O objetivo do presente estudo visa o desenvolvimento de um copolímero em bloco constituído por metacrilato de metila (MMA) e de dimetilaminoetila (DMAEMA), tendo como macroniciador poli--caprolactona dibromada (Br-PCL-Br), e que permite formar nanocápsulas sensíveis ao pH, contendo ou não o tripeptídeo leucina-ácido aspártico-valina (LDV) na superfície para a vetorização ativa de anti-neoplásicos. Os métodos envolveram diferentes abordagens sintéticas testadas, sendo que a técnica de transferência eletrônica por regeneração de ativadores (ATRP-ARGET) permitiu obter o copolímero PCL-P(MMA-DMAEMA)2 de forma mais prática e com rendimentos entre 30 e 70%. Por fim, o tripeptídeo LDV foi conjugado ao copolímero por meio do ligante metacrilato de 2-isocianato de etila (IEM). Um método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) foi adaptado para a quantificação da doxorrubicina e as nanopartículas foram preparadas por nanoprecipitação e avaliadas quanto à capacidade de expandir em diferentes pHs e citotoxicidade em células de câncer de mama. Os resultados do copolímero demonstram, por análises de infravermelho (IR-FT), sinais característicos em 2900 cm-1 e 1720 cm-1 correspondentes às funções –CH e –C=O. A análise de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN 1H) mostra a caracterização das cadeias hidrocarbônicas do copolímero, sendo que os deslocamentos químicos em 2,8 ppm e 3,8 ppm correspondem aos sinais dos grupamentos –CH2-N do DMAEMA e -OCH3 do MMA. As nanocápsulas preparadas a partir do copolímero expandiram de diâmetro quando expostas à pH ácido. Uma vez que o PMMA foi identificado como componente mais citotóxico, o copolímero foi otimizado por meio da redução da quantia de MMA. A quantificação da doxorrubicina encapsulada nas nanopartículas preparadas a partir dos copolímeros não otimizado (ARGET-A) e otimizado (ARGETB) foi de 61,42% e 64,88%, respectivamente. No estudo de citotoxicidade, as nanopartículas preparadas a partir do copolímero ARGET-B apresentaram-se eficazes no controle da proliferação celular de MCF-7. Conclui-se que o método de síntese ATRP-ARGET-B foi o mais apropriado para a produção do copolímero empregado no desenvolvimento de nanopartículas pH responsivas eficazes no 6 controle da proliferação de células tumorais. Ainda, existe a possibilidade do emprego do copolímero contendo o tripeptídeo LDV para alcançar uma vetorização ativa em células de câncer por meio da interação com integrinas específicas. Entretanto, até o presente, não foi realizada a avaliação das nanopartículas contendo LDV. / The objective of the present study looks for the development of a block copolymer constituted by methyl methacrylate (MMA) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), having poly--caprolactone dibromated (Br-PCL-Br) as a macroinitiator and, that could form pH sensible nanocapsules with or without the tripeptide leucineaspartic acid-valine (LDV) in its surface for active vectorization of anti-neoplasics. The methods employed different synthetic approaches tested, being that the activator regenerated by eletron transfer technique (ATRP-ARGET) allowed to obtain the copolymer PCL-P(MMA-DMAEMA)2 in a practicle way and with incomes between 30 and 70%. Finally, the tripeptide LDV was linked to the copolymer through the 2- isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM). A high performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC) was adapted to doxorubicin quantification and, the nanopartircles were prepared by nanoprecipitation and evaluated conserning its ability to expand in different environments and citotoxycity in mammary cancer cells. The results from the copolymer demonstrated, by infrared (FT-IR), characteristic signals of 2900 cm-1 and 1720 cm-1 from the functions –CH and –C=O. And hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (RMN 1H) analysis allowed the characterization of the hydrogen-carbonic chains of the copolymer, being that the chemical displacement in 2,8 ppm and 3,8 ppm corresponds to the signals of the groups –CH2-N from DMAEMA and –O-CH3 from MMA. The nanocapsules prepared from the copolymer expanded its diameter when exposed to acidic pH. Once PMMA was identified as the most toxic component the copolymer was optimized by the reduction of MMA amount. Doxorubicin quantification in the nanocapsules prepared with the copolymers not optimized (ARGET-A) and optimized (ARGET-B) was 61,42% and 64,88%, respectively. In the cytotoxicity study, the nanocapsules prepared from copolymer ARGET-B showed to be efficient to control the cellular proliferation of MCF-7. It can be concluded that the ATRP-ARGET-B method was the more appropriate one for the copolymer production, which was employed in nanocapsules pH responsive effective to control 8 tumor proliferation. Besides, there is the possibility to use the copolymer functionalized with LDV to achieve an active delivery to cancer cells by it interaction with specific integrins. However, till the present, it was not realized the evaluation of the nanocapsules with LDV.

