Development of a PCI card for PCI bus based host systems, which allows for analysis of ATM data streams on ATM transmission links with a data rate of 622Mbit/s. Implementation and previous deliberations and therefrom and from given specifications arisen partial tasks Fields of application of the ATM-Analyzer board Depiction of particular development steps Functional description of the ATM-Analyzer Explanations on how to put the PCB and the employed test software into operation Assessment of test results / Entwicklung einer Einsteckkarte für PCI-Bus-basierte Hostsysteme zur Analyse von Datenströmen auf ATM-Übertragungsstrecken mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 622 Mbit/s. Realisierung und damit verbundene Vorüberlegungen und daraus und aus gegebenen Spezifikationen erwachsene Teilaufgaben Anwendungsgebiete der Analyzer-Karte Darstellung der einzelnen Entwicklungsschritte Funktionsbeschreibung des ATM-Analyzers Erläuterungen zur Inbetriebnahme der Leiterkarte und der verwendeten Testsoftware Bewertung der Testergebnisse

Les systèmes de contrôle aérien donneront, dans un avenir assez proche, une plus grande autonomie et liberté d’action aux pilotes (en particulier dans le cadre de la “planification 4D des trajectoires”), ce qui nécessite une prévision de trajectoire de qualité, afin d’une part d’éviter les « conflits » entre avions (avions trop proches, d’où un risque de collision), d’autre part de réguler efficacement les temps d’arrivée aux aéroports.Les trajectoires dépendent de facteurs extérieurs souvent pas, ou mal connus ; en particulier les vents ne sont pas connus avec la précision nécessaire pour une prévision de trajectoire de qualité. De sorte que la prévision de trajectoire ne peut être faite de façon utilisable qu’à court ou moyen terme, disons dans un horizon de moins de 10 minutes ou de l’ordre de 10 à 30 minutes.On appelle “trajectoire 4D” la trajectoire d’un avion, dans l’espace 4D constitué des trois dimensions d’espace, et de la dimension du temps. L’objet de cette thèse est d’établir des méthodes de prévision de trajectoires 4D à court et moyen terme (jusqu’à 10 à 30 minutes). Une telle prévision prend en compte (éventuellement implicitement) des facteurs importants tels que le type de l’appareil, les conditions atmosphériques (vent, température), de façon à pouvoir en déduire les actions précises pour résoudre les conflits potentiels, et/ou arriver à l’instant t voulu à l’aéroport.Dans ce travail, nous présentons une nouvelle approche pour la prédiction des trajectoires d’avion. Cette méthode est basée sur une régression fonctionnelle linéaire, et comprend en particulier un prétraitement des données (lissage, mais surtout synchronisation et cadencement régulier en temps), résolution de la régression par l’utilisation d’une décomposition en ondelettes. On commence par collecter un nombre important de données concernant les vols ayant existé entre deux aéroports ; ces données comportent en particulier les coordonnées, vitesses et projection de l’avion à différents temps. L’étape suivante, que nous appelons localisation, consiste à déterminer un certain nombre de trajectoires “logiquement proches”, c’est à dire, en particulier, concernant le même type d’appareil, et concernant les mêmes aéroports d’origine et de destination. Cet ensemble de trajectoires est ensuite utilisé pour construire un modèle type, qui se rapproche le plus possible de la partie connue de la trajectoire en cours, à prolonger ; ceci est réalisé grâce à une régression fonctionnelle linéaire. Le “modèle type” est alors utilisé comme prédicteur de la trajectoire en cours. Remarquons que cet algorithme n’utilise que des mesures radar, et ne prend pas en compte explicitement des données importantes physiques ou aéronautiques. Cependant les trajectoires ayant servi pour construire le modèle type dépendant elles aussi de ces données, ces dernières sont implicitement prises en compte par cette démarche.Nous avons appliqué cette méthode sur de nombreuses trajectoires entre plusieurs aéroports français, la base de données s’étendant sur plus d’un an. Près de trois millions de vols ont été pris en compte. Les résultats sont présentés en fin du manuscrit ; ils présentent en particulier l’erreur de prédiction, qui est la différence entre la prédiction de la trajectoire et la trajectoire effective (connue puisqu’il s’agit de trajectoires ayant existé, mais bien sûr non utilisée à partir de l’instant où démarre la prévision de trajectoire). Ces résultats montrent que l’erreur de prédiction relative (différence relative entre l’erreur de prédiction et la déviation standard) est de l’ordre de 2% à 16 %. Les résultats obtenus sont meilleurs que ceux obtenus avec la régression linéaire multivariée standard, comme présenté en fin du manuscrit. Rappelons que la méthode est intrinsèque, ne dépend en particulier pas de la structure de l’espace aérien / Air Traffic Management (ATM) heavily rely on the ability to predict where an aircraft will be located in a 10-minute time window. So it is clear that a controller’s workload can be reduced by an accurate and