A hospitalização institui uma crise na vida da criança e afeta tanto seu lado orgânico como o psíquico, determinando distúrbios comportamentais diversos e interrompendo seu desenvolvimento normal. Assim, o trabalho junto às crianças hospitalizadas torna-se fundamental para amenizar os efeitos negativos da doença, hospitalização e tratamento, que ameaçam seu desenvolvimento psicossocial normal. A arteterapia, meio de expressão e criação, restabelece uma maneira natural da criança comunicar-se com as outras pessoas; através dela a criança amplia seu conhecimento sobre o mundo e se desenvolve emocional e socialmente, motivo pelo qual não deve faltar na vida de qualquer criança, especialmente daquelas hospitalizadas. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os efeitos da utilização da arteterapia com crianças hospitalizadas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com a abordagem quase-experimental, baseada em estudos quantitativos, fundamentados na mudança de comportamento e desenvolvimento das crianças hospitalizadas, bem como das imagens configuradas. Participaram do estudo 20 crianças, distribuídas em dois grupos: grupo experimental (n=10) e grupo controle (n=10). Crianças pertencentes ao grupo experimental submeteram-se às intervenções em arteterapia, sendo avaliadas através de instrumentos preestabelecidos, antes e após as intervenções em arteterapia, enquanto as do grupo controle também foram avaliadas no mesmo período, porém sem as referidas intervenções. A análise dos dados mostrou que as crianças do grupo experimental melhoraram seu comportamento, desenvolvimento plástico e produções plásticas, ao contrário das do outro grupo, que permaneceram com desempenhos mais uniformes. A arteterapia constituiu-se num excelente meio para canalizar, de maneira positiva, as variáveis do desenvolvimento da criança hospitalizada e neutralizar os fatores de ordem afetiva que, naturalmente, surgem, além de expor potenciais mais saudáveis da criança, por vezes pouco estimulados no contexto da hospitalização. / Hospitalization establishes a crisis in children’s lives and affects both their organic and mental realms, thus determining various behavioral disorders and interrupting normal development. Therefore, working with hospitalized children is fundamental in order to alleviate the negative effects of the disease, hospitalization and treatment which threaten their normal psychosocial development. Art therapy, a means of expression and creation, re-establishes the child’s normal form of communication with other people; through it the child expands his/her knowledge about the world and develops both mentally and socially, and for this reason, it must be present in all children’s lives, particularly of those who are hospitalized. This work aimed at analyzing the effects of using art therapy with hospitalized children. It is a study with a quasi-experimental approach based on quantitative analyses of behavioral and developmental changes in hospitalized children as well as of the configured images. Twenty children participated in the study and they were distributed into two groups: experimental group (n=10) and control group (n=10). The children comprising the experimental group were submitted to art therapy interventions and were evaluated through pre-established instruments prior to and after the interventions. Those in the control group were also evaluated in the period; however, the interventions were not used. Data analysis showed that the children in the experimental group improved their behavior, plastic development and plastic production in opposition to those in the control group, who maintained more uniform behaviors. Art therapy constituted an excellent means to positively guide the hospitalized child’s development variables as well as to neutralize the naturally arising affection-related factors, in addition to exposing the child’s healthiest potentials which are seldom stimulated in the hospitalization setting.

