Although the vertical jump has long been an accepted and valuable test of explosive strength and physical ability, the major factors affecting performance have not been isolated. This study was designed to investigate vertical-jump performance in relation to certain foot measurements. Two ratios comprised of heel/foot length and arch length/foot length were correlated to vertical-jump performance.

Bichirs, Polypteriformes, are a basal group of vertebrates with many unique characters as ganoid scales, fleshy pectoral fin, spiraculum or paired lung originated from ventral outpocketing from floor of pharynx. Among the most notable is also the dentition, which contatin teeth among whole area of oropharyngeal cavity. This arrangement is not easily call oral and pharyngeal, what is recently used e.g. for medaka, because it is only one dention with teeth on majority of oral as well as pharyngeal elements. This diploma thesis utilizes expression patterns of Dlx genes to visualize morphogenesis of dentition and pharyngeal arches in the Senegal Bichir (Polypterus senegalus). The very first developing teeth of oral dentition, as well as its further patterning were detected and accurately located using gene expression analyses. It was also discovered an interesting histological context connected with unique mouth opening mechanism during early development of teeth in oral cavity. Another discussion point is establishment of dorsoventral polarization in pharyngeal arches development of bichir based on results from Dlx gene expression analysis. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Title: Problems of the functional flatfoot Objective: The aim of this diploma thesis is problems of the functional flatfoot. Main goal is to describe relation between change of structure, disorder of foot function and development of flatfoot. The thesis tries to describe the behavior of foot and arch in standing and walking. Another goal is to summarize the diagnostic possibilities of flatfoot. Methods: The diploma thesis has descriptive-analytical character. It's written in form of literature review. Results: This thesis demonstrates the problem of disunity nomenclature concerning the problem of flatfoot. Specifically, it concerns the interpretation of the words of functional flatfoot, movement components in foot and laboratory diagnostic methods. There is offered an explanation of the concept of functional flatfoot. Further work indicated that the acquired flatfoot is a question of a functional disorder that may progress to structural changes. The static and dynamic loadings were confirmed by the role of small muscles of the foot in the role of dynamic stabilization and influence of femoral rotation on the foot arch. There were summarized methods used for the diagnosis of flatfoot including dynamic plantography. Keywords: flat foot, foot arch, kinesiology, diagnostics

Title Comparison of selected parameters of function and shape of the foot in volleyball and beach volleyball women players Objectives The goal of this thesis is to find out if there are differences in chosen parameters for competitively playing volleyball and beach volleyball women players. Compare the influence of the sports footwear and hard surface court on the shape and function of the foot with the bare foot on the sand in technically similar sports. Methods The research involved 10 women playing volleyball and 10 women playing beach volleyball. All the players were 19 - 34 years old and all were regularly playing at competitive level. Selected monitored parameters were the quality of perception of sensation in the foot, foot arch shape evaluated by using plantogram and examination postural stability by using the Véle test. The test results were evaluated in both sports separately and then compared with each other. Results The results of this thesis show better readings in all investigated tests in both lower limbs at beach volleyball women players. Only in the case of the shape of the foot arch test on the left foot was the result statistically significant. Other selected parameters in shape and function of beach volleyball women players feet did not show plausible statistical difference....

The analysis of time series has long been the subject of interest in different fields. For decades time series were analysed with linear models, which have many advantages. Nevertheless, an issue which has been raised is whether there exist other models that can explain and forecast real data better than linear ones. In this thesis, new nonlinear time series models are suggested, which consist of a nonlinear conditional mean model, such as an ExpAR or an Extended ExpAR, and a nonlinear conditional variance model, such as an ARCH or a GARCH. Since new models are introduced, simulated series of the new models are presented, as it is important in order to see what characteristics real data which could be explained by them should have. In addition, the models are applied to various stationary and nonstationary economic and financial time series and are compared to the classic AR-ARCH and AR-GARCH models, in terms of fitting and forecasting. It is shown that, although it is difficult to beat the AR-ARCH and AR-GARCH models, the ExpAR and Extended ExpAR models and their special cases, combined with conditional heteroscedastic errors, can be useful tools in fitting, describing and forecasting nonlinear behaviour in financial and economic time series, and can provide some improvement in terms of both fitting and forecasting compared to the AR-ARCH and AR-GARCH models.