automated forecast of aircraft trajectories, since knowing whether conflicts are to be expected helps in prioritizing the actions to be taken.Despite the increasing autonomy in future air traffic management systems, especially 4D trajectory planning, the ability of trajectory prediction is still actual. As known, 4D trajectory planning implies aircraft will be properly located in a certain place at a certain time. However, such an approach is not realistic. Because, in particular, of the wind, Present Flight Management Systems are not able to predict precisely the position of an aircraft in a window larger than, say 15 minutes. For this reason, trajectory prediction problem can be stated as an actual issues at least for the near future. We consider the problem of short to mid-term aircraft trajectory prediction, that is, the estimation of where an aircraft will be located over a 10 to 30 minutes time horizon. Such a problem is central in the decision support tools, especially in conflict detection and resolution algorithms. It also appears when an air traffic controller observes traffic on the radar screen and tries to identify convergent aircraft, which may be in conflict in the near future, in order to apply maneuvers that will separate them. The problem is then to estimate where the aircraft will be located in the time horizon of 10 - 30 minutes. A 4-dimensional (4D) trajectory prediction contains data specifying the predicted horizontal and vertical position of an aircraft. The ability to accurately predict trajectories for different types of aircraft under different flight conditions, that involving external actions (pilot, ATC) and atmospheric influences (wind, temperature), is an important factor in determining the accuracy and effectiveness of ATM.In this work, we present an innovative approach for aircraft trajectory prediction in this work. It is based on local linear functional regression that considers data preprocessing, localizing and solving linear regression using wavelet decomposition. This approach starts from collecting the data set, consisting of a large enough amounts of aircraft trajectories between several airports, in order to make statistical procedures useful. It is necessary to note that ATC radar observations for a given aircraft are a discrete collection of aircraft coordinates, speed, projections, and other factors depending on the radar system. The next step, called localization, is to select a subset of trajectories of the same type of aircraft and connecting the same Origin-Destination as an aircraft trajectory to be predicted. Let us denote an aircraft trajectory to be predicted as a real trajectory. Then, the selected subset is taken as a learning data set to construct a model which is a linear functional regression model. The first part of real aircraft is also taken as a learning set to the model, and the second part is taken to compare it with the predicted part, which is a linear functional regression model. This algorithm takes into account only past radar tracks, and does not make use of any physical or aeronautical parameters.This approach has been successfully applied to aircraft trajectories between several airports on the data set (one year of air traffic over France). The data set consists of more than 2.9*10^6 flights. Several examples at the end of the manuscript show that the relative prediction error that is the difference between prediction error and standard deviation is about 2 to 16 per cents. The proposed algorithm shows better results compares to the standard multiple linear regressions that is shown from the figures at the end of the manuscript. The method is intrinsic and independent from airspace structure

O processo de dimensionar redes de comunicação tem sido um desafio para pesquisadores e projetistas. A partir da especificação, passando pela operação, controle e gerenciamento de redes, as estimativas de comportamento do desempenho são úteis para o dimensionamento adequado dos equipamentos. O detalhamento e precisão na capacidade de avaliar o impacto de carga futura melhoram as chances de prever dificuldades em atingir metas de serviços. Com redes de banda larga, como ATM, não tem sido diferente. Pela sua concepção de oferecer garantia de qualidade para serviços com diferentes requisitos, ATM se empenha em evitar a sobrecarga da rede. De início, essa premissa é preservada naturalmente através da restrição da quantidade e tipo de conexões ingressas na rede. Portanto, a adequação dos recursos que compõem a estrutura de uma rede ATM determina o grau de disponibilidade em atender certa quantidade de serviços. A pergunta que desejamos responder é: como estimar com precisão a quantidade de serviço suportada por determinada rede ATM? O limite da rede é alcançado quando os recursos disponíveis são menores que os recursos necessários à carga de serviço. Com o emprego cada vez maior de ATM por empresas de telecomunicações, conhecer o limite da rede é estar ciente da potencialidade de negócios sem comprometimento da qualidade. É poder prever expansões evitando bloqueio de novos serviços. O processo