Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-82). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (MPH (Faculty of Medicine))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Abstract in English. Includes bibliographical references .

Thesis (M.PH (Faculty of Medicine))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Abstract in English. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-40). Also available online.

The application of Baylis-Hillman methodology has afforded access to a range of β-hydroxypropionate ester-AZT conjugates as potential dual-action HIV-1 IN/RT inhibitors. Two families comprising a total of nine β-hydroxypropionate ester-AZT conjugates were synthesised. The first family was accessed using O-benzylated salicylaldehydes and methyl acrylate and the second from unprotected salicylaldehydes using tert-butyl acrylate as the activated alkene. Spectroscopic methods were employed to fully characterize the compounds. Propargylation of the respective Baylis-Hillman adducts was achieved via conjugate addition of propargylamine. The resulting products were then employed in Cu(I)-catalysed “click” reactions with azidothymidine (AZT) to yield the desired β-hydroxypropionate ester-AZT conjugates. Exploratory studies were also conducted to access 4-hydroxycoumarins from Baylis-Hillman derived adducts and to construct customized chiral Baylis-Hillman reaction sites. Many 4- hydroxycoumarins are known to exhibit a wide range of biological activities, and extending Baylis-Hillman methodology to access these systems is an important challenge. Two approaches were investigated. The first involved the formation of a 4-phthalimidocoumarin, aromatisation and hydrolysis of which was expected to lead to the 4-hydroxycoumarin target. The second, a variation of the first, involved the use of 4-(chrolomethyl)coumarin intermediates. Unfortunately, while various intermediates were prepared and characterised, neither approach led ultimately to the desired targets. N-substituted borneol-10-sulfonamides were constructed from camphor-10- sulfonyl chloride as chiral Baylis-Hillman reaction sites. In a preliminary study, however, none of the N-substituted borneol-10-sulfonamides exhibited Baylis-Hillman catalytic activity.

Orientador : Maria Palmira Daflon Gremião / Coorientador: Beatriz Stringhetti Ferreira Cury / Banca: Marcos Luciano Bruschi / Banca: Sergio Paulo Campana Filho / Banca: Marlus Chorilli / Banca: Marco Vinícius Chaud / Resumo: A zidovudina (AZT) é o fármaco mais utilizado isoladamente ou em associação para o tratamento da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS), causada pelo vírus HIV. A baixa biodisponibilidade do AZT é o grande desafio a ser vencido para otimizar seu desempenho na terapêutica por via oral, já que sua elevada taxa de metabolização e baixa permeabilidade resultam na necessidade de administração de elevadas doses do fármaco. Além disto, este fármaco ainda é substrato do mecanismo de efluxo mediado pela glicoproteína-P no intestino, o que diminui ainda mais sua biodisponibiidade. Desta forma, dispersões sólidas (DS) e nanopartículas poliméricas (NP) foram desenvolvidas por complexação polieletrolítica com diferentes proporções entre o fármaco e os polímeros quitosana (QS) e ftalato de hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (HP). O teor de incorporação de fármaco nas DSs (em torno de 98%) foi maior que nas NPs (cerca de 65%). Os ensaios de liberação in vitro realizados em HCl 0,1 mol/l (pH 1,2) demonstraram que a complexação entre os polímeros e compartimentalização do fármaco reduziu as taxas de liberação do AZT tanto para as DSs (26 a 50%) quanto nas NPs (aproximadamente 60%) e, em tampão fosfato 50 m mol/l (pH 7,4), ambos sistemas de liberação prolongaram a liberação do fármaco por até 240 minutos. A determinação da granulometria confirmou a obtenção de sistemas micro (até 100 μm) e nanoparticulados (até 400 nm) e o potencial zeta evidenciou a carga superficial negativa das DSs e positiva das NPs. Os dados de DSC e DRX mostraram que o AZT estava molecularmente disperso em ambos os sistemas e que as DSs apresentaram estrutura amorfa, enquanto as NPs apresentaram estrutura predominantemente cristalina.A espectroscopia na região do infravermelho mostrou a formação de ligações entre a QS e o HP tanto nas DSs quanto nas NPs, sem alterar a... / Abstract: Zidovudine (AZT) is the most widely used drug alone or in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of AIDS, caused by the HIV virus. The low AZT bioavailability is the great challenge to be overcome to optimize its performance in oral therapy, since its high rate of hepatic metabolism and low permeability results in the need for high doses of the drug. In addition, this drug is substrate of the efflux mechanism mediated by P-glycoprotein in the gut, which further decreases its bioavailability. Thus, solid dispersions (SD) and polymeric nanoparticles (NP) were developed by complexation polyelectrolyte with different ratios between the drug and the polymers chitosan (CS) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HP). The drug content in the SDs (around 98%) was higher than in NPs (about 65%). The in vitro release assays performed in HCl 0.1 mol/l (pH 1.2) showed that polymeric complexation and drug entrapment reduced the AZT rates release in both SDs (26 to 50%) and NPs (around 60%), and in phosphate buffer 50 m mol/l (pH 7.4), both modified the drug release until 240 minutes. The particle size determination confirmed obtaining micro systems (around 100 micron) and nanoparticles (around 400 nm) and zeta potential showed the negative surface of SDs and the positive charge of NPs. DSC and XRD data showed that AZT remained molecularly dispersed in both systems and the DSs had an amorphous structure, while the NPs showed structure crystalline predominantly. The IR spectroscopy showed in both SDs and NPs the formation of bonds between CS and the HP without changing the structure of AZT. The NPs showed higher liquid absorption capacity (until 260%) relative to SDs (until 160%) in different pH values, while SDs presented higher mucin adsorption capacity. The SDs and NPs mucin adsorption occurs according to the mechanism of Freundlich and Langmuir, respectively. Intestinal permeability assay showed the influence of SD to ... / Doutor

