No description available.

No description available.

The lubrication of dry viscose fibres by a two component finish, and the lubrication of wet Iyocell fabric against metal, with various aqueous lubricant systems, has been studied. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was investigated as a means of providing direct chemical information from finished fibre surfaces. The composition and distribution of a two component finish applied to viscose fibres was determined successfully. When applying finish from a bath, the surface composition of the finished fibres was not controlled by the bath conditions. Increasing the concentration of finish in the bath did, however, increase the total amount of finish deposited, and increasing the concentration of antistat relative to lubricant in the bath increased the amount of antistat relative to lubricant deposited on the finished fibres. Fibre friction was determined using the capstan method. The friction forces, measured for finished viscose fibres, were correlated with the finish application conditions. Increasing the emulsion concentration in the finish bath reduced fibre/metal friction, but finish component ratio, emulsion concentration, dip time and bath temperature did not affect fibre/fibre friction. Spray applying the finish resulted in unfinished regions on the fibre surfaces and the electrical resistance of fibre bundles was not reduced. Bath application of finish did lower electrical resistance in comparison with unfinished fibre, but none of the bath deposition variables had a significant effect on electrical resistance.

Abstract not available

There is increasing evidence for high magnitude dust storms in high latitude environments. Yet, Aeolian processes in these areas have been largely understudied and therefore our knowledge of these systems is limited. Understanding dust emission processes from the high latitudes regions is of increasing importance because future climate scenarios indicate a reduction in terrestrial ice masses and an expansion in glacial outwash plains which are the main dust sources in high latitude environments. Of these regions, Iceland is the most researched high latitude dust source region, however our understanding of processes which lead to dust events are still poorly understood. This thesis examines the interlinking relationship between dust source and dust particle sedimentology and the physical and meteorological drivers which promote or inhibit dust emission in Iceland. This is achieved through active aeolian monitoring at source during two monitoring periods at Markarfljot, South Iceland. These measurements are complimented using secondary data sources (e.g. meteorological and satellite data), sedimentological mapping and particle analysis and laboratory abrasion experiments. This thesis is the first high resolution multi event record of dust emissions in the high latitudes and concludes by showing that potential dust concentrations and dust particle size are driven by the interlinking relationship between wind speed, sediment texture and surface moisture. Factors that affect the potential sediment availability for dust events are more important in the high latitudes than in the subtropics in driving spatial and temporal variability in dust emission. Measurements presented in this thesis are required to verify and tune regional and global modelling attempts to quantify the potential contribution of high latitude dust in the Earth system. However, further measurements are required to fully understand seasonal changes in dust emissions, across a variety of dust source units within all high latitude dust source regions.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A escovaÃÃo tem um papel importante na etiologia da hipersensibilidade dentinÃria. AbrasÃo pode estar relacionada a abrasivos contidos nos dentifrÃcios. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar por perfilometria mecÃnica o efeito da abrasÃo da escovaÃÃo com dentifrÃcios clareadores e convencionais na dentina radicular. Noventa espÃcimes de dentina (4 x 4 x 2mm) foram aleatoriamente divididos em cinco grupos experimentais (n=18) de acordo com os dentifrÃcios: trÃs clareadores (W1, W2, e W3) e dois convencionais (C1 e C2), produzidos por dois fabricantes distintos. Utilizando uma mÃquina de escovaÃÃo, cada espÃcime foi escovado com carga constante de 300g por 2500 ciclos (4,5 ciclos por segundo). Os dentifrÃcios foram diluÃdos na proporÃÃo de 1:3 em peso (dentifrÃcio/saliva artificial). A ponta diamantada do perfilÃmetro moveu-se em velocidade constante de 0,05mm/s com forca de 0,7mN. O valor mÃdio das leituras da abrasÃo da escovaÃÃo (&#956;m; mÃdia  desvio padrÃo) foi obtido de cinco leituras consecutivas em cada espÃcime: W1 = 8,86  1,58, W2 = 8,27  2,39, W3 = 7,59  1,04, C1 = 2,94  1,29 C2 = 2,89  1,05. Houve diferenÃa estatisticamente significante entre os grupos (ANOVA - p<0.0001). O teste de Tukey para mÃltiplas comparaÃÃes mostrou diferenÃas entre todos os dentÃfricios clareadores e os convencionais, mas nÃo entre os clareadores e os convencionais entre si. DentifrÃcios clareadores podem causar mais abrasÃo na dentina do que os convencionais. / Toothbrushing abrasion has an important role in the etiology of dentine hypersensitivity. The abrasion may be related to the abrasivity of the toothpaste. The aim of this study was to compare by mechanical profilometry the effect of toothbrushing abrasion with whitening and regular toothpastes on root dentine. Ninety dentine specimens (4x4x2 mm) were randomly divided into five experimental groups (n=18) according to the toothpaste: three whitening (W1, W2 and W3) and two regular toothpastes (C1 and C2), produced by two different manufacturers. Using a brushing machine, each specimen was brushed with constant load of 300g for 2500 cycles (4.5 cycles/second). The toothpastes were diluted at a ratio of 1:3 w/w (dentifrice/distilled water). The brush diamond tip of the profilometer moved at a constant speed of 0.05 mm/s with a force of 0.7 mN. The average reading value of brushing abrasion (&#956;m; mean  standard deviation) was obtained from five consecutive measurements of each specimen: W1 = 8.86  1.58, W2 = 8.27  2.39, W3 = 7.59  1.04, R1 = 2.94  1.29 and R2 = 2.89  1.05. There was a significant difference between groups (ANOVA - p<0.0001). Post-hoc Tukey test for multiple comparison showed differences between all the whitening toothpastes and the regular ones, but not among the whitening or the regular against each other. Whitening toothpastes can cause more dentine abrasion than the regular ones.