de dimensionamento de capacidade de uma rede ATM revela a quantidade de recursos necessários para suportar determinada carga de serviço. Quando os recursos necessários forem maiores que os recursos disponíveis, o limite da rede foi alcançado. Nesse caso, são duas as possibilidades para o equilíbrio: aumentar os recursos da rede ou diminuir a carga de serviço desejado. Esta dissertação propõe um método para dimensionamento dos recursos de uma rede ATM. A principal técnica empregada no método é a simulação do comportamento de tráfego sobre comutadores ATM. Para determinada carga de tráfego são executadas diferentes simulações variando os recursos disponíveis dentro de parâmetros prováveis. As seguintes medidas de desempenho são obtidas nas simulações como resultados estatísticos médios: razão de perda de células (CLR), atraso de transferência de células (CTD) e variação do atraso de células (CDV). Conhecendo o desempenho desejado (QoS) pela carga de serviço, o método pode determinar a quantidade necessária de recursos que satisfazem os requisitos de QoS. A ferramenta escolhida para implementar o modelo foi o simulador orientado a eventos ATM/HFC do National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). O simulador é composto por diferentes modelos de elementos, cada qual com seus atributos, que podem ser combinados para caracterizar determinadas configurações de rede que se deseja avaliar. Os elementos podem ser desde representações de tipos de comutadores ATM até diferentes técnicas de controle de tráfego a serem utilizadas na simulação. A carga de serviço na simulação é provida por elementos modeladores que caracterizam diferentes tipos de aplicações geradoras de tráfego, permitindo arranjos de serviços CBR, VBR, ABR e UBR através de seus respectivos parâmetros descritores. A validação do método é efetuada através da comparação dos resultados obtidos com outro trabalho similar desenvolvido utilizando simulação. / The process of planning communication networks has been a challenge for researchers and designers. From the specification, through the operation, control and management of networks, the behavior performance estimates are useful for the adequate equipment dimensioning. The detailing and accuracy in the capacity to evaluate the future load impact increase the possibilities to forecast difficulties in reaching goals of services. With broadband networks, as ATM, it has not been different. ATM efforts in preventing network overload by its conception to offer quality guarantee for services with different requirements. From beginning, this premise is naturally preserved through restriction of the amount and type of connections that can enter the network. Therefore, the adequacy of the resources that compose the ATM network structure determines the degree of availability in attending certain amount of services. The question that we wish to answer is: how can we estimate accurately the amount of services supported by specific ATM network? The limit of the network is reached when the available resources are below the necessary resources to service load. With the higher use of ATM for telecommunications companies, to know the limit of network is to be aware of the potentiality without damage to the quality. It's to be able to forecast expansions to prevent new services blocking. The capacity planning process of an ATM network shows the amount of resources needed to support a specific workload. When the resource need is greater than the available resource, the network limit has been reached. In this case, there are two possibilities to reach balance: increase the network resources or lower the load of desired service. This work is about a method for ATM network resources dimensioning. The main technique used in the method is the traffic behavior simulation over ATM switches. For specific workload, different simulations are executed and they vary according to the resources available inside the probable parameters. The following measures of performance are gotten in the simulations as average statistics results: cell loss ratio (CLR), cell transfer delay (CTD) and cell delay variation (CDV). Knowing the workload desired performance (QoS), the method can determine the necessary amount of resources that will satisfy the QoS requirements. The chosen tool to implement the model was the event driven simulator ATM/HFC of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The simulator is made up of different models of elements, each one with its attributes, which can be combined to characterize specific network configurations that are to be evaluated. The elements can range from representations of types of ATM switches to different techniques of traffic management to be used in the simulation. The workload in the simulation is provided by modeler elements that characterize different types of traffic generator applications, allowing sets of CBR, VBR, ABR and UBR services through their respective traffic parameters. The method validation is carried out through the matching of the results gotten with other similar work developed using simulation.

