In the Intermountain West, aspen (Populus tremuloides) has declined mainly due to a combination of successional processes, fire suppression and long-term use of ungulates which has led to replacement by conifers, sagebrush or other shrub communities. Conifer encroachment is believed to cause critical changes in the ecosystem properties. In order to understand the impacts of conifer encroachment on soil properties such as soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, soil morphology, and soil chemical properties, and the implications of such changes, it is very important to assess the soil properties under the two vegetation types. The objectives of this study were to i) quantify SOC stocks and their variability in pure aspen forests; ii) evaluate the role of various biotic and abiotic site parameters as drivers of this SOC; iii) evaluate the effect of conifer encroachment on SOC storage, soil morphology, soil microclimate and soil chemical properties. The study was conducted in three catchments in Northern Utah in two phases: i) a transect study with 33 sampling points in a pure aspen community; ii) a paired plot study based on comparing six plots in to aspen and nearby conifer plots as representatives of end-member communities. Soils under aspen were mainly Mollisols, whereas the soils associated with conifers were classified as Alfisols, Inceptisols and Entisols. Even under pure aspen there was a significant SOC variability among sampling points and aspects, and SOC was negatively correlated with soil moisture index and average tree diameter and positively correlated with vegetation density. The paired plot comparison showed that SOC in the mineral soil (0-60 cm) was significantly higher under aspen, while O horizon thickness and C content was higher under conifers. The total SOC (O layer + mineral soil) was not significantly different among the vegetation types, suggesting an upward redistribution of SOC in conifer soils. The soil moisture in summer was also higher under aspen compared to conifers. Other chemical properties were not affected by vegetation types. Our study indicates that i) no differences in SOC can be detected in surface soil horizons (<20 >cm); ii) SOC is highly variable and greatly influenced by soil moisture and forest characteristics; iii) conifer encroachment is likely to alter soil microclimatic and SOC amount and distribution.

Widespread mortality of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) has occurred over large expanses of the Western US during the 20th century. While much of this decline was due to conifer encroachment into seral aspen, significant aspen losses also occurred in areas of persistent aspen and may have been exasperated by drought conditions. Aspen decline has been especially notable at Cedar Mountain, Utah, an area of mostly private land and extensive persistent aspen coverage. The objectives of this study were to create a time series of live and dead aspen cover on the Cedar Mountain landscape, using remotely sensed imagery, and to test whether water stress correlated to the decline therein. To accomplish these objectives, a decision tree classifier was used to classify the Cedar Mountain area into live and dead aspen cover classes for the years 1985, 1990, 1995, 2001, 2005, and 2008. Thereafter, post-classification change analysis was performed to determine areas and time periods of elevated decline. Regression analyses were performed to ascertain correlations between climatic data and percent change in aspen cover. A topographic analysis using zonal statistics was also performed to determine landscape positions where aspen decline is more prevalent. The time series models indicated that aspen decline followed a step-wise pattern with an overall decrease of 23.57 % in aspen cover during a 23-year period. Considerable aspen decline occurred early in the study time frame, with decreases of 1.38 and 1.36 -1 in 1990 and 1995, respectively. The middle period between 1995 and 2001 had no net change in aspen cover. However, the end of the time series showed the greatest decline with decreases of 1.56 and 1.99 % yr-1 in 2005 and 2008, respectively. There was a correlation between percent change in aspen cover and precipitation, suggesting that drought weakens aspen, making it susceptible to future decline. The topographic zonal statistics revealed that drier landscape positions had greater frequencies of dead aspen. The most significant predictor of aspen decline was elevation, which was significantly greater in the live aspen for three of the five years.