2025-12-31

The sol-gel process has been employed to generate hybrid inorganic-organic network materials. Unique ceramers were prepared based on an alkoxysilane functionalized soft organic oligomer, poly(propylene oxide) (PPO), and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS). Despite the formation of covalent bonds between the inorganic and organic constituents, the resulting network materials were phase separated, composed of a silicate rich phase embedded in a matrix of the organic oligomer chains. The behavior of such materials was similar to elastomers containing a reinforcing filler. The study focused on the influence of initial oligomer molecular weight, functionality, and tetramethoxysilane, water, and acid catalyst content on the final structure, mechanical and thermal properties. The sol-gel approach has also been exploited to generate thin, transparent, abrasion resistant coatings for metal substrates. These systems were based on alkoxysilane functionazized diethylenetriamine (DETA) with TMOS, which generated hybrid networks with very high crosslink densities. These materials were applied with great success as abrasion resistant coatings to aluminum, copper, brass, and stainless steel. In another study, intercalated polymer-clay nanocomposites were prepared based on various epoxy networks montmorillonite clay. This work explored the influence of incorporated clay on the adhesive properties of the epoxies. The lap shear strength decreased with increasing clay content. This was due to a reduction in the toughness of the epoxy. Also, the delaminated (or exfoliated) nanocomposite structure could not be generated. Instead, all nanocomposite systems possessed an intercalated structure. The final project involved the characterization of a series of metallocene catalyzed linear polyethylenes, produced at Phillips Petroleum. Polyolefins synthesized with such new catalyst systems are becoming widely available. The influence of molecular weight and thermal treatment on the mechanical, rheological, and thermal behavior was probed. Although the behavior of this series of metallocene polyethylenes was not unlike that of traditionally catalyzed materials, this work is one of the first comprehensive studies of these new linear polyethylenes. The main distinction between the metallocene and traditional Ziegler-Natta catalyzed polyethylenes is the narrow molecular weight distributions produced by the former (for this series of materials, 2.3< Mw  Mn <3.6). / Ph. D.

The wear process in three-body contact causes problems of abrasion such as volume loss and changes of geometry of the triboelements. The wear problem leads to increased failure and high costs for repairing or replacing equipment. To understand the nature of the wear behaviour and to predict the wear rate in advance, experimental investigation and numerical simulation of the wear process are required. In this work, the wear process is analysed and the influencing parameters governing the wear behaviour are investigated experimentally to develop a new wear model. Main influential factors are considered such as kinematics of abrasive particles, contact stiffness of the particle layer, friction characteristics, and wear factors. The experiments to study kinematics of particle layers are performed on a new observation tester. To define the contact stiffness of abrasive particles, experiments are conducted by the uniaxial spindle compression tester. Moreover, a tribometer test rig with applied load up to 200 N and velocity up to 1000 mm/s is used to investigate the friction characteristics and the wear behaviour of three-body tribosystem. Analyses of influential factors on the wear behaviour in dependency of predefined process parameter are carried out. Additionally, based on the results of the experimental investigations, approximation equations representing the relation of the influential factors and the process parameters are determined. A three-body wear model is build up to represent the wear behaviour by physical wear laws. Furthermore, these approximation equations and the relevant parameters obtained by experimental investigations are included in the Fleischer’s wear equation to simulate the wear process. With the coupled model the wear process of the sample can be simulated twodimensional over the sliding distance. It is possible to predict the wear depth and the wear intensity, which can be used to estimate the wear rate. Additionally, from the results of the wear simulation the worn surface and the local contact pressure in the contact region are determined which provide a deeper insight into the wear process. With this simulation the understanding of the wear behaviour can be improved which is important to solve wear problems.