O Transtorno Depressivo Maior (TDM) está entre as síndromes psiquiátricas que mais atingem a população em geral. A prevalência da depressão durante a vida é de 7 a 12% para homens e 20 a 25% para mulheres, independente de raça, educação, estado civil ou renda. Entre os idosos a prevalência é de aproximadamente 5%. Além do tratamento medicamentoso, as psicoterapias têm um papel importante durante a fase aguda e na fase de remissão. A Arteterapia é uma abordagem terapêutica primordialmente não verbal, e tem sido utilizada em diversos contextos, mas há carência de estudos quantitativos que comprovem sua eficácia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia da Arteterapia para uma população de mulheres idosas com diagnóstico de TDM, segundo o DSM - 5 = Manual de Diagnóstico e Estatística dos Transtornos Mentais - 5º versão, medicadas. Participaram do estudo 66 idosas com diagnóstico de TDM em tratamento medicamentoso, sem mudança medicamentosa durante o estudo e intactas no ponto de vista da cognição. Essas idosas foram alocadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: 33 constituíram o Grupo Experimental (GE), que constou de 20 oficinas de Arteterapia com duração de noventa minutos, semanalmente, e 33 participaram do Grupo Controle (GC) o qual não recebeu nenhuma intervenção. Ambos os grupos foram avaliados com as mesmas escalas no início e após 20 semanas. Foram utilizadas as seguintes escalas para avaliar aspectos cognitivos - Mini exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), o Teste do Desenho do Relógio (TDR), o teste de Fluência Verbal - categoria animal (FV), e o teste Trilhas A. Para a avaliação Visuoconstrutiva foi utilizada a Figura complexa de Rey - cópia e evocação. Para avaliar aspectos psiquiátricos foram utilizadas a Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), a Escala de Beck para Depressão (BDI) e a Escala de Beck para Ansiedade (BAI). Para avaliar qualidade de vida - Functional Assessment Staging Test (FAST). No final do estudo 31 idosas completaram todas as oficinas do GE e 25 idosas do GC retornaram para as avaliações finais, apesar de todas terem sido contatadas. O GC diminuiu na GDS 0,6 ± 2,3 pontos, enquanto o GE diminuiu 3,2 ± 3,4 pontos, e esta diferença entre os grupos foi significante (p = 0,007). Na escala BDI, o GC diminuiu 1,6 ± 4,9 pontos e o GE diminuiu 8,6 ± 12,8 pontos (p = 0,025). Na escala BAI, o GC diminuiu 2,9 ± 1,4 pontos e o GE diminuiu 8,9 ± 14,5 pontos (p = 0,032). Não foram encontradas diferenças nas demais escalas. Assim, houve diferença entre os grupos Controle e Experimental após as 20 semanas nos aspectos psiquiátricos de depressão e ansiedade. Não foram observadas mudanças na cognição. Desta forma, intervenções como a deste estudo parecem auxiliar no tratamento de sintomas depressivos e ansiosos de idosas com TDM / Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is, among the psychiatric syndromes, that most affect the general population. The prevalence of depression during life is 7 to 12% for men and 20 to 25% for women, regardless of race, education, marital status or income. Among the elderly, the prevalence is approximately 5%. In addition to drug treatment, psychotherapies have an important role during the acute phase and in the remission phase. Art Therapy is a therapeutic approach primarily nonverbal, and has been used in several contexts, but there is a lack of quantitative studies that prove its efficacy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Art therapy for a population of elderly women diagnosed with MDD, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fifth Edition (DSM - 5). A total of 66 elderly women with a diagnosis of MDD were enrolled in the drug treatment, without drug change during the study and intact from the point of view of cognition. These elderly women were randomly allocated into two groups: 33 were the Experimental Group (EG), which consisted of 20 Art therapy workshops lasting 90 minutes, weekly, and 33 participated in the Control Group (CG), which received no intervention. Both groups were evaluated with the same scales at baseline and after 20 weeks. The following scales were used to evaluate cognitive aspects - Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test, Verbal Fluency Test - Animal Category (VF), and Trail A. To evaluate psychiatric aspects, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), the Beck Depression Scale (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Scale (BAI) were used. For the Visuoconstructive evaluation, Rey\'s Complex Figure and Delayed Recall was used. And to evaluate quality of life - Functional Assessment Staging Test (FAST). At the end of the study, 31 elderly women completed all EG workshops and 25 elderly women of CG returned to the final evaluations, although all were contacted. The CG decreased in the GDS 0.6 ± 2.3 points, while the EG decreased by 3.2 ± 3.4 points, and this difference between the groups was significant (p = 0.007). On the BDI scale, the CG decreased by 1.6 ± 4.9 points and the EG decreased by 8.6 ± 12.8 points (p = 0.025). On the BAI scale, the CG decreased by 2.9 ± 1.4 points and the EG decreased by 8.9 ± 14.5 points (p = 0.032). No differences were found in the other scales. Thus, there was difference between the Control and Experimental groups after the 20 weeks in the psychiatric depression and anxiety aspects. No changes in cognition were observed. Thus, interventions such as this study seem to aid in the treatment of depressive and anxious symptoms of elderly patients with TDM