Biomass to Liquids via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (BTL-FT) is regarded as one of the most promising routes for providing alternative solution to growing demand for energy and environmental protection. In Chapter I, the development and key issues of BTL-FT process (especially Fischer-Tropsch synthesis) were reviewed and identified. In Chapter II, Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst was synthesized using Incipient Wetness Impregnation method and tested in nitrogen rich model bio-syngas. Different operation parameters (temperature, pressure, and GHSV) were tested to investigate their influence on the catalytic performance. Those parameters were found to affect the performance significantly. Liquid samples from conversion were mainly composed of C8 to C10 range hydrocarbons. The catalyst characterization revealed that molybdenum species were well distributed on the catalyst support, while dealumination, agglomeration and coke deposition were observed in spent catalyst. The top layer of the spent catalyst had the most coke deposition. A Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macro-porous (3DOM) Fe based Fischer-Tropsch catalyst was developed using a facile in-situ Nitrate Oxidation-PMMA templating technique in Chapter III. Several techniques (including SEM, BET, TPR, HRTEM, XRD, XPS, and DRIFTS) were combined to characterize the morphology, textural properties and microstructures of 3DOM Fe catalysts at different stages. The effects of bio-syngas composition on carbonaceous species formation, iron phase transformation and catalytic performance were investigated and correlated. A novel hybrid bio-refinery process co-converting biomass and natural gas into liquid fuels via FTS with a CO2 recycle loop was developed, modeled and simulated by using Aspen Plus in Chapter IV. The Aspen Plus model utilized experimental data from the 3DOM Fe catalyst. Economic analysis was performed on different scenarios based on the simulation results to determine profitability of the process. Results indicated that 102.65 t/h gasoline and 22.93 t/h diesel can be produced with the co-processing of 100.00 t/h biomass and 112.3 t/h natural gas using 307.78 t/h of recycled CO2 in the process simulation. The carbon conversion rate was estimated to be 81.23% for the hybrid process. Economic analysis revealed that the process can be profitable when using at least 10.00 t/h biomass and 11.23 t/h natural gas.

No description available.

This thesis includes two studies. The first study examined changes in soil characteristics as a result of prolonged conifer dominance in successional aspen-conifer forests. Changing disturbance patterns in aspen-conifer forests appear to be altering successional dynamics that favors conifer expansion in aspen forests. The primary objective of this paper was to identify how increasing conifer dominance that develops in later successional stages alters forest soil characteristics. Soil measurements were collected along a stand composition gradient: aspen dominated, aspen-conifer mix, conifer dominated and open meadow, which includes the range of conditions that exists through the stages of secondary succession in aspen-conifer forests. Soil chemistry, moisture content, respiration, and temperature were measured. There was a consistent trend in which aspen stands demonstrated higher mean soil nutrient concentrations than adjacent meadows, mixed or conifer stands. Soil moisture was significantly higher in aspen stands and meadows in early summer. Soil respiration was significantly higher in aspen stands than conifer stands or meadows throughout the summer. The results indicate that soil resource availability and respiration peak within aspen dominated stands that are present during early succession and then decrease as conifer abundance increases along our stand composition gradient, representative of stand characteristics present in mid to late successional stages. Emerging evidence from other studies suggest that these observed changes in soil characteristics with increasing conifer dominance may have negative feedbacks on aspen growth and vigor. The second study examined the facilitation effect between aspen and subalpine fir establishment. In subalpine forests, conifer species are often found intermixed with broadleaf species. However, few if any studies have explored the existence and influence of facilitation between broadleaf tree species and conifers. We have observed the general establishment of subalpine fir seedlings at the base of aspen trees in a subalpine forest, indicating