Introdução: a determinação da Borda WALA em modelos de gesso permitia defini-la como uma linha imaginária utilizada no planejamento, seguimento e finalização de casos clínicos. Procurou-se determinar a Borda WALA em modelos de gesso de pacientes ortodônticos, mandíbulas secas, radiografias oclusais e cortes tomográficos dos pacientes e mandíbulas respectivas. O objetivo foi detectar a viabilidade de mensurar e determinar, por um método reproduzível, a Borda WALA em radiografias oclusais e cortes tomográficos. Metodologia: foram utilizados modelos, radiografias oclusais e tomografias de feixe cônico de 12 pacientes ortodônticos, e 12 mandíbulas e suas respectivas radiografias oclusais e cortes tomográficos. As mensurações tomográficas foram realizadas, em todos os dentes, do ponto mais vestibular das raízes dentárias no nível cervical até a parte mais externa da cortical óssea vestibular. Nas mandíbulas secas e nos modelos, as medidas verticais partiam do ponto EV até a linha de grafite que determinou o ponto vestibular mais externo. Resultados: os arcos correspondentes à Borda WALA obtidos nos modelos de gesso e nas mandíbulas secas se equivaleram em sua forma, sendo um pouco menores, em sua dimensão, nos modelos. Os arcos obtidos a partir das mensurações realizadas em radiografias oclusais e cortes tomográficos se equivaleram, em sua forma, nos modelos e mandíbulas, com correlação fortemente positiva, detectada pelo Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson. Conclusões: 1. a Borda WALA não representa uma estrutura anatômica, mas uma medida/anagrama/referência a ser mensurada e utilizada nos tratamentos ortodônticos e ortopédicos; 2. a Borda WALA não deve ser considerada uma linha imaginária, mas um arco a ser determinado por medidas que devem servir de parâmetro nas correções das alterações da oclusão e alinhamento dos dntes inferiores; 3. em seu contorno e forma, as medidas obtidas nos modelos e nas mandíbulas, assim como nas radiografias oclusais e tomografias de feixe cônico, se equivaleram estatisticamente. Nas radiografias oclusais dos pacientes, houve dificuldades técnicas para a obtenção de imagens que permitissem uma mensuração precisa na determinação da Borda WALA. Nos cortes tomográficos, as medidas realizadas para determinação da Borda WALA reproduziram, com coeficiente de correlação fortemente positivo, a dimensão e a forma obtidas em medidas nos modelos de gesso e nas mandíbulas secas. Em suma, a determinação da Borda WALA a partir de cortes tomográficos transversais no nível cervical dos dentes inferiores é viável, pois a dimensão e a forma do arco obtido se equivalem estatisticamente ao arco obtido pelas medidas realizadas em modelos de gesso e mandíbulas secas. / Introduction: The WALA ridge is an imaginary line determined in cast models and used as reference for orthodontic treatment planning, execution and finalization. In the following study, the WALA ridge was defined in cast models of orthodontic patients, dissected mandibles, occlusal radiographies and tomographic slices of patients and respective mandibles aiming to find a reproducible method for determining the WALA ridge in occlusal radiographies and tomographic slices. Methodology: The sample comprised 12 cast models, occlusal radiographies and cone beam tomographies of orthodontic patients and 12 dissected mandibles, their respective occlusal radiographies and tomographic slices. Tomographic measurements were made in all teeth from the most buccal point of dental roots on their cervical level until the most external and anterior cortical line of bone. Vertical measurements on dissected mandibles and cast models were taken from FA point until the pencil line that determined the most external edge of bone around mandibular teeth. Results: The arches corresponding to the WALA ridge obtained from cast models and dissected mandibles were equivalent in form but a little smaller in size for cast models. The arches obtained from occlusal radiographies and tomographic slices were equivalent in form to the ones obtained from models and dissected mandibles, with a high positive correlation of proportion statistically confirmed by Pearsons coefficient. Conclusion: 1. The WALA ridge is not an anatomical structure, but a measurement/anagram/reference to be measured and used during orthodontic and orthopedic treatment. 2. The WALA ridge should not be considered an imaginary line, but an arch to be determined by measurements and used as parameter when correcting the occlusion of misalignment of inferior teeth; 3. The measurements obtained from models and dissected mandibles, as well as from occlusal radiographies and cone beam tomographies were equivalent in shape and form. Obtaining the WALA ridge from occlusal radiographies in patients involve technical difficulties to acquire a good image for precise measurement. Tomographic measurements to determine the WALA ridge were reproducible, with a high positive correlation coefficient to the dimension and form obtained from cast models and dissected mandible measurements. To sum up, determining the WALA ridge from tomographic transversal slices on the cervical level of inferior teeth is viable, since the dimension and arch form are statistically equivalent to the arch form obtained from cast models and dissected mandibles.