D.Litt. et Phil. / The psychological impact of childhood sexual abuse has been widely researched. Despite the numerous negative effects cited in the literature, few studies have focused on the treatment of children within this population group. Furthermore, a minority of research has investigated the efficacy of group therapy and art therapy as a treatment approach with these children, and even fewer studies have focused on the combination of group art therapy. Evident is particularly the lack of control groups consisting of sexually abused children with which to compare results and utilise as an indicator of treatment effect. The most prevalent symptoms found among sexually abused children seem to include depression and anxiety. Although fewer studies have focused on variables such as sexual trauma and self-esteem, these symptoms also seem common. Children between the age of 7 and 13 years seem to experience the most negative consequences associated with sexual abuse, and seem to be particularly susceptible to the development of emotional, behavioural, cognitive, and social difficulties. The purpose of the present study was to design a group art therapy intervention aimed at reducing depression, anxiety, sexual trauma, and low self-esteem, and to evaluate the success rate of the programme using the Solomon four-group design. The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children and the Human Figure Drawing were used as measures for assessing symptom change both within and between the four groups. A sample of 25 sexually abused girls, aged 8 to 11 years was recruited using a purposive sampling technique. Criteria for selection further involved having the ability to speak English and living with a non-offending caretaker. For practical reasons groups were selected from children’s homes in the Gauteng area. The sample consisted of four groups, namely two experimental groups and two control groups, whereby the experimental groups received the treatment and the control groups did not. The first experimental group and the first control group were assessed prior to and after termination of the therapy. The purpose was to measure the degree of change as a result of the intervention. The control groups were provided with the therapy after the post-test had been administered. Results indicate that the experimental group improved significantly compared to the control groups with regard to anxiety, depression and sexual trauma. Furthermore, in the absence of the intervention the control group demonstrated deterioration between the pre- and post-test. The study indicates a high success rate using the group art therapy intervention. It is anticipated that the value of this study may further enhance the quality of future research on this topic.

My exhibition draws on Andreas Huyssen's notion of memory sculpture to articulate my own sense of loss and trauma, due to the divorce of my parents. Within my work I explore the effects that divorce had on me and how it has disturbed my normative understanding of home and family. I have created scenarios alluding to the family home that I have manipulated in order to convey a sense of nostalgia and loss. By growing salt crystals over found objects and/or cladding them in salt, I attempt to suggest the dual motifs of preservation (a nostalgic clinging to the past) and destruction (due to the salt’s corrosive properties). In this way, the salt-crusted objects serve as a metaphor for a memory that has become stagnant, and is both destructive and regressive. The objects encapsulate the mind’s coping methods to loss. In my mini thesis, I discuss characteristics of memory sculpture as a response to trauma, drawing on Sigmund Freud's differentiation between mourning and melancholia. I also unpack how objects and traces (such as photographs) may act as nostalgic triggers, inducing a state of melancholic attachment to an idealised past. I address these concerns in relation to selected works by Doris Salcedo and Bridget Baker, and also situate them in relation to my own art practice.

This study aimed to construct, and implement an in-school "art expression" based programme designed to aid in mitigation of psychological stress, behavioural difficulties, and self-negativity frequently experienced by marginalised children. It was developed for application within schools that cater for children exposed to neglect and/or abuse resulting from poverty in South Africa. This programme outline was developed and implemented through intensive exploration and review of previously effective art therapy, art expressive methods and techniques in similar contexts, together with the knowledge and experience of a qualified art therapist and educational psychologist. Data was collected through open-ended informal qualitative interviews, observations, and photographs of artworks produced during sessions. These were then analysed in conjunction, using the content analysis method, visual interpretive measures and thematic analysis. This enquiry documented the process of art creation through "art expression", and its ability to ameliorate psychological difficulties affecting marginalised children in South Africa. Following the establishment of trust between the researchers and the participants, the results found that the use of different art modalities demonstrated predominantly positive results in varying degrees. It is hoped that this study can be used to further practical interventions of this nature in comparable milieus in South Africa.

As breast cancer incidence and survival rates increase, there is an urgent need to make appropriate psychosocial support available to all women with breast cancer. In this qualitative study, narrative inquiry was used to examine how women with breast cancer used visual creative expression (art therapy and/or independent art making) to address psychosocial needs that arose for them after their diagnoses. Seventeen women, aged 37-82, participated in this investigation. Data analysis of in-depth interviews with these women focused on narratives they constructed about why they turned to art therapy and/or independent art making and how it helped to be involved in these activities. Particular attention was given to the issue of meaning making. Four storylines emerged from the analysis. "Art and art therapy as a haven" came from narratives about using art making or art therapy for comfort and affirmation. The narratives that comprised "getting a clearer view" were about using visual creative expression to create a clear picture of emotional experience. "Clearing the way emotionally" came from narratives about self-expression and about processing difficult emotions. The narratives that yielded "expanding and enlivening the self were about the women fortifying and energizing themselves through visual creative expression. Two minor themes related to the role of the art therapist and negative experiences with art therapy also emerged. In their narratives, the women portrayed visual creative expression as flexible, compelling, and powerful means of addressing multiple psychosocial needs simultaneously. Above all, the storylines show that the women valued visual creative expression as a way to reduce the feeling of threat to existence, to affirm present existence, and to promote the ongoing existence of both their psyches and their bodies. The results of this study contribute to the field of psycho-oncology by extending understandings of meaning making in relation to breast cancer, supplying detailed explanations from the perspectives of women with breast cancer of how visual creative expression can be helpful, and providing valuable insight into how psychosocial support services based on visual creative expression might meet needs of women with breast cancer that would not be met through other types of services. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate

There is nothing new about the utilization of the arts, generally speaking, as a method of facilitation. It is used not only in the context of the performing arts such as dance, drama and music, but particularly too in painting, sculpture, pottery, weaving, and a number of other art media and types. Yet all of these use a hands-on approach whereby it is expected of the participants to be active in the act of creation or performing. Of these, music stands out as an art form that can be used in a non-performance mode, and where a passive engagement with the completed work of art receives the focus. No such approach seems to have been suggested, described or developed for the visual arts. This study suggests and researches exactly that: the use of visual art works without involving a hands-on creative process, in a psycho-educational facilitative programme. This process is described as an isomorphic identification with the work of art, and the research design has been characterised by the relative novelty of the suggested approach towards intervention and stress facilitation outlined in this thesis. Although the term isomorphic identification is not of uncommon usage, it appears only very rarely in literature, and then in context with very recent work only to be found on the Internet. Undeniably, the occurrence of unhealthy stress levels in any population is on the increase. This research focuses on the way that stress impacts on the lives of young adults, particularly students, who share two common denominators; clearly identifiable unhealthy stress levels, and an academic background in which an art appreciation or an art history course was a part of their academic curriculum. The stated goal of this research is to design, develop and describe a method of stress management using the visual arts in a psycho-educational programme. The approach to this study is qualitative, with the research design being based on the single case study with an emphasis on the trustworthiness of research findings. The explorative nature of this research is underlined as being extremely important, with the role of the researcher as central to this type of qualitative research emphasised at every stage of the research strategy. As an important characteristic of the psycho-educational nature of this research, approaches to theory construction and the evaluative research cycle are followed by a discussion on strategies to ensure trustworthiness, including an analysis of and discourse on ethical measures. Obviously the major focus falls on the development, application, analysis, interpretation and evaluation of the programme for the facilitative use of the visual arts as an intervention procedure. Emphasis is put on the idea that art does in actual fact serve a number of purposes, and that the (visual) arts do not exist merely for the sake of existing. The argument is tendered that (visual) art can serve the function of personal homeostasis via a number of varieties of visual experiences according to which art could be experienced and interpreted. The idea is advanced that art works contain a message that is embedded in the medium of the artwork, and that interactive participation through graded exposure should be deemed a cathartic experience of value to the participant. This in turn focuses attention on the narrative discourse made possible through the interactive viewing mentioned, which in turn could be used by the participants as a journey of discovery, which is part and parcel of the facilitation suggested. The psycho-educational theoretical model for use within the visual arts is based on a hierarchical flow of events by way of a three-tiered four-phase approach that shares some characteristics with existing art historical models. As a programme, isomorphism as a strategy of facilitation fits well into a Post-modern paradigm, as it focuses on a holistic stress management programme designed to be of benefit for the participants. / Prof. C.P.H. Myburgh

No description available.

Syfte: I denna studie undersöktes bildterapeuters berättelser om hur de arbetar med affektmedvetenhet i bildterapi. Metod: En kvalitativ studiedesign användes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra bildterapeuter. För att utvinna data valdes tematisk analys. Bearbetning av intervjuerna utgick ifrån fyra dimensioner av affektmedvetenhet enligt Monsen, Eilertsen, Melgård och Ødegård (1996): Uppmärksamma, Tolerera, Icke-verbalt uttryck samt Verbalt uttryck av känslor. Resultat: Analysen av intervjuerna resulterade i nio teman/bildterapeutiska arbetssätt för ökad affektmedvetenhet hos klienten: Lägga märke till känslor, Synliggöra omedvetna känslor, Synliggöra mer medvetna känslor, Växla mellan tanke och känsla, Reglera överväldigande känslor, Omstrukturera, Kroppsfokus, Öppna bilden och Låna bilden. Slutsats: Genom om att belysa bildterapimetoder med fokus på affektmedvetenhet tydliggörs viktiga tekniker och aspekter, såväl icke-verbala som verbala. Resultatet kan generera idéer till interventionsforskning kring bildterapeutiskt arbete med affekter. / Aims: In this study, art therapists' stories of how they work with affect awareness in art therapy were examined. Methods: A qualitative study design was used with semi-structured interviews with four art therapists. The thematic analysis was based on four dimensions of affect awareness: Affect awareness, Affect tolerance, Nonverbal and Conceptual expression of affect (Monsen, Eilertsen, Melgård & Ødegård 1996). Results: Analysis of the interviews resulted in nine themes/art therapy methods for increased affect awareness: Paying attention to affect, Highlighting unconsiousnes affects, Highlighting more aware affects, Switching between thought and affect, Regulate overwhelming affects, Restructure, Body focus, Opening the image and Borrowing the image. Conclusion: By highlighting art therapy methods focusing on affect awareness, important techniques and aspects, both non-verbal and verbal, are clarified. The result can generate ideas for intervention research on art therapy with affects.