that a facilitative relationship may exist. To explore the potential facilitative relationship during secondary succession in subalpine forests, subalpine fir seeds were planted across a stand composition gradient (aspen dominated → mixed → conifer dominated stands) at six study sites in the Fishlake National Forest. Seeds were placed during the fall of 2010, at distances of 0 cm and 25 cm in each cardinal direction at the base of mature aspen and subalpine fir trees in each of the three stand types. Seeds were also planted within stand interspaces and in adjacent meadows. Seedling emergence was recorded at the beginning of the summer of 2011 and seedling mortality was recorded in October 2011. Soil moisture content was measured at the position that seeds were placed during the summers of 2009 and 2011. Aspen dominated stands had subalpine fir germination that was on average 11 times greater than mixed or conifer dominated stands. Germination was 2.3 fold greater at the base of aspen trees than fir trees and two fold greater at the base of aspen trees than interspaces. Seedling mortality was lower in aspen stands but was not significantly influenced by position relative to mature trees. Soil moisture was highest in aspen dominated stands, with better soil moisture conditions at the base of aspen trees and in interspaces compared to the base of fir trees. Few if any studies regarding conifer facilitation have provided evidence for facilitation at the germination life stage, rather they focus on seedling survival. However, our study illustrates a strong facilitative interaction in which both aspen dominated stands and aspen trees increase the likelihood of subalpine fir seedling establishment by drastically increasing rates of subalpine fir germination. Because of aspen's primary role in initiating secondary succession through post-disturbance sucker regeneration, and the subsequent dependence of conifers on aspen for establishment, aspen mortality via competition with conifers under longer fire cycles, droughts, or intensive ungulate browsing may result in a loss of aspen-conifer forest communities in some locales.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Data on the process performance at different operating conditions are required to determine the feasibility of a separation process. Such data can be experimentally measured, but due to the time and costs associated with pilot plant scale experiments, the use of predictive process models are often preferred. The main aim of this project is to establish a working process model in Aspen Plus® that can be used to predict the separation performance of a supercritical fluid fractionation process aimed at the separation of mixtures of detergent range alkanes and alcohol isomers where similar boiling points or low relative volatilities can occur. Currently, an azeotropic distillation process is employed for the separation of detergent range alkanes and alcohols. Although this process shows good separation performance, some concerns regarding the operating conditions are raised: the preferred entrainer, diethylene glycol, is toxic to humans; very low operating pressures of 0.016 – 0.031 MPa and high temperatures of 473 K are required; additional processing units and materials are required to remove the entrainer from the product streams. An alternative process, supercritical fluid fractionation, is proposed in this work after previous studies have reported that this process have potential for the separation of alkanes and alcohols. The supercritical fluid fractionation process addresses the concerns of the azeotropic distillation process in the following ways: a non-toxic solvent, CO2, is used as the separating agent; mild temperatures of 344 K is proposed, but at the cost of the low operating pressures of the azeotropic process; and a single process unit and no additional material is required to separate the solvent from the product streams. A process model was developed in Aspen Plus® to evaluate the separation performance of the newly proposed supercritical fluid fractionation process and compare it to the current azeotropic distillation process. The development of the process model included the development of an accurate thermodynamic model in Aspen Plus®. After thorough evaluation of a number of cubic equations of state, the RK-ASPEN model was found to be superior in its representation and prediction of phase transition pressures for multi-component mixtures of detergent range alkanes and alcohols in the temperature range 318 – 348 K. Phase transition pressures could