O processo de dimensionar redes de comunicação tem sido um desafio para pesquisadores e projetistas. A partir da especificação, passando pela operação, controle e gerenciamento de redes, as estimativas de comportamento do desempenho são úteis para o dimensionamento adequado dos equipamentos. O detalhamento e precisão na capacidade de avaliar o impacto de carga futura melhoram as chances de prever dificuldades em atingir metas de serviços. Com redes de banda larga, como ATM, não tem sido diferente. Pela sua concepção de oferecer garantia de qualidade para serviços com diferentes requisitos, ATM se empenha em evitar a sobrecarga da rede. De início, essa premissa é preservada naturalmente através da restrição da quantidade e tipo de conexões ingressas na rede. Portanto, a adequação dos recursos que compõem a estrutura de uma rede ATM determina o grau de disponibilidade em atender certa quantidade de serviços. A pergunta que desejamos responder é: como estimar com precisão a quantidade de serviço suportada por determinada rede ATM? O limite da rede é alcançado quando os recursos disponíveis são menores que os recursos necessários à carga de serviço. Com o emprego cada vez maior de ATM por empresas de telecomunicações, conhecer o limite da rede é estar ciente da potencialidade de negócios sem comprometimento da qualidade. É poder prever expansões evitando bloqueio de novos serviços. O processo de dimensionamento de capacidade de uma rede ATM revela a quantidade de recursos necessários para suportar determinada carga de serviço. Quando os recursos necessários forem maiores que os recursos disponíveis, o limite da rede foi alcançado. Nesse caso, são duas as possibilidades para o equilíbrio: aumentar os recursos da rede ou diminuir a carga de serviço desejado. Esta dissertação propõe um método para dimensionamento dos recursos de uma rede ATM. A principal técnica empregada no método é a simulação do comportamento de tráfego sobre comutadores ATM. Para determinada carga de tráfego são executadas diferentes simulações variando os recursos disponíveis dentro de parâmetros prováveis. As seguintes medidas de desempenho são obtidas nas simulações como resultados estatísticos médios: razão de perda de células (CLR), atraso de transferência de células (CTD) e variação do atraso de células (CDV). Conhecendo o desempenho desejado (QoS) pela carga de serviço, o método pode determinar a quantidade necessária de recursos que satisfazem os requisitos de QoS. A ferramenta escolhida para implementar o modelo foi o simulador orientado a eventos ATM/HFC do National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). O simulador é composto por diferentes modelos de elementos, cada qual com seus atributos, que podem ser combinados para caracterizar determinadas configurações de rede que se deseja avaliar. Os elementos podem ser desde representações de tipos de comutadores ATM até diferentes técnicas de controle de tráfego a serem utilizadas na simulação. A carga de serviço na simulação é provida por elementos modeladores que caracterizam diferentes tipos de aplicações geradoras de tráfego, permitindo arranjos de serviços CBR, VBR, ABR e UBR através de seus respectivos parâmetros descritores. A validação do método é efetuada através da comparação dos resultados obtidos com outro trabalho similar desenvolvido utilizando simulação. / The process of planning communication networks has been a challenge for researchers and designers. From the specification, through the operation, control and management of networks, the behavior performance estimates are useful for the adequate equipment dimensioning. The detailing and accuracy in the capacity to evaluate the future load impact increase the possibilities to forecast difficulties in reaching goals of services. With broadband networks, as ATM, it has not been different. ATM efforts in preventing network overload by its conception to offer quality guarantee for services with different requirements. From beginning, this premise is naturally preserved through restriction of the amount and type of connections that can enter the network. Therefore, the adequacy of the resources that compose the ATM network structure determines the degree of availability in attending certain amount of services. The question that we wish to answer is: how can we estimate accurately the amount of services supported by specific ATM network? The