M.Com. / The auditor has the objective to express an opinion on the financial statements on which he is reporting. It is important for the auditor to know that the data which he is auditing has not been changed without the necessary authority or been lost and that the data meets the three Information Security Objectives (IS0s) ...

People with foreign backgrounds are underrepresented in senior positions throughout the Swedish labor market. It is argued that in order to successfully achieve higher positions in organizations you should have Swedish-born parents. There have also been studies showing that minority groups in a society or within an organization are at high risk of facing career obstacles. The uneven distribution of labor is especially apparent in the Swedish auditing profession where the percentage of certified public auditors with a foreign background is approximately 3%. This aroused the interest to investigate how the auditor assistants, who are in the beginning of their career, perceive that ethnicity affects the opportunities for career development.  The survey was based on a number of theories and concepts to get an underlying understanding of the studied area. The concepts underlying the study include diversity, ethnicity and identity. Based on these concepts the empirical material has been collected through a qualitative approach in the form of semi-structured interviews. The study shows that most auditors assistants do not believe that ethnicity has an impact on career opportunities. Instead the own ambitions and driving force are lifted as crucial to how far you succeed in the industry. It is however implied, in different ways, that obstacles may occur because of the ethnic background. By categorizing to "we" and "the others", by putting obstacles for oneself and by the expectations that customers have of a certain type of auditor barriers for the ethnic minority are formed. / Personer med utländsk bakgrund är underrepresenterade på ledande positioner på hela den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Det hävdas att för att lyckas uppnå högre befattningar i organisationer ska man ha svenskfödda föräldrar. Det har även gjorts studier som visar på att minoritetsgrupper i ett samhälle eller inom en organisation löper stor risk att drabbas av karriärhinder. Snedfördelningen av arbetskraften syns inte minst i den svenska revisionsbranschen där andelen auktoriserade revisorer med utländsk bakgrund uppgår till cirka 3 %. Detta väckte intresset av att undersöka hur revisorsassistenter, som befinner sig i första karriärsteget, uppfattar att etniciteten påverkar möjligheterna till karriärutveckling.   Undersökningen har grundats på ett antal teorier och begrepp för att få en bakomliggande förståelse till det studerade området. De begrepp som legat till grund för studien är bland annat mångfald, etnicitet och identitet. Med utgångspunkt i dessa begrepp har det empiriska materialet samlats in via en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer.   Studien visar att de flesta revisorsassistenter inte anser att etniciteten har en påverkan på karriärmöjligheterna. Istället lyfts de egna ambitionerna och den egna drivkraften fram som avgörande för hur långt du lyckas i branschen. Det antyds dock på olika sätt att hinder kan förekomma på grund av den etniska bakgrunden. Genom att kategorisera sig till ”vi” och ”de andra”, genom att sätta hinder för sig själv samt genom de förväntningar som kunderna har om en viss typ av revisor bildas barriärer för den etniska minoriteten.

De kommunala aktiebolagen måste granskas av en auktoriserad revisor. Dock måste dessa upphandlas enligt LOU. LOU har kritiserats för att påverka vilka faktorer som avgör vilken revisionsbyrå som upphandlas. De kommunala aktiebolagen har också kritiseras för att brista i transparens. Få tidigare studier har fokuserat på revision inom kommunala aktiebolag på grund av att det hamnar mellan två forskningsfält. Därför är det intressant att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av revisor. Syftet med denna studie är att förklara vilka faktorer som påverkar om sakkunnig yrkesrevisorer anlitade av kommunens revisorer och auktoriserad revisor i kommunens bolag upphandlas från samma revisionsbyrå eller inte. Studien har en deduktiv ansats eftersom befintliga teorier härleds och ligger till grund för studiens hypoteser. En tvärsnittsstudie har genomförts för att förklara sambandet mellan olika faktorer och valet av revisionsbyrå. Empirin består av primär- och sekundärdata och datainsamling har gjorts genom dokumentstudier samt en enkätundersökning. Detta analyseras sedan med hjälp av regressionsanalyser. Studiens resultat visar att det finns faktorer som förklarar valet av revisionsbyrå. Upphandlingsprocessen uppvisar ett signifikant samband med valet av revisionsbyrå. / Municipal corporations require auditing by a certified auditor. These must be procured in accordance with Swedish legislation (LOU). However, this process of procurement has been criticized for affecting auditor choice while Municipal corporations have been criticized for lacking transparency. The fact that municipal corporations are considered part of both the private and public sector have lead to few studies focused on this type of organization. Auditing in municipal corporations is therefor of interest to study. The aim of this thesis is to explain which factors affect whether or not municipal auditors and certified auditors for the municipal corporations are procured from the same audit firm. A deductive approach is used for creating hypotheses based on existing theories. In order to explain the relationship between different factors and the choice of audit firm we use a cross-sectional design. Secondary data is gathered through documents and a survey is designed for the purpose of collecting primary data. The data is analyzed through regression analysis. Results show factors affecting the choice of audit firm. There is a significant relationship between the procurement process and the choice of audit firm.