be predicted with an error of less than 6 % with the inclusion of regressed polar parameters and binary solute-solvent interaction parameters for two multi-component mixtures: CO2 + (20 % n-dodecane + 70 % 1-decanol + 10 % 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol) and CO2 + (25 % n-decane + 25 % 1-decanol + 25 % 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol + 25 % 2,6-dimethyl-2-octanol). Polar parameters were regressed from pure component vapour pressure data predicted with correlations available in Aspen Plus®. Binary interaction parameters were regressed from experimental bubble and dew point data. Binary bubble and dew point data were measured for a number of systems containing ethane or CO2 and a C10-alkane or C10-alcohol isomer at temperatures between 308 K and 353 K, and compositions ranging between 0.01 and 0.7 mass fraction solute. A comparison between the phase equilibrium data measured for these systems revealed that the structure of the molecule, and not only the molecular weight, influences its solubility in the supercritical solvent. The phase transition pressures of n-decane, 2-methylnonane, 3-methylnonane and 4-methylnonane did not differ significantly in CO2 or ethane, and these compounds will in all likelihood not be separated in a supercritical fluid fractionation process. The phase transition pressures measured for the C10-alcohol isomers decreased in both CO2 and ethane in the following order: 1-decanol, 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol, 2-decanol, 2,6-dimethyl-2-octanol and 3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol. The position of the hydroxyl group and the number, length and position of the side branches, all influence the solubility behaviour and phase transition pressures of the isomeric alcohols in the supercritical solvent. Since the use of ethane did not show any significant benefits with regard to selectivity, the use of the less harmful and less expensive solvent, CO2, in further investigations was justified. The RK-ASPEN thermodynamic model, with the inclusion of the regressed polar and binary solute-solvent interaction parameters, was implemented in the process model and the separation performance of the process was simulated at different operating conditions for the CO2 + (25 % n-decane + 25 % 1-decanol + 25 % 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol + 25 % 2,6-dimethyl-2-octanol) mixture. A comparison to experimental pilot plant data revealed that the model cannot be used to predict the separation performance at low fractionation temperatures (316 K) due to shortcomings in the thermodynamic model. However, the performance of the process at high fractionation temperatures (344 K) could be predicted well, with an error of 10 – 36 %. Simulations for the CO2 + (25 % n-decane + 25 % 1-decanol + 25 % 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol + 25 % 2,6-dimethyl-2-octanol) and CO2 + (20 % n-dodecane + 70 % 1-decanol + 10 % 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol) mixtures showed that the composition of the feed mixture have a significant effect on the location and size of the operating window and optimum operating conditions. The optimum operating conditions were defined as the conditions where an acceptable selectivity ratio and alcohol recovery occurred simultaneously. Since the selectivity ratio and alcohol recovery have opposing optimization approaches, a number of possible optimum operating conditions exist, based on the product specifications. When an alcohol and an alkane with similar phase behaviour exist in a mixture, a distinct minimum selectivity ratio will occur at a point within the extract-to-feed ratio limits of the process. When the alkanes and alcohols present in a mixture do not have similar or overlapping phase transition pressures, the minimum selectivity ratio will typically cover a small range of extract-to-feed ratios at the high end limit of the extract-to-feed ratio range. To summarize: A process model was established in Aspen Plus® that can be used to determine the feasibility and separation performance of a supercritical fractionation process for a feed mixture of detergent range alkane and alcohol isomers. The model was used to prove that an SFF process is a feasible alternative process to consider for the removal of alkanes from mixtures of detergent range alcohol isomers, even where overlapping boiling points or low relative volatilities occur. During the development of the process model, the following significant novel contributions were made: · New phase equilibrium