Polycationic nanoparticles were synthesized with an activators regenerated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization-based (ARGET ATRP-based) emulsion in water method and investigated for their utility as biomaterials for drug delivery. The polycationic nanoparticles were composed of 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) for pH-responsiveness, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) for improved biocompatibility, tert-butyl methacrylate (tBMA) to impart hydrophobicity, and a tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) cross-linking agent for enhanced colloidal stability. Dynamic light scattering demonstrated pH-responsive swelling, and cell-based assays demonstrated pH-dependent membrane disruption. The polycationic nanoparticles demonstrated low toxicity to cells. The polycationic nanoparticles were evaluated for use as drug delivery biomaterials by investigating the interactions with the drug and cells. Delivery remains a major challenge for translating small interfering RNA (siRNA) to the clinic, and overcoming the delivery challenge requires effective siRNA delivery vehicles. The polycationic nanoparticles demonstrated efficient siRNA loading. Evidence of siRNA-induced knockdown in cells was observed following transfection with the polycationic nanoparticle/siRNA complexes. Imaging techniques confirmed enhanced siRNA internalization using the polycationic nanoparticle/siRNA complexes compared to naked siRNA. An array of polycationic nanoparticles synthesized using ARGET ATRP or UV-initiated polymerization methods was characterized to examine the effect of polymerization method on material properties and the connection to molecular structure. An improved understanding of molecular structure, and its connection to polymerization method and material characteristics, may aid the design of advanced materials. The ARGET ATRP polycationic nanoparticles demonstrated increased nanoscale homogeneity compared to the UV-initiated polymerization polycationic nanoparticles; increased nanoscale heterogeneity in the UV-initiated polymerization polycationic nanoparticles was associated with broader transitions. The polycationic nanoparticles promoted cellular uptake of siRNA and induced knockdown, thus demonstrating potential as siRNA delivery vehicles. The ARGET ATRP method provides an alternative route to creating polycationic nanoparticles with improved nanoscale homogeneity. / text

O objetivo do presente estudo visa o desenvolvimento de um copolímero em bloco constituído por metacrilato de metila (MMA) e de dimetilaminoetila (DMAEMA), tendo como macroniciador poli--caprolactona dibromada (Br-PCL-Br), e que permite formar nanocápsulas sensíveis ao pH, contendo ou não o tripeptídeo leucina-ácido aspártico-valina (LDV) na superfície para a vetorização ativa de anti-neoplásicos. Os métodos envolveram diferentes abordagens sintéticas testadas, sendo que a técnica de transferência eletrônica por regeneração de ativadores (ATRP-ARGET) permitiu obter o copolímero PCL-P(MMA-DMAEMA)2 de forma mais prática e com rendimentos entre 30 e 70%. Por fim, o tripeptídeo LDV foi conjugado ao copolímero por meio do ligante metacrilato de 2-isocianato de etila (IEM). Um método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) foi adaptado para a quantificação da doxorrubicina e as nanopartículas foram preparadas por nanoprecipitação e avaliadas quanto à capacidade de expandir em diferentes pHs e citotoxicidade em células de câncer de mama. Os resultados do copolímero demonstram, por análises de infravermelho (IR-FT), sinais característicos em 2900 cm-1 e 1720 cm-1 correspondentes às funções –CH e –C=O. A análise de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN 1H) mostra a caracterização das cadeias hidrocarbônicas do copolímero, sendo que os deslocamentos químicos em 2,8 ppm e 3,8 ppm correspondem aos sinais dos grupamentos –CH2-N do DMAEMA e -OCH3 do MMA. As nanocápsulas preparadas a partir do copolímero expandiram de diâmetro quando expostas à pH ácido. Uma vez que o PMMA foi identificado como componente mais citotóxico, o copolímero foi otimizado por meio da redução da quantia de MMA. A quantificação da doxorrubicina encapsulada nas nanopartículas preparadas a partir dos copolímeros não otimizado (ARGET-A) e otimizado (ARGETB) foi de 61,42% e 64,88%, respectivamente. No estudo de citotoxicidade, as nanopartículas preparadas a partir do copolímero ARGET-B apresentaram-se eficazes no controle da proliferação celular de MCF-7. Conclui-se que o método de síntese ATRP-ARGET-B foi o mais apropriado para a produção do copolímero empregado no desenvolvimento de nanopartículas pH responsivas eficazes no 6 controle da proliferação de células tumorais. Ainda, existe a possibilidade