The purpose of the study was to determine if perceived severity of the consequences of physical inactivity is an important component for exercise motivation in college students. The participants of the study were 581 college students who had enrolled in HSC 160, Fundamentals of Human Health, at Ball State University during the spring semester of 2001. Using a cross-sectional data collection process, participants completed a survey instrument consisting of the stages of change for exercise scale, the perceived severity of the consequences of physical inactivity scale, and demographic questions.The data were analyzed using both univariate and bivariate analyses. Specific descriptive and inferential statistic analyses were used to: 1) determine the degree of association between the participants' perceived severity and their identified stages of change for exercise, 2) examine the relationship between the stages of change for exercise and the participants' demographic characteristics, and 3) determine the difference between perceived severity of consequences of physical inactivity and the Participants' demographic characteristics.The results indicated that those who perceived the threat of a health condition as a result of not being physically active to be high were more likely to exercise regularly. Males and females differed in their exercise stage of change with males being more likely in the maintenance stage whereas females were more likely to be in the preparation stage. Also, perceived severity of the consequences from the lack of physical activity was greater in females than males, suggesting that those men who exercise regularly do so, but not exclusively for preventing negative health conditions.The results of this study should be useful to health and physical education instructors to assist them with organizing and tailoring appropriate physical activity lecture topics and emphasizing the severity of the consequences to those who are not physically active.Finally, additional research should be conducted in order to determine what factors affect perceived severity of a health threat as it relates to physical inactivity such as demographics, sociopsychological, and structural variables, to help identify all the possible factors that could impact future program planning efforts. / Department of Biology

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2008. / "Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science." Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-107).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2008. / "Graduate Program in Chemistry and Chemical Biology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 236-245).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:24:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-07-29. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:30:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000851698_20160729.pdf: 547839 bytes, checksum: 2adff6a515f107e4e977600d01ec7ba7 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-07-29T12:53:57Z: 000851698_20160729.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-07-29T12:54:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000851698.pdf: 3022510 bytes, checksum: a93d5ebfdfee8b2508562e1a0a8de9b2 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A zidovudina (AZT) é o fármaco mais utilizado isoladamente ou em associação para o tratamento da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS), causada pelo vírus HIV. A baixa biodisponibilidade do AZT é o grande desafio a ser vencido para otimizar seu desempenho na terapêutica por via oral, já que sua elevada taxa de metabolização e baixa permeabilidade resultam na necessidade de administração de elevadas doses do fármaco. Além disto, este fármaco ainda é substrato do mecanismo de efluxo mediado pela glicoproteína-P no intestino, o que diminui ainda mais sua biodisponibiidade. Desta forma, dispersões sólidas (DS) e nanopartículas poliméricas (NP) foram desenvolvidas por complexação polieletrolítica com diferentes proporções entre o fármaco e os polímeros quitosana (QS) e ftalato de hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (HP). O teor de incorporação de fármaco nas DSs (em torno de 98%) foi maior que nas NPs (cerca de 65%). Os ensaios de liberação in vitro realizados em HCl 0,1 mol/l (pH 1,2) demonstraram que a complexação entre os polímeros e compartimentalização do fármaco reduziu as taxas de liberação do AZT tanto para as DSs (26 a 50%) quanto nas NPs (aproximadamente 60%) e, em tampão fosfato 50 m mol/l (pH 7,4), ambos sistemas de liberação prolongaram a liberação do fármaco por até 240 minutos. A determinação da granulometria confirmou a obtenção de sistemas micro (até 100 μm) e nanoparticulados (até 400 nm) e o potencial zeta evidenciou a carga superficial negativa das DSs e positiva das NPs. Os dados de DSC e DRX mostraram que o AZT estava molecularmente disperso em ambos os sistemas e que as DSs apresentaram estrutura amorfa, enquanto as NPs apresentaram estrutura predominantemente cristalina.A espectroscopia na região do infravermelho mostrou a formação de ligações entre a QS e o HP tanto nas DSs quanto nas NPs, sem alterar a... / Zidovudine (AZT) is the most widely used drug alone or in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of AIDS, caused by the HIV virus. The low AZT bioavailability is the great challenge to be overcome to optimize its performance in oral therapy, since its high rate of hepatic metabolism and low permeability results in the need for high doses of the drug. In addition, this drug is substrate of the efflux mechanism mediated by P-glycoprotein in the gut, which further decreases its bioavailability. Thus, solid dispersions (SD) and polymeric nanoparticles (NP) were developed by complexation polyelectrolyte with different ratios between the drug and the polymers chitosan (CS) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HP). The drug content in the SDs (around 98%) was higher than in NPs (about 65%). The in vitro release assays performed in HCl 0.1 mol/l (pH 1.2) showed that polymeric complexation and drug entrapment reduced the AZT rates release in both SDs (26 to 50%) and NPs (around 60%), and in phosphate buffer 50 m mol/l (pH 7.4), both modified the drug release until 240 minutes. The particle size determination confirmed obtaining micro systems (around 100 micron) and nanoparticles (around 400 nm) and zeta potential showed the negative surface of SDs and the positive charge of NPs. DSC and XRD data showed that AZT remained molecularly dispersed in both systems and the DSs had an amorphous structure, while the NPs showed structure crystalline predominantly. The IR spectroscopy showed in both SDs and NPs the formation of bonds between CS and the HP without changing the structure of AZT. The NPs showed higher liquid absorption capacity (until 260%) relative to SDs (until 160%) in different pH values, while SDs presented higher mucin adsorption capacity. The SDs and NPs mucin adsorption occurs according to the mechanism of Freundlich and Langmuir, respectively. Intestinal permeability assay showed the influence of SD to ... / FAPESP: 13/01670- 0 e 14/08044-0