data were measured for C10-alkane and C10-alcohol isomers in supercritical ethane, as published in The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 58 (2011) 330 – 342. · New phase equilibrium data were measured for C10-alkane and C10-alcohol isomers in supercritical CO2, as published in The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 59 (2011) 14 – 26. · A thermodynamic model was developed in Aspen Plus® that can accurately predict the phase transition pressures of binary, ternary and multi-component mixtures of detergent range alkanes and alcohols in supercritical CO2, as published in The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 84 (2013) 132 – 145. · A process model was developed in Aspen Plus® that can be used to predict the separation performance of a supercritical fluid fractionation process for the separation of mixtures of detergent range alkanes and alcohols. · Experimental and simulated results indicated that a supercritical fluid fractionation process can be implemented successfully to separate an alkane from a mixture of alcohol isomers, as was shown for two mixtures: CO2 + (25 % n-decane + 25 % 1-decanol + 25 % 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol + 25 % 2,6-dimethyl-2-octanol) and CO2 + (20 % n-dodecane + 70 % 1-decanol + 10 % 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Data oor die omvang van skeiding by verskillende bedryfstoestande word benodig om die lewensvatbaarheid van ’n skeidingsproses te bepaal. Sulke data kan eksperimenteel gemeet word, maar as gevolg van die tyd en kostes geassosieer met eksperimente op loodsaanlegskaal, word die gebruik van prosesmodelle verkies. Die hoofdoel van hierdie projek is om ’n werkende prosesmodel, wat daarop gemik is om C8 – C20 alkane en alkohol isomere te skei, in Aspen Plus® tot stand te bring om die omvang van die skeiding van ’n superkritiese fraksioneringsproses te meet. Tans word azeotropiese distillasie gebruik vir die skeiding van C8 – C20 alkane en alkoholisomere. Alhoewel goeie skeiding met hierdie proses bewerkstellig word, is daar sekere eienskappe van die proses wat aandag vereis: die voorgestelde skeidingsagent, dietileen glikol, is giftig vir mense; baie lae bedryfsdrukke van 0.016 – 0.031 MPa en hoë temperature van 473 K word benodig; addisionele proseseenhede en materiaal is nodig om die skeidingsagent van die produkte te verwyder. Die gebruik van ’n alternatiewe proses - superkritiese fraksionering - word in hierdie werk voorgestel nadat vorige studies getoon het dat hierdie proses die potensiaal het om alkane en alkohole te skei. Die superkritiese fraksioneringsproses spreek al die kommerwekkende eienskappe van azeotropiese distillasie aan soos volg: ’n veilige oplosmiddel, CO2, word as die skeidingsagent gebruik; gemiddelde temperature van 344 K word voorgestel, maar ten koste van lae bedryfsdrukke; ’n enkele proseseenheid en geen addisionele materiaal word benodig om die oplosmiddel van die produkte te skei nie. ’n Prosesmodel is in Aspen Plus® ontwikkel om die omvang van die skeiding wat deur die voorgestelde superkritiese fraksioneringsproses teweeggebring is, te evalueer en te vergelyk met die azeotropiese distillasieproses wat tans in gebruik is. Die ontwikkeling van die prosesmodel sluit die ontwikkeling van ’n akkurate termodinamiese model in Aspen Plus® in. Na deeglike evaluasie van ’n aantal kubiese toestandsvergelykings is gevind dat die RK-ASPEN-model die faseoorgangsdrukke van multi-komponentmengsels van C8 – C20 alkane en alkohole die beste voorspel binne die temperatuurbereik van 318 – 348 K. Faseoorgangsdrukke kon voorspel word met ’n fout van minder as 6 % met die insluiting van voorafbepaalde polêre parameters en binêre interaksie-parameters vir twee multi-komponentmengsels: CO2 + (20 % n-dodekaan + 70 % 1-dekanol + 10 % 3,7-dimetiel-1-oktanol) and CO2 + (25 % n-dekaan + 25 % 1-dekanol + 25 % 3,7-dimetiel-1-oktanol + 25 % 2,6-dimetiel-2-oktanol). Polêre parameters is bepaal met dampdruk data, wat voorspel is met korrelasies in Aspen Plus®. Binêre interaksieparameters is van eksperimentele faseoorgangsdata bepaal. Binêre faseoorgangsdata is vir ’n aantal sisteme wat uit etaan of CO2 en ’n C10-alkaan- of C10-alkohol-isomeer bestaan, gemeet by temperature tussen 308 K en 353 K en samestellings van tussen 0.01 en 0.7 massafraksie van die opgeloste stof. ’n Vergelyking tussen die gemete fase-ewewigsdata het onthul dat die struktuur van die molekuul, en nie net die molekulêre massa nie, die oplosbaarheid van die stof in die superkritiese oplosmiddel beïnvloed. Die faseoorgangsdrukke van