Thesis (Ph. D.)--Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Committee Chair: Wine, Paul; Committee Member: Huey, Greg; Committee Member: Nenes, Athanasios; Committee Member: Weber, Rodney; Committee Member: Whetten, Robert.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Earth and Space Science. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-196). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNR11647

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:04/04148-3

Accurate models of aerosol transformation including partitioning between the gas- and particle-phase are needed for estimating their effects on climate and air quality. In this thesis, the process of partitioning between phases and its determining factors are introduced and investigated. Three studies assess: the accuracy of estimation methods for aerosol component volatility and its effect on particulate concentration and composition; the consistency of different solutions to models of particle-phase diffusion; and, a method to analytically solve particle-phase diffusion. These studies contribute to the ongoing effort of improving aerosol models, such that their wide-ranging effects can be accurately estimated.

abstract: The Toledo Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) presents an interesting case study for the new sulfur dioxide (SO2) one hour standard. Since no SO2 monitor within 75 miles to estimate the attainment status of the area, American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) was used in this study to predict potential problems associated with the newly revised standard. The Toledo CBSA is home to two oil refineries, a glass making industry, several coal fired lime kilns, and a sulfuric acid regeneration plant, The CBSA 3 has coal fired power plants within a 30 mile radius of its center. Additionally, Toledo is a major Great Lakes shipping port visited by both lake and ocean going vessels. As a transportation hub, the area is also traversed by several rail lines which feed four rail switching yards. Impacts of older generation freighters, or "steamers", utilizing high sulfur "Bunker C" fuel oil in the area is also an issue. With the unique challenges presented by an SO2 one hour standard, this study attempted to estimate potential problem areas in advance of any monitoring data being gathered. Based on the publicly available data as inputs, it appears that a significant risk of non-attainment may exist in the Toledo CBSA. However, future on-the-books controls and currently proposed regulatory actions appear to drive the risk below significance by 2015. Any designation as non-attainment should be self-correcting and without need for controls other than those used in these models. The outcomes of this screening study are intended for use as a basis for assessments for other mid-sized, industrial areas without SO2 monitors. The results may also be utilized by industries and planning groups within the Toledo CBSA to address potential issues in advance of monitoring system deployment to lower the risk of attaining long term or perpetual non-attainment status. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Technology 2011

abstract: Atmospheric particulate matter has a substantial impact on global climate due to its ability to absorb/scatter solar radiation and act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Yet, little is known about marine aerosol, in particular, the carbonaceous fraction. In the present work, particulate matter was collected, using High Volume (HiVol) samplers, onto quartz fiber substrates during a series of research cruises on the Atlantic Ocean. Samples were collected on board the R/V Endeavor on West&ndash;East (March&ndash;April, 2006) and East&ndash;West (June&ndash;July, 2006) transects in the North Atlantic, as well as on the R/V Polarstern during a North&ndash;South (October&ndash;November, 2005) transect along the western coast of Europe and Africa. The aerosol total carbon (TC) concentrations for the West&ndash;East (Narragansett, RI, USA to Nice, France) and East&ndash;West (Heraklion, Crete, Greece to Narragansett, RI, USA) transects were generally low over the open ocean (0.36&plusmn;0.14 &mu;g C/m3) and increased as the ship approached coastal areas (2.18&plusmn;1.37 &mu;g C/m3), due to increased terrestrial/anthropogenic aerosol inputs. The TC for the North&ndash;South transect samples decreased in the southern hemisphere with the exception of samples collected near the 15th parallel where calculations indicate the air mass back trajectories originated from the continent. Seasonal variation in organic carbon (OC) was seen in the northern hemisphere open ocean samples with average values of 0.45 &mu;g/m3 and 0.26 &mu;g/m3 for spring and summer, respectively. These low summer time values are consistent with SeaWiFS satellite images that show decreasing chlorophyll a concentration (a proxy for phytoplankton biomass) in the summer. There is also a statistically significant (p<0.05) decline in surface water fluorescence in the summer. Moreover, examination of water&ndash;soluble organic carbon (WSOC) shows that the summer aerosol samples appear to have a higher fraction of the lower molecular weight material, indicating that the samples may be more oxidized (aged). The seasonal variation in aerosol content seen during the two 2006 cruises is evidence that a primary biological marine source is a significant contributor to the carbonaceous particulate in the marine atmosphere and is consistent with previous studies of clean marine air masses. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Chemistry 2011