limit of the network is reached when the available resources are below the necessary resources to service load. With the higher use of ATM for telecommunications companies, to know the limit of network is to be aware of the potentiality without damage to the quality. It's to be able to forecast expansions to prevent new services blocking. The capacity planning process of an ATM network shows the amount of resources needed to support a specific workload. When the resource need is greater than the available resource, the network limit has been reached. In this case, there are two possibilities to reach balance: increase the network resources or lower the load of desired service. This work is about a method for ATM network resources dimensioning. The main technique used in the method is the traffic behavior simulation over ATM switches. For specific workload, different simulations are executed and they vary according to the resources available inside the probable parameters. The following measures of performance are gotten in the simulations as average statistics results: cell loss ratio (CLR), cell transfer delay (CTD) and cell delay variation (CDV). Knowing the workload desired performance (QoS), the method can determine the necessary amount of resources that will satisfy the QoS requirements. The chosen tool to implement the model was the event driven simulator ATM/HFC of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The simulator is made up of different models of elements, each one with its attributes, which can be combined to characterize specific network configurations that are to be evaluated. The elements can range from representations of types of ATM switches to different techniques of traffic management to be used in the simulation. The workload in the simulation is provided by modeler elements that characterize different types of traffic generator applications, allowing sets of CBR, VBR, ABR and UBR services through their respective traffic parameters. The method validation is carried out through the matching of the results gotten with other similar work developed using simulation.

Esta dissertação descreve os métodos, medidas e análises feitas para otimizar a rede de comunicação de dados do Instituto de Física de São Carlos. As tecnologias e protocolos utilizados na rede são apresentados. Especial atenção é dada a análise do desempenho de VLANs utilizando inicialmente o protocolo LANE no núcleo ATM da rede. Neste caso a rede é composta de switches ATM e ATM-Ethernet. Medidas comparativas foram realizadas com a utilização da tecnologia Fast Ethernet no backbone, que possui uma capacidade de transmissão relativamente próxima da ATM de 155Mbps. Melhores resultados obtidos com a implementação de sub-redes maiores, reduzindo em um numero menor de sub-redes, são discutidos e apresentados. Análises estatísticas baseadas apenas no tempo de resposta da rede são apresentados para avaliar o desempenho das alterações efetuadas nas configurações da rede. Mesmo que o tráfego tenha aumentado muito durante esses anos e que vários serviços tenha sido agregados a esta rede, foi possível adequar o desempenho as novas necessidades beneficiando-se da evolução tecnológica que os equipamentos de rede de dados trouxeram ao IFSC. / This work describes the methods, measures and analyses performed aiming to optimize the data communication network from the Physics Institute of Sao Carlos as well as the technologies and protocols used in the network recently. Special care is given to the analysis of the VLANs performance using, initially, the LANE protocol over ATM which has its core based on pure ATM and ATM-Ethernet switches. Comparative measures had been carried out using a backbone working on a Fast Ethernet technology, which seems to have a very close transmission rate from the ATM 155Mbps. This work also discusses best results acquired with the implementation of larger networks reducing the number of subnetworks, statistical analyses based on time delay of the network in order to evaluate the performance of the changes made on its configuration. Even though the traffic from the Institute has been increased over these years and several services have been added to the network, it was completely possible to adapt the performance to the needs, using the benefits of the technological evolution which the network equipments had brought to the Institute.