n-dekaan, 2-metielnonaan, 3-metielnonaan en 4-metielnonaan het geen skynbare verskille getoon in etaan of CO2 nie en dus sal hierdie stowwe in alle waarkynlikheid nie met ’n superkritiese fraksioneringsproses geskei kan word nie. Die faseoorgangsdrukke wat vir die C10-alkohol gemeet is, het in beide etaan en CO2 afgeneem in die volgende volgorde: 1-dekanol, 3,7-dimetiel-1-oktanol, 2-dekanol, 2,6-dimetiel-2-oktanol en 3,7-dimetiel-3-oktanol. Die posisie van die hidroksielgroep en die aantal, lengte en posisie van die sytakke beïnvloed die oplosbaarheidsgedrag van die alkohol-isomere in die superkritiese oplosmiddel. Aangesien die gebruik van etaan nie enige voordele ten opsigte van selektiwiteit inhou nie, is die gebruik van die minder skadelike en goedkoper oplosmiddel, CO2, vir verdere ondersoeke geregverdig. Die ontwikkelde termodinamiese model, met die insluiting van die polêre parameters en binêre interaksieparameters, is in die prosesmodel ingesluit en die omvang van die skeiding van die proses is gesimuleer by verskillende bedryfstoestande vir die CO2 + (25 % n-dekaan + 25 % 1-dekanol + 25 % 3,7-dimetiel-1-oktanol + 25 % 2,6-dimetiel-2-oktanol) mengsel. ’n Vergelyking tussen die gesimuleerde data en die eksperimentele loodsaanlegdata het onthul dat die model nie die omvang van die skeiding kan voorspel by lae fraksioneringstemperature (316 K) nie as gevolg van die tekortkominge in die termodinamiese model. Die omvang van die skeiding by hoë temperature (344 K) kon egter goed voorspel word met ’n fout van 10 – 36 %. Simulasies van die CO2 + (25 % n-dekaan + 25 % 1-dekanol + 25 % 3,7-dimetiel-1-oktanol + 25 % 2,6-dimetiel-2-oktanol) en CO2 + (20 % n-dodekaan + 70 % 1-dekanol + 10 % 3,7-dimetiel-1-oktanol) mengsels het getoon dat die samestelling van die voermengsel ’n beduidende effek op die grootte van die bedryfsvenster en optimum bedryfstoestande het. Die optimum bedryfstoestande word gedefinieer as die toestande waar ’n aanvaarbare selektiwiteitsverhouding en alkoholherwinning terselfdertyd voorkom. Aangesien die selektiwiteitsverhouding en alkoholherwinning teenstrydige optimeringsbenaderings het, bestaan daar ’n aantal optimum bedryfstoestande gebaseer op die produkspesifikasies. Wanneer ’n alkohol en ’n alkaan met ooreenstemmende fasegedrag saam in ’n mengsel voorkom, bestaan daar ’n duidelike minimum selektiwiteitsverhouding by ’n punt binne die ekstrak-tot-voer-verhoudingslimiete van die proses. Wanneer die alkane en alkohole in ’n mengsel nie ooreenstemmende fasegedrag toon nie, sal die minimum selektiwiteitsverhouding oor ’n reeks ekstrak-tot-voer-verhoudings voorkom, tipies by die hoë limiet van die ekstrak-tot-voer-verhoudingsreeks. Om op te som: ’n Prosesmodel is in Aspen Plus® tot stand gebring wat die lewensvatbaarheid en omvang van die moontlike skeiding van ’n superkritiese fraksioneringsproses vir voermengsels van C8 – C20 alkane en alkohol-isomere kan voorspel. Die model is gebruik om te bewys dat ’n superkritiese proses ’n lewensvatbare alternatiewe proses is om te oorweeg vir die verwydering van alkane uit mengsels van alkohol-isomere, self waar ooreenstemmende kookpunte of lae relatiewe vlugtigheid tussen komponente voorkom. Tydens die ontwikkeling van die prosesmodel is die volgende beduidende nuwe bydraes gemaak: · Nuwe fase-ewewigsdata is gemeet vir C10-alkaan- en C10-alkohol-isomere in superkritiese etaan, soos gepubliseer in The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 58 (2011) 330 – 342. · Nuwe fase-ewewigsdata is gemeet vir C10-alkaan and C10-alkohol isomere in superkritiese CO2, soos gepubliseer in The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 59 (2011) 14 – 26. · ’n Termodinamiese model is ontwikkel in Aspen Plus® wat die faseoorgangsdrukke van binêre, ternêre en multi-komponent mengsels van C8 – C20 alkane en alkohol-isomere in superkritiese CO2 akkuraat kan voorspel, soos gepubliseer in The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 84 (2013) 132 – 145. · ’n Prosesmodel is ontwikkel in Aspen Plus® wat die omvang van die moontlike skeiding van ’n superkritiese fraksioneringsproses, gemik op die skeiding van mengsels van C8 – C20 alkane en alkohol-isomere, kan voorspel. · Eksperimentele en gesimuleerde resultate toon aan dat ’n superkritiese fraksioneringsproses suksesvol geïmplementeer kan word vir die skeiding van ’n alkaan vanuit ’n mengsel van alkohol-isomere, soos bewys vir twee mengsels: CO2 + (25 % n-dekaan + 25 % 1-dekanol + 25 % 3,7-dimetiel-1-oktanol + 25 % 2,6-dimetiel-2-oktanol) en CO2 + (20 % n-dodekaan + 70 % 1-dekanol + 10 % 3,7-dimetiel-1-oktanol).