Este estudo avaliou o posicionamento de caninos superiores permanentes em relação à largura do arco dentário superior e ao espaço na região anterior em pacientes na fase da dentadura mista. Foram analisados radiografias panorâmicas e modelos de estudo pré-tratamento de pacientes sem caninos deslocados (n = 68; 34 do gênero masculino; 34 do gênero feminino). A amostra foi dividida em idade e gênero. A largura do arco dentário e o espaço na região anterior entre os incisivos permanentes foram medidos. A posição e a inclinação do canino na radiografia panorâmica foram avaliadas em relação à linha mediana. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que não houve diferenças no posicionamento dos caninos permanentes em relação às variáveis analisadas. A média da angulação do canino superior em relação à linha mediana foi 6,2o e 10o para o gênero feminino e 9,2o e 11o para o masculino, respectivamente para o lado direito e esquerdo. / This study investigated the correlation between maxillary dental arch width, anterior space and the position of canines in patients during the mixed-dentition stage. Pretreatment Panoramic radiographs and dental casts were evaluated of randomly selected patients in the mixed dentition without maxillary canines displaced (n = 68; male, 34; female, 34). This sample was matched according to sex and age. Arch widths between the maxillary canines deciduous and anterior space between permanent incisors were measured and recorded. The position and inclination of canine on panoramic radiography was investigated. The results of this study showed that there are similarities in the position of the permanent canines in all cases and in both gender. The average of the canine\'s angulation to the mid-sagital plane was 6,2o and 10o for female and 9,2o and 11o for male, respectively to the right and left side.

As fissuras labiopalatinas alteram o crescimento e o desenvolvimento do complexo maxilo-mandibular, assim como todas as funções orofaciais. As cirurgias reparadoras primárias representam o maior agente modificador do crescimento maxilo-facial, de forma a restringi-lo. O sucesso do tratamento reabilitador do paciente fissurado depende da correta atuação de uma equipe multidisciplinar. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as condições oclusais em modelos de gesso de pacientes portadores de fissura labiopalatina completa, não sindrômicos, correlacionando o prognóstico ao tipo de fissura, fase de desenvolvimento da dentição, gênero e hospital de reabilitação cirúrgica. Utilizou-se 87 pares de modelos das arcadas dentárias de pacientes fissurados do Ambulatório da Disciplina de Prótese Buco Maxilo Facial da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo, que haviam sido submetidos às cirurgias reparadoras primárias em cronologia clássica (queiloplastia 3 a 6 meses e palatoplastia 18 meses), sem enxerto ósseo alveolar e/ou tratamento ortodôntico prévio. O grupo estudado foi composto de 57 pacientes com Fissura Labiopalatina unilateral, com idade média de 6 anos e 5 meses e 30 pacientes com Fissura Labiopalatina bilateral com idade média de 6 anos e 2 meses. Para a classificação dos modelos em gesso de fissurados unilaterais, foram utilizados o Índice de 5 anos e o Índice de Goslon, na dentição decídua e mista respectivamente, enquanto que para as fissuras bilaterais empregou-se o Índice de Bilateral. Os três índices referidos compreendem uma escala de 1 a 5, com grau crescente de severidade de má oclusão. Os modelos foram avaliados pelo pesquisador e mais 2 examinadores, em dois momentos distintos, quando se alcançou um alto grau de confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade (Teste de Cronbach e Análise de Correlação de Spearman). Posteriormente, para as análises complementares, utilizaram-se apenas os dados fornecidos pelo pesquisador, os quais foram agrupados em prognóstico dos resultados a longo prazo em: bom (graus 1 e 2); regular ( grau 3 ) e pobre ( graus 4 e 5 ). Aplicou-se o Teste da Razão de Verossimilhança para verificar as possíveis diferenças entre as variáveis de interesse, quando não se encontrou, para a amostra total, correlação entre prognóstico e tipo de fenda, gênero e hospitais de reabilitação. Apenas nos pacientes com fissuras unilaterais houve associação do prognóstico à fase de dentição (p=0,019) e aos hospitais de reabilitação (p=0,025). Este trabalho permitiu concluir que as fissuras unilaterais na fase de dentição decídua mostraram menor severidade de má-oclusão, e que o Hospital de referência da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo apresentou resultados mais favoráveis em relação aos demais. / The cleft lip and palate alter the growth and development of the maxillo-mandibular complex as well as all orofacial functions. Primary repair surgery represents the largest modifier agent of maxillofacial growth in order to limit it. The success of the rehabilitation treatment of the cleft patient depends on the correct performance of a multidisciplinary team. This study aimed to assess the occlusal conditions, in plaster models, of patients with complete cleft lip and palate, non syndromic, correlating to the type of cleft, stage of dental development, gender and surgical rehabilitation hospital. For this study, 87 pairs of casts from cleft patients of the Ambulatory of Oral Maxillo Facial Prosthesis of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo (USP), that had been undertaken to primary classical repair surgeries (cheiloplasty 3 to 6 months and palatoplasty 18 months), without prior alveolar bone graft and/or orthodontic treatment. The group studied was composed of 57 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate, with mean age of 6 years, 5 months and 30 patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate with mean age of 6 years, 2 months. For the classification of plaster casts for unilateral cleft, the index of 5 years and the index of Goslon, in the deciduous and mixed dentition, respectively, whereas the Bilateral index was used for bilateral cleft. The three mentioned indexes comprise a scale of 1 to 5, with increasing levels of severity of malocclusion. The models were evaluated by the researcher and two other examiners in two distinct occasions, when a high degree of reliability and reproducibility was reached. Subsequently, for the additional analysis, it was used only the data provided by the researcher, which were grouped into long-term prognosis results in: good (grades 1 and 2); regular (grade 3) and poor (grades 4 and 5). The likelihood ratio test was used to verify the possible differences between the variables of interest, and the results did not show, for the total sample, any correlation between prognostic and cleft type, gender, and rehabilitation hospitals. Only patients with unilateral clefts there was an association of the prognostic to the dental stag of dental development (p=0.019) and rehabilitation hospitals (p=0.025). This study revealed that the unilateral clefts in the deciduous dentition stage showed a lesser severity for poor occlusion, and that the Referral Hospital of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo has the most favorable results compared to others.