The theses is aimed to the analyse of the economy of allowance organisation Školní jídelna Králíky, Moravská 647, especially on changes made after accounting reform from 1. 1. 2010 for selected accounting units, which influence accounting and management of these units.

This thesis focuses on audit documentation in practice. The main aim of thesis is give the comprehensive requirements list on audit documentation. This include international standard on auditig, the Law on auditors and the Law on accounting. These requirements are describe on praktice example. There is include historici development in the Czech Reublic and in the word.

Theoretical part writes down an audit history from the beginning till its present form, world trend and present legislation in Czech Republic. First part is also focused on definition and description of external and internal audit and their comparison. General auditing procedures for verifying financial statements are described within theoretical part too. Practical part focuses on particular auditing procedures for verifying receivables and payables which were applied by auditor for real company.

<p>Prior empirical research has shown that forward-looking statements can be particularly informative to investors (Li 2010; Muslu et al. 2014). However, the inherent uncertainty surrounding forward-looking statements may contribute to a delayed price reaction. This paper examines the market reaction to backward-looking statements and to forward-looking statements across a 60 trading-day horizon. I did not find evidence suggesting the inherent uncertainty of forward-looking statements contributes to a delayed price reaction. However, backward-looking statements are associated with a delayed price response. This result is consistent with Bernard and Thomas’s (1990) suggestion that post-earnings announcement drift is caused by investors not fully understanding how current earnings map into future earnings. I also provide evidence that, for the prepared remarks, investors have a stronger price reaction to net backward-looking tone than to net forward-looking tone. However, for the question-and-answer session, the opposite is true. Investors have a stronger price reaction to net forward-looking tone than to net backward-looking tone. This result suggests that managers should focus their prepared remarks on the prior performance of the firm and focus their responses during the question-and-answer session on the future performance of the firm. </p>