We examined the radial growth - climate association of a disjunct population of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) at its southern limit of distribution. Forty-four white spruce tree islands were sampled over four mixed-grass prairie preserves in the Spruce Woods Provincial Park located in the forestprairie boundary of southwestern Manitoba. Reduced radial growth occurred during the 1910s, 1930s, early 1960s, and the late 1970s to the early 1980s and corresponded to periods of drought on the Canadian prairies, and the Great Plains of the United States. Correlation and response function coefficients indicated that conditions in the summer and fall of the previous year (t-1), and the summer of the current year (t) strongly influenced white spruce growth. Growth was positively correlated with August-September (t-1) and May-June-July (t) precipitation and moisture index (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration). Radial growth was positively associated with June-July-August (t) river discharge. Growth was most correlated with maximum and mean temperature compared with minimum temperature. Precipitation and maximum temperature accounted for the greatest variation in radial growth (61%). The results suggest that white spruce growth is sensitive to climatic fluctuations because growth is restricted by moisture deficiency exacerbated by temperature-induced drought stress.

Les voies de valorisation actuelles ne permettent pas d'absorber la totalité des coproduits de l'industrie du bois (noeuds, écorces, souches), qui sont des matières riches en composés bioactifs tels que les polyphénols, préférentiellement extraits par des solvants comme l'éthanol ou le méthanol. Le fractionnement aqueux à l'aide d'extracteur bi-vis permet d'obtenir des extraits polyphénoliques à activité antioxydante. Après avoir déterminé l'extractabilité des polyphénols de chaque matière en eau subcritique, les paramètres d'extraction en bi-vis ont été optimisés de façon à d'atteindre des conditions de température et de pression caractéristiques de l'eau subcritique. La présence d'un marqueur spécifique dans les extraits étaye l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'extracteur bi-vis permet d'atteindre les conditions de l'eau subcritique. Les effets des extraits sur la biodégradabilité de pots horticoles dans lesquels ils ont été incorporés ainsi que sur la croissance de plantes mises en culture dans ces pots ont été déterminés. La valorisation de l'extrudat comme matériau pour le thermopressage en panneaux de particules a également été étudiée. / Actual exploitation procedures can not absorb all the wood by-products (knots, barks, stumps), which are potent sources of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, preferentially extracted by solvents such as ethanol or methanol. Aqueous fractionation has been performed with twin-screw extractors to obtain polyphenolic extracts with antioxidant activity. After having determined the extractability of polyphenols from each byproduct with subcritical water, the parameters of twin-screw extraction were optimized in order to reach temperature and pressure conditions in subcritical water area. The presence of a specific marker in the extracts supports the hypothesis that a twin-screw extractor allows to reach subcritical water conditions. The effects of the extracts on the biodegradability of horticultural pots in which the extracts have been incorporated and on the development of the plants grown in these pots have been evaluated. The valorisation of the extrudate as raw material for thermopressing particle boards has also been studied.

