NMR confirmed the presence of functional groups such as COOH, NH2 and S = C = N, which have non-binding electron pairs and coordinate with the metallic species. The specific surface area of Typha sp was less than 1 m2/g, characteristic of non-porous materials. The adsorption experiments showed that pH 5.5 favors adsorption of the metal species under study. The kinetics of adsorption is fast, being less than 15 min, adjusting to the experimental data of the kinetic model of pseudo-second order. The maximum adsorption capacity determined experimentally was 9.48, 6.55, 3.01 and 9.52 mg/g for Cr (III), Cu (II), Zn (II) and Cd (II). The data obtained in the isotherms were applied to the Langmuir model, whose linear coefficient values were greater than 0.95, confirming the good fit of the data to this model. The adsorption in the presence of a second ion had greater interference for the Cu (II) and Zn (II) metal species, reducing the adsorption by 30%. After the determination of the adsorptive characteristics of Typha sp, this was used as solid support in the solid phase separation. The optimized parameters in the flow system to use Typha sp in the solid phase extraction (SPE) were: flow, mass, sample volume, acid concentration and eluate volume, obtaining a recovery above 78%. The Cu (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) species were satisfactory for the Tietê and Paranapanema samples, but the Cr (III) recovery was null due to matrix interference. Typha sp has great potential to be used as a biosorbent in the adsorption of the metal species under study, due to the low cost of the material and the high adsorption capacity of the metallic species. / CAPES

MACÊDO, Joemília Conceição Araújo. Distribuição dos grupos funcionais de plantas aquáticas em áreas alagadas costeiras do nordeste brasileiro. 2015. 37 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T23:02:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_jcamacedo.pdf: 757018 bytes, checksum: 2b0670a1c0c761b31382f96f37d5ce23 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-09-27T23:47:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_jcamacedo.pdf: 757018 bytes, checksum: 2b0670a1c0c761b31382f96f37d5ce23 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T23:47:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_jcamacedo.pdf: 757018 bytes, checksum: 2b0670a1c0c761b31382f96f37d5ce23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Aquatic plants located in coastal lagoons have functional traits selected by abiotic conditions and related to the history of life, which allowed them to colonization and establishment in these environments. The present study tested the following hypotheses: (1) that the species have a homogeneous pattern of functional traits, resulting in the formation of a few groups; (2) that the limnological variables and soil act as a filter to select those traits and interfere in the distribution of populations in the pond. Thus the functional traits of the species present in a coastal lagoon in northeastern Brazil were analyzed using a sampling transects. Sediment samples were taken and analyzed in the laboratory. The limnology parameters were measured in the field, as well as the depth of the water depth and the occurrence of species away from the margin. Biological data showed formation of two functional groups, supporting the first hypothesis. But the abiotic variables were associated with the distribution of a few people, refuting the latter. Thus we conclude that the community of aquatic plants analyzed is formed by similar traits and abiotic effects are not decisive for the formation of these groups. / As plantas aquáticas situadas em lagoas costeiras apresentam traços funcionais selecionados por condições abióticas e relacionados à história de vida, que lhes permitiram a colonização e estabelecimento nesses ambientes. O presente trabalho testou as seguintes hipóteses: (1) que as espécies possuem um padrão homogêneo de traços funcionais, resultando na formação de poucos grupos; (2) que as variáveis limnológicas e pedológicas atuam como filtro que selecionam esses traços e interferem na distribuição das populações na lagoa. Desta forma os traços funcionais das espécies presentes numa lagoa costeira do nordeste brasileiro foram analisados por meio de uma amostragem por transectos. Amostras de sedimento foram retiradas e analisadas em laboratório. Os parâmetros limnológicos foram aferidos em campo, assim como a profundidade da lâmina d’água e a distância de ocorrência das espécies em relação à margem. Os dados biológicos evidenciaram a formação de dois grupos funcionais, corroborando a primeira hipótese. Porém, as variáveis abióticas foram associadas à distribuição de poucas populações, refutando a segunda hipótese. Com isso concluímos que a comunidade de plantas aquáticas analisada é formada por traços semelhantes e os efeitos abióticos não são determinantes para formação destes grupos.