Ur ett samhällsperspektiv är revision en viktig funktion där syftet är att kvalitetssäkra ekonomisk information samt skapa trygghet gentemot allmänheten. Digitaliseringens framväxt har skapat goda förutsättningar för att få fram relevant information där ett samspel mellan parterna är avgörande i säkerställandet. Studiens problemformulering lyder, på vilka sätt kan rotationsreglerna påverka revisorernas möjlighet att bedöma och hur bidrar revisorer till utveckling av informationskvaliteten. Syftet är att skapa förståelse om hur informationskvalitet har påverkats efter införandet av rotationsreglerna, samt hur revisorerna bidrar till att utveckla och upprätthålla god kvalitet. Den teoretiska- och praktiska referensramen baseras på tidigare forskning och litteratur om informationskvalitet samt relationerna mellan parterna och revisionsprocessen. Undersökningen har genomförts genom fyra telefonintervjuer samt av tre strukturerade intervjuer med skriftliga svar vars innehåll är identiska och bygger på den teoretiska samt praktiska referensramen. Slutligen kopplades den empiriska delen samman med den teoretiska och praktiska vilket resulterade i en klar analys och utförlig slutsats.   Studien bevisar att det inte föreligger nämnvärda skillnader i informationskvaliteten efter rotationsreglernas införande men däremot påvisas bedömningen av kvaliteten bero på hur väl kommunikationen fungerar. Genom att upprätthålla en god kommunikation och samspel mellan parterna säkerställer detta en god kvalitet. Ytterligare faktorer där bedömningen samt upprätthållandet av kvaliteten uppnås är genom noggrann planering där vikten ligger på att prioritera uppdragen korrekt. Vidare förbättras även kvaliteten på informationen genom revisorernas individuella utveckling där kontinuerliga internutbildningar ges. Förståelsen kring reglerna är av stor vikt för att upprätthålla en god informationskvalitet eftersom det bygger på att ha vetskapen om hur och varför processen ska genomföras. I samband med detta skapar det förutsättningar till att utföra en utförlig och noggrann bedömning och granskning av revisionen. / The purpose of this thesis is to give insight on the effects of the quality of information due to the initiation of rotation rules. Furthermore, it also presents accountants contribution in developing and maintaining a good quality of information. The theoretical as well as practical framework is based on previous research and literature on information quality, the relations between parties and the audit process. The study shows that the initiation of rotation rules have made no difference in terms of information quality. However, to maintain high quality of information good communication between parties is of essence. The maintenance of information quality requires proper planning, prioritizing of assignments and development generated by continuous education. Furthermore, understanding of current rules is essential in maintaining good information quality and implementing a thorough assessment of the audit.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act made audit committees directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, and supervision of companies' auditors. Limited research in the auditor selection process and PCAOB inspections suggest that managers, not audit committees, may still be selecting the auditors, and that inspection reports are not useful. This study addresses both of these areas. This paper considers two theories of governance, Agency Theory and Institution Theory, to analyze the audit committee members' auditor selection process. The study examines whether Audit Committee Members use two specific types of audit quality indicators, other than managers' recommendation, in evaluating auditors. In a setting where the manager recommends the auditor, the auditors' inspection results (favorable/unfavorable) and a prior manager/auditor affiliation (absent/present) are manipulated in a between-subject research design, using financially literate professionals as a proxy for audit committee members. The study finds that audit quality perception and auditor selection are jointly determined. Inspection results are positively associated with audit quality perception and auditor selection. The nature of a manager-auditor affiliation is directly associated with audit quality perception and inversely related to auditor selection. Further, controlling for perception, audit committee members are more likely to recommend auditors with unfavorable inspection results, if a prior affiliation with management is present than if an affiliation is absent. Overall, the results indicate that audit committee members are diligent in evaluating auditors, and PCAOB inspection results are useful. The results of this study contribute to the audit committee effectiveness and PCAOB literature. / by Veena Looknanan-Brown. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Dois modelos de educação profissional continuada aplicados no Brasil são apresentados: o modelo do Conselho Federal de Contabilidade (CFC), focado no nível de capacitação e qualificação técnica que o mercado de trabalho exige, e o modelo das grandes firmas de auditoria, conhecidas como Big Four, focado no desenvolvimento da carreira do auditor independente. Destes dois modelos emerge o problema de pesquisa: Em quais aspectos, o programa de educação profissional continuada focado na capacitação e qualificação técnica se diferencia dos programas focados no desenvolvimento de carreira das Big Four e quais destas diferenças poderiam gerar contribuições para a melhoria do Programa de Educação Profissional Continuada (PEPC) atualmente em vigor? Esta pesquisa justifica-se pela necessidade de se repensar a educação continuada com foco no presente e no futuro, além de fomentar a pesquisa sobre esta temática com aprofundamento do conceito de lifelong learning, e na perspectiva do Sistema das profissões de Abbott (1988). As coletas de dados foram efetuadas de informações públicas, nos sites das respectivas instituições. As entrevistas semi-estruturadas foram conduzidas com base em roteiro pré-estabelecido, dividido em três áreas: o mercado de auditoria no Brasil, presente e futuro; o programa de educação continuada do CFC; e o programa de desenvolvimento de carreira das Big Four. Na revisão de literatura sobre educação continuada, foram identificados 963 artigos publicados, com nível de interesse constante desde 2012. Dos principais periódicos internacionais de educação em contabilidade , apenas seis artigos dos 846 artigos e 104 estudos de caso sobre educação continuada foram identificados, demonstrando a necessidade de fomentar pesquisa nesta área. As mudanças tecnológicas mudarão completamente a forma de fazer auditoria nos próximos anos e eficiência é questão de sobrevivência. Em decorrência, as necessidades educacionais, tanto na formação inicial, quanto no desenvolvimento profissional continuado, precisam envolver: o uso eficiente das novas ferramentas e tecnologias; o lifelong learning como mindset; ceticismo profissional, pensamento crítico; independência e ética profissional. Referente ao PEPC, discussões sobre a abordagem output-based em contraposição à input-based adotada atualmente, são recomendadas, em consonância com discussões do IFAC, e potenciais benefícios desta abordagem no desenvolvimento de um mindset de lifelong learning e redução de custos em relação à abordagem input-based. Quanto ao programa de desenvolvimento profissional nas Big Four, discussões sobre lifelong learning, nos treinamentos de assistentes e sêniores, são recomendadas para uma mudança de mindset da nova geração de profissionais. / Two models of continuing professional education applied in Brazil are presented: the model implemented by the Brazilian Federal Council of Accounting (CFC), focused on maintaining professional competence as demanded by the market; and the model adopted by large auditing firms, known as Big Four, focused on the development of the independent auditor\'s career. From these two models emerges the research problem: In what aspects, the continuing professional education program focused on the professional competence differs from the programs focused on the career development as adopted by the Big Four and which of these differences could generate contributions to the improvement of the Continuing Professional Education Program (PEPC) currently in force? This research is justified by the need of rethinking continuing education focused in present and future, as well as fostering research on this subject from a lifelong learning concept and the perspective of Abbott\'s System of Professions (1988). The data collections were gathered from public information, from the websites of the respective institutions. The semi-structured interviews were conducted based on a pre-established script, divided into three areas: the audit market in Brazil, present and future; the CFC continuing education program; and the Big Four career development program. From the literature review on continuing education, 963 published articles were identified, and a stable level of interest since 2012. With respect to the main international accounting education journals, only six articles from the 846 articles and 104 case studies on continuing education were identified, demonstrating the need to promote research in this area. The technological changes will completely modify the way audit is performed in the next few years and efficiency is a matter of survival. As a result, educational needs for initial continuing professional development, must involve: efficient use of new tools and technologies; lifelong learning as mindset; professional skepticism and critical thinking; independence and professional ethics. Regarding the PEPC, discussions on the output-based approach as opposed to the currently adopted input-based approach are recommended, consistently with IFAC discussions, and potential benefits from this approach in developing a lifelong learning mindset and cost reduction in relation to the input-based approach. In relation to the professional development program at the Big Four firms, discussions on lifelong learning among assistants and seniors on trainings programs are recommended for changes in the mindset of the new generation of professionals..