do emprego do copolímero contendo o tripeptídeo LDV para alcançar uma vetorização ativa em células de câncer por meio da interação com integrinas específicas. Entretanto, até o presente, não foi realizada a avaliação das nanopartículas contendo LDV. / The objective of the present study looks for the development of a block copolymer constituted by methyl methacrylate (MMA) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), having poly--caprolactone dibromated (Br-PCL-Br) as a macroinitiator and, that could form pH sensible nanocapsules with or without the tripeptide leucineaspartic acid-valine (LDV) in its surface for active vectorization of anti-neoplasics. The methods employed different synthetic approaches tested, being that the activator regenerated by eletron transfer technique (ATRP-ARGET) allowed to obtain the copolymer PCL-P(MMA-DMAEMA)2 in a practicle way and with incomes between 30 and 70%. Finally, the tripeptide LDV was linked to the copolymer through the 2- isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM). A high performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC) was adapted to doxorubicin quantification and, the nanopartircles were prepared by nanoprecipitation and evaluated conserning its ability to expand in different environments and citotoxycity in mammary cancer cells. The results from the copolymer demonstrated, by infrared (FT-IR), characteristic signals of 2900 cm-1 and 1720 cm-1 from the functions –CH and –C=O. And hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (RMN 1H) analysis allowed the characterization of the hydrogen-carbonic chains of the copolymer, being that the chemical displacement in 2,8 ppm and 3,8 ppm corresponds to the signals of the groups –CH2-N from DMAEMA and –O-CH3 from MMA. The nanocapsules prepared from the copolymer expanded its diameter when exposed to acidic pH. Once PMMA was identified as the most toxic component the copolymer was optimized by the reduction of MMA amount. Doxorubicin quantification in the nanocapsules prepared with the copolymers not optimized (ARGET-A) and optimized (ARGET-B) was 61,42% and 64,88%, respectively. In the cytotoxicity study, the nanocapsules prepared from copolymer ARGET-B showed to be efficient to control the cellular proliferation of MCF-7. It can be concluded that the ATRP-ARGET-B method was the more appropriate one for the copolymer production, which was employed in nanocapsules pH responsive effective to control 8 tumor proliferation. Besides, there is the possibility to use the copolymer functionalized with LDV to achieve an active delivery to cancer cells by it interaction with specific integrins. However, till the present, it was not realized the evaluation of the nanocapsules with LDV.

O objetivo do presente estudo visa o desenvolvimento de um copolímero em bloco constituído por metacrilato de metila (MMA) e de dimetilaminoetila (DMAEMA), tendo como macroniciador poli--caprolactona dibromada (Br-PCL-Br), e que permite formar nanocápsulas sensíveis ao pH, contendo ou não o tripeptídeo leucina-ácido aspártico-valina (LDV) na superfície para a vetorização ativa de anti-neoplásicos. Os métodos envolveram diferentes abordagens sintéticas testadas, sendo que a técnica de transferência eletrônica por regeneração de ativadores (ATRP-ARGET) permitiu obter o copolímero PCL-P(MMA-DMAEMA)2 de forma mais prática e com rendimentos entre 30 e 70%. Por fim, o tripeptídeo LDV foi conjugado ao copolímero por meio do ligante metacrilato de 2-isocianato de etila (IEM). Um método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) foi adaptado para a quantificação da doxorrubicina e as nanopartículas foram preparadas por nanoprecipitação e avaliadas quanto à capacidade de expandir em diferentes pHs e citotoxicidade em células de câncer de mama. Os resultados do copolímero demonstram, por análises de infravermelho (IR-FT), sinais característicos em 2900 cm-1 e 1720 cm-1 correspondentes às funções –CH e –C=O. A análise de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN 1H) mostra a caracterização das cadeias hidrocarbônicas do copolímero, sendo que os deslocamentos químicos em 2,8 ppm e 3,8 ppm correspondem aos sinais dos grupamentos –CH2-N do DMAEMA e -OCH3 do MMA. As nanocápsulas preparadas a partir do copolímero expandiram de diâmetro quando expostas à pH ácido. Uma vez que o PMMA foi identificado como componente mais citotóxico, o copolímero foi otimizado por meio da redução da quantia de MMA. A quantificação da doxorrubicina encapsulada nas nanopartículas preparadas a partir dos copolímeros não otimizado (ARGET-A) e otimizado (ARGETB) foi de 61,42% e 64,88%, respectivamente. No estudo de citotoxicidade, as nanopartículas preparadas a partir do copolímero ARGET-B apresentaram-se eficazes no controle