Este trabalho trata de uma avaliação do eventual benefício econômico que a consideração do chamado efeito arco pode proporcionar aos projetos de estruturas de suporte em concreto armado para edifícios de alvenaria estrutural. Após uma revisão bibliográfica e exposição teórica dos princípios do assunto, três edifícios reais são estudados, empregando-se o Método dos Elementos Finitos. Para cada exemplo, dois modelos de cálculo distintos são desenvolvidos: o tradicional, que ignora o efeito arco, e aquele que o considera. No caso dos modelos que consideram o efeito arco, as concentrações de tensões de compressão nas paredes, nas proximidades dos apoios, são verificadas quanto à segurança estrutural. Então, as vigas de suporte são dimensionadas de acordo com os dois modelos de cálculo, e os resultados obtidos são comparados do ponto de vista dos esforços solicitantes nas vigas, deslocamentos, armaduras dimensionadas e quantidades de materiais necessários. Finalmente, para ambas as soluções, para cada um dos três edifícios, as estruturas de suporte tem seus custos de construção avaliados e comparados, de forma a se evidenciar o benefício da consideração do efeito arco. / This work deals with the assessment of the potential economic benefit that the consideration of the so-called arch effect can provide to the design of support reinforced concrete structures for structural masonry buildings. After a literature review, some theoretical fundamentals on the studied subject are presented and three real building cases are studied using the Finite Elements Method. For each building case, two different numerical models are used: the regular one, without the arch effect, and the model that takes it into account. When the arch effect is considered, the regions subjected to compressive stress concentrations are checked in order to verify the structural safety. As for the support beams, the internal forces are obtained and the beams are dimensioned considering both the described numerical models. Then the obtained results are compared, focusing on internal forces, displacements and consumption of materials. Finally, for each studied case and for both numerical models used the construction costs are evaluated and compared in order to demonstrate the benefit of the arch effect consideration.

During stormy weathers ships searched for safe havens to stay until the storm had subsided. In much similarity to these ships, investors on the financial markets search for safe assets when the markets start to shake. What could be considered a safe asset seems to be a never-ending discussion but many points out gold as one. However, no further observations of gold as a safe haven on the Swedish financial market has been made. The purpose of this research is to examine if gold could act as a safe haven in Sweden. The data used in this research is daily returns from OMXS30 and the 10-year Swedish government bond, where all returns also has been denominated in U.S. dollar. Further, statistical model has been used. The result show that gold potentially could act as a ‘safe haven’ for denominated stock returns but not for bond returns. Further, the result show that gold could act as a hedge for stock and bond return (non-denominated). The study concludes that gold does not act as a safe haven for stocks or bonds in Sweden. However, gold show weak safe haven attributes for denominated stock return.