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-30Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:48:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000817118.pdf: 526972 bytes, checksum: ab8ac002cf8fd378a2d0bd8de72e9b12 (MD5) / As invasões de macrófitas são recorrentes e causam diversas implicações nos ecossistemas de água doce. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar se dois tipos de invasões de macrófitas, uma monoespecífica e outra heteroespecífica, que ocorreram naturalmente em um viveiro de piscicultura, modificaram as varáveis químicas, físicas e biológicas da água, em comparação com o período de ausência dessas macrófitas. Na primeira invasão de macrófitas foram realizadas coletas nos períodos com e sem macrófitas, semanalmente, nos meses de Fevereiro, Março, Maio e Junho de 2009, sendo coletadas amostras da água e da comunidade zooplanctônica. Na segunda invasão de macrófitas foram realizadas coletas nos períodos com e sem macrófitas, mensalmente, nos meses de Maio de 2010 a Fevereiro de 2011, sendo coletadas amostras de água e das comunidades zooplanctônica e fitoplanctônica. Os resultados da primeira invasão pela S. auriculata mostrou que a macrófita flutuante causou mudanças negativas nas concentrações das variáveis físicas e químicas da água selecionando espécies tolerantes a amplas variações no ambiente aquático (Filinia terminalis, Lecane proiecta, Trichocerca longiseta e Thermocyclops decipiens). No período de ausência da S. auriculata a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido aumentou e diminuiram as concentrações de matéria orgânica, coliforme termotolerante e amônia, que proporcionaram a ocorrência principalmente de Cladocera, que é um bom alimento vivo disponível para outros organismos. Já na segunda invasão, a presença das macrófitas emergentes e flutuantes reduziu principalmente a matéria orgânica, proporcionando a ocorrência de Cladocera (Alona monacantha), Copepoda (náuplio de Cyclopoida e Calanoida) e maior abundância de Chlorophyceae. Esses fatores proporcionam uma maior qualidade de alimento vivo disponível na água. Já na ausência dessas plantas, as concentrações de ... / The invasions of macrophytes are recurrent and cause various implications in freshwater ecosystems. The aim of the study was to evaluate if two types of invasions of macrophytes, one monospecific and other heteroespecífica, occurred naturally in a pond, changed the chemical, physical and biological variables of the water, compared to the period of absence of macrophyte. In the first invasion of macrophytes, the samples were collected during periods with and without macrophytes weekly during the months of February, March, May and June 2009, and it were collected samples of water and zooplankton. In the second invasion of macrophyte, the samples were collected during periods with and without macrophytes, monthly, during the months of May 2010 to February 2011, and it were collected samples of water and zooplankton and phytoplankton communities. Results from the first invasion by S. auriculata showed that the floating macrophyte caused negative changes in the concentrations of the physical and chemical parameters and selected the tolerant species to wide variations in the aquatic environment (Filinia terminalis, Lecane proiecta, Trichocerca longiseta and Thermocyclops decipiens). In the period of absence from S. auriculata the concentration of dissolved oxygen increased, decreased concentrations of organic matter, thermotolerant coliform and ammonia, which provided the occurrence mainly Cladocera (Daphnia gessneri and Diaphanossoma birgei), which is a good live food available in the water. In the second invasion, the presence of emergent and floating macrophytes decreased mainly concentration of organic matter, favoring the occurrence of Cladocera (Alona monacantha), Copepoda (Cyclopoida and Calanoida nauplii) and greater abundance of Chlorophyceae. These factors provide a higher quality of live food available in the water. Already in the absence of these plants, the concentrations of some variables aumentararam and were essential to ...