Este trabalho aborda o problema decorrente da necessidade de realizar tráfego multicast em redes ATM. Para isto, foi proposta uma arquitetura para a estrutura de célula da chave, mais especificamente a estrutura de roteamento de células no interior da chave ATM. Como o ATM se propõe a atender a todas as exigências do B-ISDN, a necessidade essencial da chave ATM, é que o transporte de células entre suas portas de entrada e saída se faça o mais rápido possível. Para se conseguir isso, a arquitetura proposta não utiliza buffer nos seus elementos de roteamento. O trabalho não implementa no todo a chave ATM, deixando em aberto o problema da perda de seqüência de células no interior da estrutura de roteamento, que seria uma responsabilidade do módulo de saída da chave. A arquitetura proposta foi modelada e um simulador foi construído para a realização dos testes. Para as simulações foram levados em conta os tráfegos de células unicast e multicast. Como as células unicast e as cópias das células multicast disputavam por um mesmo link de saída, foi proposta uma estratégia para separar estas células. Isto resultou no projeto de posicionar a rede de cópia de células no segundo estágio da estrutura de roteamento, deixando o primeiro estágio para o roteamento das células unicast. O resultado disso foi um segundo estágio agora destinado para as cópias de células multicast absolutamente descongestionado, reduzindo \'drasticamente a possibilidade de disputa por um link de saída. Além disso, a estrutura incorpora os conceitos de TBSF (Tandem Banyan Switch Fabric), e duplicidade de rota, que tornam a estrutura extremamente modular e flexível. Para atender a preocupação em separar o tráfego, foi introduzido entre um estágio e outro da rede Banyan, uma saída de fuga, permitindo que células que tenham atingido a porta de saída desejada possam deixar a estrutura. São apresentados os resultados da simulação, objetivando a validação do trabalho proposto. / This thesis addresses the problem of accomplishing multicast traffic in ATM networks. An architecture is proposed for the cell structure of the switch, more specifically the routing of cells inside an ATM switch. Because ATM tries to satisfy all the demands of the B-ISDN model, an ATM switch must transport cells between its input and output ports as fast as possible. To achieve that, the proposed architecture does not use buffers in its commutation elements. This work does not implement a complete ATM switch, leaving the problem of the loss of sequence of cells inside the routing structure open. This problem must be solved by the output module of the switch. The proposed architecture was modeled and a simulator was built for testing purposes. For the simulations, both the unicast and the multicast traffic were taken into account. As the unicast cells and the copies of the multicast cells disputed for the same output link, a strategy was proposed to separate these cells. This resulted in the positioning of the cell copy network in the second stage of the routing structure, leaving the first stage for the routing of unicast cells. The result was a very free second stage used for copying multicast cells. This new stage reduced the contention for an exit link. The structure incorporates the concepts of TBSF, and route duplicity, which make it extremely modular and flexible. To separate the traffic, it was introduced between the two stages of the Banyan Network an escape exit, allowing cells that have reached the correct output port to leave the structure.