This document reports the results of 4 studies of subalpine ecosystem ecology, describing ways that spatial heterogeneity in soils and plant communities mediate ecosystem responses to environmental change. Ecosystem responses to environmental change are also mediated by regional climate patterns and interannual variability in weather. In the first chapter we report the results of an experiment to test for the mediating effects of associational resistance in a forest community that experienced wide-spread beetle kill. We found that Engelmann spruce were more likely to survive a beetle outbreak when growing in low densities (host dilution) and not through other types of associational resistance that relate to higher tree-species richness or greater phylogenetic diversity of the forest community. In the second chapter we report the effects of early snowmelt on soil moisture in subalpine meadow and aspen communities. We found that soil organic matter, soil texture, and forest cover mediated the effects of early snowmelt and were more important drivers of growing-season soil moisture than was snow-free date. In the third chapter we report the effect of early snowmelt on growth and seed production of early-season and midsummer herbaceous species. We found that the primary effect that snowmelt timing had on plant growth was through its effect on species distribution. Changes in the timing of snowmelt had limited effect on the growth, flowering, and seed count of species after they were established. In the final chapter, we report the effect of early snowmelt on soil respiration, microbial biomass, dissolved organic carbon and soil organic carbon. We found that early snowmelt resulted in warmer soil temperatures compared to neighboring snow-cover plots, and that microbial biomass and soil respiration showed no signs of a snowmelt legacy effect during the growing season. Soil organic carbon in rapid and slow-turnover pools was affected more by plant community than by snowmelt timing, and the primary drivers of soil respiration during the snow-free period were first soil organic matter and second soil temperature. Taken together, this dissertation reports our findings that subalpine ecosystems are resilient to environmental change in part because organisms in these systems are adapted to environmental conditions that are highly variable between sites, seasons, and years.

Biofuels produced from lignocellulosic biomass via the fermentation platform are sustainable energy alternatives to fossil fuels. Process Systems Engineering (PSE) uses computer-based tools and methods to design, simulate and optimize processes. Application of PSE tools to the design of economic biorefinery processes requires the development of simulation approaches that can be integrated with existing, mature PSE tools used to optimize traditional refineries, such as Aspen Plus. Current unit operation models lack the ability to describe unsteady state fermentation processes, link unsteady state fermentation with in situ separations, and optimize these processes for competing factors (e.g., yield and productivity). This work applies a novel architecture of commercial PSE tools, Aspen Plus and MATLAB, to develop techniques to simulate time-dependent fermentation without and with in situ separations for process design, analyses and optimization of the operating conditions. Traditional batch fermentation simulations with in situ separations decouple these interdependent steps in a separate “steady state” reactor followed by an equilibrium separation of the final fermentation broth. A typical mechanistic system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) describing a batch fermentation does not fit the standard built-in power law reaction kinetics model in Aspen Plus. To circumvent this challenge, a novel platform that links the batch reactor to a FORTRAN user kinetics subroutine (incorporates the ODEs) combined with component substitution (to simulate non-databank components) is utilized to simulate an unsteady state batch and in situ gas stripping process. The resulting model system predicts the product profile to be sensitive to the gas flow rate unlike previous “steady state” simulations. This demonstrates the importance of linking a time-dependent fermentation model to the fermentation environment for the design and analyses of fermentation processes. A novel platform linking the genetic algorithm multi-objective and single-objective optimizations in MATLAB to the unsteady state batch fermentation simulation in Aspen Plus through a component object module communication platform is utilized to optimize the operating conditions of a typical batch fermentation process. Two major contributions are: prior concentration of sugars from a typical lignocellulosic hydrolysate may be needed and with a higher initial sugar concentration, the fermentation process must be integrated with an in situ separation process to optimize the performance of fermentation processes. With this framework, fermentation experimentalists can use the full suite of PSE tools and methods to integrate biorefineries and refineries and as a decision-support tool to guide the design, analyses and optimization of fermentation-based biorefineries.