Sur les bassins versants des Terres Noires, les sédiments marneux sont dégradés très rapidement. Les matériaux fins ainsi produits peuvent être à l'origine d'épisodes de crues très concentrées (800~g/L). La première partie de cette thèse traite des processus responsables de la production de sédiments fins. Ces processus adviennent à deux échelles de temps : A long-terme, entre les périodes de crues, les matériaux du lit exposés aux intempéries sont altérés sous l'effet de cycles gel/dégel et humectation/dessication. Pour quantifier cette vitesse d'altération, les données climatiques de Draix sont combinées à des expériences sur la sensibilité des marnes aux alternances de température et d'humidité. A court-terme, pendant les crues, les matériaux charriés sont soumis à l'abrasion et à la fragmentation sous l'effet de sollicitations mécaniques. Des expériences en canal circulaire permettent de quantifier la dégradation pendant les crues. On montre finalement qu'il est indispensable de considérer ces deux échelles de temps pour rendre compte de la vitesse de dégradation totale observée dans les lits. Pour étudier plus en détail la dégradation mécanique pendant les crues, on investigue l'effet de la fragmentation et de l'abrasion à l'échelle d'un caillou par l'intermédiaire de simulations numériques avec la méthode des éléments discrets et d'expériences de fragmentation. Les propriétés de rupture de la marne ainsi obtenues sont ensuite intégrées dans une modélisation de l'évolution d'une distribution granulométrique sous l'effet de la fragmentation et de l'abrasion. Les résultats indiquent que la fragmentation et l'abrasion sont également importantes mais que l'efficacité de la fragmentation décroît au cours de la sollicitation. Dans une seconde partie, on étudie le comportement d'une suspension de sédiments fins de marnes, et l'influence de la concentration sur son écoulement. Cette étude est basée sur des mesures de rhéométrie et sur des expériences d'écoulement en laboratoire pour différentes configurations de pente, débit, rugosité, concentration. Les expériences mettent en évidence une transition vers un comportement non-newtonien à forte concentration (au-delà de 600 g/L). Ceci se traduit notamment par un ralentissement de l'écoulement associé à l'apparition d'une zone de "plug" non-cisaillée L'écoulement devient alors laminaire et le frottement augmente fortement. Ce changement de comportement sur le terrain peut être une source d'erreurs non négligeable dans l'estimation des débits lors des crues chargées. / On the Terres Noires marly catchments, downstream fining patterns and high concentrations of suspended sediments (up to 800 g/L) are observed. The present work is organised in two parts. The first part investigates the processes that are involved in the production of fine sediments. Such processes occur at two different time scales: At a monthly scale, between the floods, bed sediments are exposed to weathering due to frost/thaw and wetting/drying alternations. The rate of such long-term processes is estimated using climatic data and experiments on marly pebbles. At the smaller time scale of a flood (a few minutes), bedload sediments are subject to abrasion and fragmentation due to mechanical loading. The rate of this short-term process is quantified by performing experiments in an annular flume device. Eventually, we show that both short and long-term processes are necessary to explain the field observed degradation rates. To study more in detail the mechanical degradation at the pebble scale, numerical simulations of friction and impact loading are performed with the Discrete Element Methods, as well as fragmentation experiments on marl. The resulting rupture properties of marl are therefore incorporated into a new model that describes the evolution of the grain-size distribution of sediments. The model shows that fragmentation and abrasion are both involved and that the efficiency of fragmentation decreases. The second part of the work is focused on the behaviour of a suspension of fine marly sediments, and on the influence of the concentration on such flow. This study is based on rheometer measurements and flume experiments at various slopes, discharges, flume roughnesses and concentrations. These experiments demonstrate that the fluid behaviour becomes non-newtonian at high concentrations (above 600 g/L). This creates an unsheared plug zone that slows the flow down. The flow may therefore become laminar with a high friction coefficient. With such a change in the fluid behaviour, the method used in the field for discharge estimation will not work anymore for highly concentrated floods.