Das Modell von B-ISDN beschreibt ein digitales Allzweck-Netzwerk, das die Übertragung von Daten und Sprache in einem gemeinsamen Netzwerk gleichermaßen unterstützt. Als Transportprotokoll für B-ISDN wurde ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) von der ITU (International Telecommunication Union) festgelegt. Da es sich bei ATM um verbindungsorientierte Hochgeschwindigkeits-Netzwerke mit einer Übertragungsrate ab 155MBit/s handelt, unterscheiden sich die Methoden zur Fehlerverifikation wesentlich von denen in herkömmlichen Netzen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein ATM-Testgenerator/Monitor vorgestellt, der auf der Basis einer spezifischen Entwicklungsumgebung für eingebettete Systeme des FZI Karlsruhe an der Universität Leipzig entwickelt wird. Ausgehend von den momentan auf dem Markt befindlichen ATM-Testgeräten und Teststrategien wird die Hard- und Software- Architektur des ATM-Testgenerator/Monitors erläutert und die auftretenden Probleme diskutiert. Um den ATM-Testgenerator/Monitor auch von entfernten Lokationen anzusprechen, soll eine Benutzerschnittstelle über ein geeignetes Protokoll mit dem Netscape Browser kommunizieren. Mit Hilfe eines CORBA ORBs werden dem Nutzer unterschiedliche Anwender-Programme zur Verfügung gestellt.

L’ataxie-télangiectasie (A-T) est une maladie génétique récessive rare de l’enfant, caractérisée par un syndrome neurodégénératif, un déficit immunitaire et des télangiectasies cutanées. La maladie est causée par des mutations bialléliques inactivatrices dans le gène ATM (Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated). La maladie implique aussi un risque élevé de développer des cancers, en particulier des leucémies et des lymphomes. Les sujets atteints d’A-T ont également une radiosensibilité accrue. Les femmes de plus de 50 ans apparentées à un enfant atteint d'A-T, porteuses d’une seule copie mutée d’ATM (HetAT), ont un risque plus élevé de cancer du sein que les femmes de la population générale (RR 4,94, 95%CI 1,90 - 12,09). Des études épidémiologiques confirment l’implication d’ATM dans la prédisposition au cancer du sein et montrent que 0,5% à 1% de la population porte une mutation délétère dans ce gène mais le risque de cancer pour les individus HetAT sont encore mal estimés. Dans le premier volet de ma thèse, j’ai recherché des facteurs génétiques constitutionnels pouvant modifier le risque de cancer chez les femmes de la cohorte CoF-AT (cohorte de femmes apparentées à un enfant atteint d’A-T). J’ai ensuite décrit les caractéristiques histologiques et génomiques des tumeurs du sein de sujets HetAT afin d’identifier des biomarqueurs permettant de discriminer les tumeurs ATM des autres tumeurs.Les résultats obtenus dans la première partie de mes travaux menés sur un échantillon de 284 individus HetAT et 174 individus non-HetAT issus de 103 familles A-T montrent que les individus HetAT ont des télomères plus longs que leurs apparentés non-HetAT (p=0.0008). En revanche, la longueur des télomères n’est pas associée au risque de cancer dans cette population. De plus, le SNP rs9257445 (ZNF311) qui est associé à la longueur des télomères chez les individus HetAT n’est pas lui non plus associé au risque de cancer. En revanche les SNPs rs6060627 (BCL2L1) et rs2380205 (ANKRD16) modifient le risque de cancer chez les femmes HetAT et non-HetAT.Les résultats obtenus dans la deuxième partie de la thèse à partir de la description morphologique de 41 tumeurs mammaires montrent que les tumeurs des porteurs d’une mutation dans ATM sont majoritairement de sous-type luminal B. D’un point de vue moléculaire, les 23 tumeurs ATM étudiées ne présentent pas la signature BRCAness associée à de grandes pertes chromosomiques. En revanche, nous avons montré que la majorité des tumeurs ATM sont tétraploïdes et présentent une perte d’hétérozygotie au locus 11q22-23 entrainant une inactivation de l’allèle normal d’ATM dans les tumeurs. De plus, l’analyse du nombre de copies réalisée sur ces tumeurs montre une signature ATM impliquant des pertes des loci 13q14.11-q14.3, 21p11.2-p11.1 et 22q11.23.L’ensemble de ces travaux aura permis de mieux caractériser les caractéristiques génétiques des femmes de la cohorte CoF-AT et de mettre en évidence des bio-marqueurs des tumeurs ATM. / Inherited biallelic mutations in the ATM gene cause Ataxia Telangiectasia (A-T), a multisystemic disorder characterized by neurological, cutaneous and immunological abnormalities. The disease is associated with an elevated risk of malignancies, particularly of lymphoma or leukemia, and a