Les nuages sont des systèmes multiphasiques (gaz, liquide, solide) dans lesquels la matière organique dissoute est soumise à de multiples transformations chimiques. Ces transformations en phase aqueuse de l’atmosphère sont supposées être uniquement le fait de processus abiotiques, majoritairement liés aux processus photochimiques et à la réactivité des radicaux libres (•OH, NO3•, HO2•, etc.). De récentes études ont montré la présence de microorganismes (bactéries, champignons dont levures) métaboliquement actifs dans les nuages. Ceci soulève la question de leur activité, en tant que biocatalyseurs dans la transformation des molécules organiques comme alternative aux voies photochimiques. L’objectif de ce travail est d’estimer dans quelle mesure la biomasse active peut impacter la chimie du nuage. Les analyses microbiologiques (ATP, cellules totales et cultivables, identifications taxonomiques) d’échantillons d’eau nuageuse collectés au sommet du puy de Dôme (1465 m) ont été réalisées de 2003 à 2010. Le contenu total en cellules microbiennes dans l’eau nuageuse est en moyenne de l’ordre de 1×105 cellules mL-1 pour les bactéries et de 1×104cellules mL-1 pour les champignons (dont levures). Les mesures de la concentration en ATP indiquent que la majorité des cellules microbiennes de l’eau du nuage est dans un état viable (valeur moyenne: ~ 4×10-6 pmol ATP cellule-1). Afin d’étudier l’influence biocatalytique de ces microorganismes dans le nuage, des solutions d’eau nuageuse naturelles et artificielles ont été incubées en présence de microorganismes et/ou d’irradiation UV (avec ou sans ajout de H2O2). Cela a permis d’évaluer la contribution des processus biocatalytiques et photo-induits (via la production de radicaux hydroxyle •OH) sur les transformations du méthanol, du formaldéhyde et des principaux acides carboxyliques présents dans l’eau nuageuse (acétate, formiate, oxalate, succinate et malonate). Les vitesses de bio- et de photo-transformation de ces composés organiques obtenues dans nos conditions expérimentales sont du même ordre de grandeur (excepté pour l’oxalate). L’acidité du milieu, ainsi que la présence d’irradiation UV et de radicaux •OH, ne semblent pas inhiber l’activité métabolique des microorganismes du nuage ; de plus, la biodégradation du H2O2 présent dans l’eau nuageuse naturelle par sa microflore endogène a également été observée. Cela implique que les microorganismes peuvent modifier le bilan carboné, mais aussi la capacité oxydante au sein de la phase aqueuse du nuage et par conséquent influer sur la chimie atmosphérique. / Clouds are multiphasic atmospheric systems in which the dissolved organic compounds, such as carboxylic acids, are subject to multiple chemical transformations in the aqueous phase. We investigated to which extent the active biomass (bacteria, yeasts and fungi) existing incloud water represents an alternative route to the chemical reactivity of organic compounds. Microbial analysis of cloud water sampled at the puy de Dôme Mountain (1465 m.a.s.l;France) has been performed between 2003 and 2010. In average, the total microbial cells content in cloud water was 1×105 cells mL-1 for bacteria, and 1×104 cells mL-1 for fungi and yeasts. The ATP cell concentration values measured in cloud water samples prove the existence of a metabolic activity into cloud droplets. To study the biocatalytic influence of viable microorganisms on organic compounds in cloud water, artificial and natural cloud water solutions were incubated in presence of cultivable cells in the dark or under UV irradiation (with and without H2O2 addition). Contribution of biocatalytic and photo-induced processes (via •OH radicals production) over transformation of methanol, formaldehyde and the main carboxylic acids present in cloud water (acetate,formate, oxalate, succinate and malonate) were determined from these experiments. Bio- and photo-transformation rates of these organic compounds obtained in our experimental conditions are in the same range of order (except for oxalate). Microorganisms present in the natural cloud samples are not damaged or metabolically inactivated by the acidity of the cloud water, and by the presence of UV radiation and •OH radicals. H2O2 present in the natural cloud water samples was also biodegraded during the incubation-time by the endogenous microflora. This study shows that microorganisms could affect the carbon budget, but also the oxidative capacity of the cloud aqueous phase and consequently could influence the atmospheric chemistry.

abstract: Particulate trace metals can enter the atmosphere as mineral dust, sea spray, anthropogenic emissions, biomass burning, etc. Once in the atmosphere they can undergo a variety of transformations including aqueous phase (cloud) processing, photochemical reactions, interact with gases, and ultimately deposit. Metals in aerosols are of particular interest because of their natural and anthropogenic sources as well as their effects on local (human health) and global (climate change) scales. This work investigates the metal component of atmospheric particles and how it changes during physical and chemical processes at local, regional and global scales, through laboratory and field studies. In the first part of this work, the impact of local dust storms (haboobs) on ambient metal concentrations and speciation is investigated in Tempe, AZ. It was found that metal concentrations substantially increase (> 10 times) during these events before returning to pre-storm levels. In a second part of this work, the impact of fog processing on metal concentrations, solubility and speciation is examined through field observations in California’s Central Valley. The observations show that fog processing has a profound effect on local metal concentrations but the trends are not consistent between sites or even between events, indicating complex processes that need further investigation. For example, fogs have an effect on scavenging and solubility of iron in Davis, while in Fresno soluble iron content is indicative of the source of the aerosol. The last part of the thesis investigates the role of particle size on the solubilization of iron from mineral dust aerosols during global atmospheric transport through laboratory experiments. The experiments showed that mineralogy and pH have the greatest effect on iron solubility in atmospheric aerosols in general while particle size and photochemistry impact mainly the solubility of iron oxides. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Chemistry 2015

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