da proliferação celular de MCF-7. Conclui-se que o método de síntese ATRP-ARGET-B foi o mais apropriado para a produção do copolímero empregado no desenvolvimento de nanopartículas pH responsivas eficazes no 6 controle da proliferação de células tumorais. Ainda, existe a possibilidade do emprego do copolímero contendo o tripeptídeo LDV para alcançar uma vetorização ativa em células de câncer por meio da interação com integrinas específicas. Entretanto, até o presente, não foi realizada a avaliação das nanopartículas contendo LDV. / The objective of the present study looks for the development of a block copolymer constituted by methyl methacrylate (MMA) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), having poly--caprolactone dibromated (Br-PCL-Br) as a macroinitiator and, that could form pH sensible nanocapsules with or without the tripeptide leucineaspartic acid-valine (LDV) in its surface for active vectorization of anti-neoplasics. The methods employed different synthetic approaches tested, being that the activator regenerated by eletron transfer technique (ATRP-ARGET) allowed to obtain the copolymer PCL-P(MMA-DMAEMA)2 in a practicle way and with incomes between 30 and 70%. Finally, the tripeptide LDV was linked to the copolymer through the 2- isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM). A high performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC) was adapted to doxorubicin quantification and, the nanopartircles were prepared by nanoprecipitation and evaluated conserning its ability to expand in different environments and citotoxycity in mammary cancer cells. The results from the copolymer demonstrated, by infrared (FT-IR), characteristic signals of 2900 cm-1 and 1720 cm-1 from the functions –CH and –C=O. And hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (RMN 1H) analysis allowed the characterization of the hydrogen-carbonic chains of the copolymer, being that the chemical displacement in 2,8 ppm and 3,8 ppm corresponds to the signals of the groups –CH2-N from DMAEMA and –O-CH3 from MMA. The nanocapsules prepared from the copolymer expanded its diameter when exposed to acidic pH. Once PMMA was identified as the most toxic component the copolymer was optimized by the reduction of MMA amount. Doxorubicin quantification in the nanocapsules prepared with the copolymers not optimized (ARGET-A) and optimized (ARGET-B) was 61,42% and 64,88%, respectively. In the cytotoxicity study, the nanocapsules prepared from copolymer ARGET-B showed to be efficient to control the cellular proliferation of MCF-7. It can be concluded that the ATRP-ARGET-B method was the more appropriate one for the copolymer production, which was employed in nanocapsules pH responsive effective to control 8 tumor proliferation. Besides, there is the possibility to use the copolymer functionalized with LDV to achieve an active delivery to cancer cells by it interaction with specific integrins. However, till the present, it was not realized the evaluation of the nanocapsules with LDV.

No description available.

L’un des enjeux majeurs en nanomédecine est de développer des systèmes capables à la fois de permettre un diagnostic efficace et également de servir de plateforme thérapeutique pour combattre les infections et les neuro-dégénérescences. Dans cette optique, et afin d’améliorer la détection de tumeurs, des agents de contraste ont été développés dans le but d’augmenter le rapport signal sur bruit. Parmi ces agents, les nanoparticules (NPs) d’oxyde de fer superparamagnétiques (SPIOs) et les quantum dots (QDs) sont des candidats idéaux et ont reçu une grande attention depuis une vingtaine d’années. De surcroit, leurs propriétés spécifiques dues à leurs dimensions nanométriques et leurs formes permettent de moduler leur bio-distribution dans l’organisme. L’opportunité de revêtir ces NPs biocompatibles par des couches de polymères devraient permettre d’améliorer la stabilité de ces nanomatériaux dans l’organisme. Et par conséquent, favoriser leur biodistribution et également leur conférer de nouvelles applications en l’occurrence des applications biomédicales. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons développé de nouveaux systèmes thermo-répondant basés sur un cœur SPIOs ou QDs qui sont capables, à la fois, de transporter un principe actif anticancéreux, i.e. la doxorubicine (DOX) et de le relarguer dans le milieu physiologique à une température contrôlée. Deux familles de NPs ont été synthétisées. La première concerne des NPs de Fe3O4 SPIO qui ont été modifiées en surface par un copolymère thermorépondant biocompatible à base de 2-(2-methoxy) méthacrylate d’éthyle (MEO2MA), oligo (éthylène glycol) méthacrylate (OEGMA). La seconde famille, consiste en des NPs de ZnO recouverte du même copolymère. Pour la première fois, le copolymère de type P(MEO2MAX-OEGMA100-X) a été polymérisé par activateur-régénéré par transfert d’électron-polymérisation radicalaire par transfert d’atome (ARGET-ATRP). La polymérisation et copolymérisation ont été initiées à partir de la surface. Les NPs cœur/coquilles ont été caractérisées par microscopie électronique à transmission (TEM), analyse thermogravimétrique (TGA), etc. Nous avons montré que l’efficacité du procédé ARGET-ATRP pour modifier les surfaces des NPs de SiO2, Fe3O4 et de ZnO. L’influence de la configuration de la chaîne de copolymère et des propriétés interfaciales avec le solvant ou le milieu biologique en fonction de la température a été étudiée. Nous avons montré que les propriétés magnétiques des systèmes coeur/coquilles à base de Fe3O4 ne sont influencées que par la quantité de polymère greffée contrairement au QDs qui vient leur propriété optique réduire au-delà de la température de transition. Ce procédé simple et rapide que nous avons développé est efficace pour le greffage de nombreux copolymères à partir de surfaces de chimie différentes. Les expériences de largage et relarguage d’un molécule modèle telle que la DOX ont montré que ces nanosystèmes sont capables de relarguer la DOX à une température bien contrôlée, à la fois dans l’eau que dans des milieux complexes tels que les milieux biologique. De plus, les tests de cytocompatibilité ont montré que les NPs coeur/coquilles ne sont pas cytotoxiques en fonction de leur concentration dans le milieu biologique. A partir de nos résultats, il apparaît que ces nouveaux nanomatériaux pourront être envisagés comme une plateforme prometteuse pour le traitement du cancer / One of the major challenges in nanomedicine is to develop nanoparticulate systems able to serve as efficient diagnostic and/or therapeutic tools against sever diseases, such as infectious or neurodegenerative disorders. To enhance the detection and interpretation contrast agents were developed to increase the signal/noise ratio. Among them, Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide (SPIO) and Quantum Dots (QDs) nanoparticles (NPs) have received a great attention since their development as a liver contrasting agent 20 years ago for the SPIO. Furthermore, their properties, originating from the nanosized dimension and shape, allow different bio-distribution and opportunities beyond the conventional chemical imaging agents. The opportunity to coat those biocompatible NPs by a polymer shell that can ensure a better stability of the materials in the body, enhance their bio-distribution and give them new functionalities. It has appeared then that they are very challenging for medicinal applications. In this work, we have developed new responsive SPIO and QDs based NPs that are able to carry the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) and release it in physiological media and at the physiological temperature. Two families of NPs were synthesized, the first one consist in superparamagnetic Fe3O4 NPs that were functionalized by a biocompatible responsive copolymer based on 2-(2-methoxy) ethyl methacrylate (MEO2MA), oligo (ethylene glycol) methacrylate (OEGMA). The second family consists in the ZnO NPs coated by the same copolymer. For the first time, P(MEO2MAX-OEGMA100-X) was grown by activator regenerated by electron transfer–atom radical polymerization (ARGET-ATRP) from the NPs surfaces by surface-initiated polymerization. The core/shell NPs were fully characterized by the combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and by the physical properties of the nanostructures studied. We demonstrate the efficiency of the ARGET-ATRP process to graft polymers and copolymers at the surface of Fe3O4 and ZnO NPs. The influence of the polymer chain configuration (which leads to the aggregation of the NPs above the collapse temperature of the copolymer (LCST)) was studied. We have demonstrated that the magnetic properties of the core/shell Fe3O4-based nanostructures were only influenced by the amount of the grafted polymer and no influence of the aggregation was evidenced. This simple and fast developed process is efficient for the grafting of various co-polymers from any surfaces and the derived nanostructured materials display the combination of the physical properties of the core and the macromolecular behavior of the shell. The drug release experiments confirmed that DOX was largely released above the co-polymer LCST. Moreover, the cytocompatibility test showed that those developed NPs do not display any cytotoxicity depending on their concentration in physiological media. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the new nanomaterials developed can be considered for further use as multi-modal cancer therapy tools