high radiosensitivity. Epidemiological studies have shown that female heterozygote carriers (HetAT) younger than 50 years are at increased risk of breast cancer, as compared to women from the general population (RR 4,94, 95%CI 1,90 - 12,09). Despite the rarity of A-T disease, 0.5 to 1% of the population is estimated to be HetAT. Epidemiological studies have confirmed that some specific truncating or missense variants in ATM are associated with increased breast cancer risk but this risk is not yet well estimated. The first part of my thesis project has consisted in characterizing inherited genetic factors modifying cancer risk in women participating in the prospective cohort CoF-AT (“cohorte de femmes apparentées à un enfant atteint d’A-T). In the second part of my work, I described the morphological and molecular features of ATM breast tumours with the aim to identify biomarkers allowing to distinguished ATM-associated tumours from sporadic tumours.Assessment of the contribution of inherited factors such as SNPs of telomere length on the risk of cancer was performed on 284 HetAT individuals and 174 non-HetAT individuals belonging to 103 A-T families. We showed that HetAT individuals have longer telomeres than their non-HetAT counterparts (p=0.0008). However, we found that telomere length was not associated with cancer risk in our study population. The SNP rs9257445 (ZNF311), which is associated with telomere length in HetAT participants, was not associated with cancer risk. Conversely, SNPs rs6060627 (BCL2L1) and rs2380205 (ANKRD16) modified cancer risk in HetAT and non-HetAT women.Pathology review of 41 ATM-associated breast tumours revealed that these tumours mostly belonged to luminal B molecular subtype. The molecular characterization of 23 ATM-associated tumours did not revealed the BRCAness profile associated with Large-Scale State Transitions. However, we found that ATM tumours were mostly tetraploïd and observed loss of heterozygosity at 11q22-23 in the majority of the tumours and loss of ATM wild type allele. Moreover, copy number losses at loci 13q14.11-q14.3, 21p11.2-p11.1 and 22q11.23 appeared to be specific of ATM tumours.Altogether, this project allowed to better characterize the genetic background of the CoF-AT participants and to highlight biomarkers of ATM breast tumours.

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The telemetry industry anticipates the tremendous potential value of adding full networking capability to telemetry systems. However, much of this potential can be realized while working with legacy equipment. By adding modules that interface transparently to existing equipment, continuous telemetry data can be encapsulated in discrete packets for over the air transmission. Packet fields can include header, sequence number and bytes for error detection and correction. The RF packet is transmitted without gaps through a standard serial interface and rate adjusted for the packet overhead – effectively making packetization transparent to a legacy system. The receiver unit performs packet synchronization, error correction, extraction of stream quality metrics and re-encapsulation of the payload data into an internet protocol (IP) packet. These standard packets can then be sent over the existing network transport system to the range control center. At the range control center, the extracted stream quality metrics are used to select the best telemetry source in real-time. This paper provides a general discussion of the path to a fully realized, packet-based telemetry network and a brief but comprehensive overview of the Hypernet system architecture as a case study.

ITC/USA 2009 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fifth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2009 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / With the emergence of higher bandwidth Ethernet networks on ranges, many ranges are converting their data transport from ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) networks to Ethernet networks. Both networks have their respective advantages and disadvantages, however one reoccurring issue is product interoperability. The RCC (Range Commanders Council) TTG (Telecommunications and Timing Group) created the Telemetry over IP (TMoIP 218-07) solution with input from various ranges and vendors to solve this issue. This specification allows ranges to use different vendors together for Telemetry over Ethernet, based on specific needs at each site. This paper targets those who are thinking about converting from ATM to Ethernet networks.