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-03-28Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T18:01:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000765980_20150414.pdf: 404380 bytes, checksum: 96179c0575a35660857492c085ade65e (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-04-23T11:39:24Z: 000765980_20150414.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-04-23T11:39:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000765980.pdf: 4347682 bytes, checksum: 92fbfe6a7c4583f5c57af76211fc42f7 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste estudo foi proposta a utilização do processo antissolvente supercrítico (SAS), no qual o gás carbônico foi selecionado como agente antissolvente, para a obtenção de sistema de liberação controlada de fármaco. No delineamento experimental fatorial 32, a proporção entre zidovudina e poli(L-ácido lático) (AZT:PLLA) representou o fator X1, e as condições de temperatura e pressão representou o fator X2, sendo ambos variáveis independentes; o rendimento do processo e a morfologia macroscópica das partículas representaram as variáveis dependentes. No presente estudo, as variáveis dependentes determinaram os produtos dos lotes que foram selecionados para a caracterização do estado sólido, teor de AZT, tipo e cinética de liberação de AZT e permeação intestinal de AZT. A caracterização do estado sólido utilizou as análises de dispersão de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FITR) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). O teor de AZT foi determinado por metodologia analítica validada. O teste de dissolução forneceu dados para as avaliações da liberação e da cinética de liberação de AZT. O modelo de saco intestinal invertido de rato foi adotado para o estudo ex vivo de permeação intestinal do AZT. Os lotes L3 (91,54 % de rendimento e amostra com aspecto uniforme), L5 e L9 (59,06 % e 51,50 % de rendimento, respectivamente; ambos resultaram em amostra com aspecto não uniforme e sólido filamentoso) resultantes do planejamento fatorial 32 foram selecionados para os estudos analíticos. O lote L3 de proporção AZT:PLLA (1:2, m/m) resultou em rendimento de 91,54 % e teor de AZT 58,76 % elevados em comparação aos lotes produzidos e foi selecionado para o estudo de permeação intestinal. A permeabilidade do AZT a partir do lote L3 (9,87 ± 0,47 %) foi maior em relação ao AZT puro (3,84 ± 0,45 %). O AZT permaneceu ... / In this study we proposed the use of supercritical antisolvent process (SAS), in which carbon dioxide was selected as antisolvent agent, to obtain drug controlled release system. Factorial 32 experimental design use the of zidovudine and poly (L-lactic acid) ratio (AZT:PLLA ) as X1 factor, also the temperature and pressure conditions as X2 factor, both independent variables, the process yield and particles macroscopic morphology represented the dependent variables. In this study, the dependent variables determined the product that have been selected to solid state characterization, AZT content, type, release kinetics, and intestinal permeation. Solid state characterization used X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The AZT content was determined by validated analytical methodology. The dissolution test provided data for AZT release and release kinetics evaluation. The rat everted gut sac model was take on for the ex vivo study of intestinal permeation of AZT. The L3 (91.54 % yield and sample with uniform appearance), L5 and L9 lots (59.06 % and 51.50 % yield , respectively , both of which resulted in samples with non-uniform and solid filamentous appearance) resulting from factorial 32 planning were selected for analytical studies. The L3batch ratio of AZT:PLLA (1:2, w/w) resulted in a high yield of 91.54 % and 58.76 % AZT content compared to batches produced, and was selected for the study of intestinal permeation . The AZT permeability from L3 lot (9.87 ± 0.47%) was higher than pure AZT (3.84 ± 0.45 %). AZT remained in crystalline form and PLLA remained in semi - crystalline form, in lots L3, L5, and L9 produced by the SAS process, when evaluated by SEM, XRD, DSC, and FTIR. This study demonstrated that it is possible to use the SAS process to obtaining modified release systems for poorly permeable drugs ...