Peu d'études ont été menées spécifiquement sur le processus de changement de la thérapie par l'art médical. Un besoin de plus de recherche d'intervention en art-thérapie a été établi. Cette étude de recherche s'est concentrée sur les résultats d'une étude d'intervention évaluant l'utilisation de l'art-thérapie chez les enfants aux prises avec une maladie chronique. Des mesures d’intervention de base et postérieures à l’art ont été utilisées pour appuyer l’utilisation de techniques d’intervention d’art sur des enfants atteints d’une maladie chronique, pour encourager les expressions verbales de la douleur et modifier les stratégies d’adaptation telles que la résolution de problèmes en réponse au fardeau émotionnel de la maladie chronique et la détermination de spécificités. moments charnières qui amènent un processus de changement. Les techniques d'intervention artistique ont été combinées à une approche thérapeutique centrée sur la solution (de Shazer, 1991) afin de créer un plan de traitement pour les enfants de 7 à 18 ans atteints d'une maladie chronique. Douze enfants atteints de maladies chroniques à l'hôpital Santa Maria, au Portugal, ont été randomisés dans un groupe de thérapie d'art actif ou de groupe de référence. Les membres du groupe actif ont participé à sept séances d’intervention artistique d’une durée de 60 minutes. Mesures prises au départ et après la dernière séance d’intervention artistique, y compris l’échelle formelle d’art-thérapie appliquée à la personne cueillant une pomme dans l’arbre, la version pour enfants du questionnaire d’adaptation de la douleur, l’outil de lutte contre la douleur chez les enfants, et KidCope. Les enfants affectés au groupe de référence ont réalisé toutes les évaluations aux mêmes intervalles que les enfants recevant l’art-thérapie, mais n’ont pas bénéficié d’une intervention d’art-thérapie. Les résultats de cette étude ont révélé que les enfants bénéficiant de services d'intervention artistique avaient considérablement accru leur vocabulaire décrivant la douleur mesurée par l'APPT et manifestant des stratégies d'adaptation plus actives face à la maladie chronique mesurée par PCQ et KidCope. Les moments de changement identifiés à travers la description des sept sessions d’intervention ont été mesurés à partir du facteur d’échelle principal de la stratégie de mesure de PPAT post-session. / Few research studies have been conducted specifically focused on the change process in medical art therapy. A need for more intervention research in art therapy has been established. This research study focused on the results of an intervention study evaluating the use of art therapy with children coping with a chronic disease. Both baseline and after art intervention measures were employed to support the use of art intervention techniques with children diagnosed with a chronic disease to encourage verbal expressions of pain and modify coping strategies such as problem solving in response to the emotional burden of chronic disease and identify specific pivotal moments that bring about change process. Art intervention techniques were combined with Solution-Focused therapy approach (de Shazer, 1991) to create a treatment plan for children 7-18 years old diagnosed with a chronic disease. Twelve children with chronic disease at the Hospital Santa Maria, Portugal, were randomized to an active art therapy or reference comparative group . Those in active group participated in seven sessions of art intervention for 60 minutes. Measures taken at the baseline, and after the final art intervention session including Formal Elements Art Therapy Scale applied to the Person Picking an Apple from the Tree scale, children version of Pain Coping Questionnaire, Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool, and KidCope. The children assigned to the reference comparative group completed all evaluations at the same intervals as the children receiving art therapy but did not receive art therapy intervention. The results of this study revealed that children who received art intervention services significantly increased their vocabulary describing pain as measured by APPT, and manifested more active coping strategies while dealing with the chronic disease, measured by PCQ and KidCope. The changing moments identified through the description of the seven intervention sessions, were measured from the post-session PPAT measuring Problem Solving coping strategy main scale factor.