Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-07-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:39:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 castro_mm_me_ilha.pdf: 319106 bytes, checksum: 89fc3a676e9512a3244916375bfda750 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Em sementes de hortaliças, devido ao elevado valor comercial, o potencial fisiológico apresenta alta relevância, pois a redução do vigor pode ocasionar aumento no custo de implantação da cultura. Quatro lotes de sementes de couve-flor cv. Piracicaba Precoce foram submetidos ao teste de condutividade elétrica, avaliação do grau de umidade, teste padrão de germinação, massa seca de plântulas, emergência em bandeja de isopor preliminarmente e quanto à produtividade e características agronômicas. Para avaliar a produtividade, foram instalados dois experimentos, um combinando os quatro lotes com quatro doses de nitrogênio na forma de uréia (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha -1 de N, o que corresponde a 0, 5, 10 e 15 g de N por cova) e outro apenas comparando o desempenho dos lotes. Os experimentos foram instalados em blocos casualizados com 16 tratamentos e quatro repetições para o primeiro e, 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições para o segundo. As parcelas constaram de 6 covas espaçadas de 0,5 m entre plantas e 1 m entre linhas no primeiro ensaio; e 24 mudas a uma distância de 0,5 m entre plantas e 1 m entre linhas no segundo ensaio. Na semeadura, todas as covas receberam 20 g da fórmula 8-28- 16 e o equivalente a 40 kg ha -1 de bórax. No experimento 2 foram feitas duas adubações em cobertura colocando-se 5 g de uréia por cova aos 15 e 30 dias após o transplante. Avaliou-se o número de folhas por planta, massa média fresca das cabeças em função das doses de nitrogênio, número e área de cabeças, produtividade e teores de macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) presentes nas cabeças em função dos níveis de vigor e doses de nitrogênio. Os resultados permitiram concluir que houve efeito do vigor no desenvolvimento e produção das plantas, sendo que a origem da semente foi um importante componente em seu desempenho e as doses de 200 e 300 kg ha -1 promoveram maior produtividade. / In seeds of vegetables, due to the high commercial value, the physiologic potential presents high relevance, because the reduction of the vigour can cause increase in the cost of implantation of the culture. Four lots of seeds of cauliflower cv. Piracicaba Precoce were submitted to the test of electric conductivity, seed water content, standard germination, dry matter of seedling, emergency in polypropylene tray, productivity and agronomic characteristics. To evaluate the productivity, two experiments were installed, a combining the four lots with four doses of nitrogen in the urea form (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha -1 of N, what corresponds to 0, 5, 10 and 15 g of N hole) and other just comparing the acting of the lots. The experiments were installed in randomized blocks with 16 treatments and four repetitions for the first and 4 treatments and 4 repetitions for the second. The parcels consisted of 6 spaced holes of 0,5 m between plants and 1 m among lines in the first rehearsal; and 24 seedlings the a distance of 0,5 m between plants and 1 m among lines in the second rehearsal. In the sowing all the holes received 20 g of the formula 8-28- 16 and the equivalent to 40 kg ha -1 of borax. In the experiment 2 they were made two manurings in covering being placed 5 g of urea by hole to the 15 and 30 days after the transplant. The number of levels was evaluated by plant, mass medium breeze of the heads in function of the doses of nitrogen, number and area of heads, productivity and nutrients tenors (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) presents in the heads in function of the vigour levels and nitrogen doses. The results allowed to end that there was effect of the vigour in the development and production of the plants, and the origin of the seed was an important component in your acting and the doses of 200 and 300 kg ha -1 they promoted larger productivity.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho físico-mecânico e a durabilidade de painéis de partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar com resina bicomponente a base de mamona (BCP) e compará-los com painéis de partículas de madeira comerciais (Medium Density Particleboard - MDP). Os painéis de bagaço de cana de açúcar foram fabricados com um teor de resina poliuretana a base de óleo de maona de 15%. O desempenho físico e mecânico dos painéis particulados foi analisado com base nas prescrições dos documentos normativos vigentes. Ambos os materiais foram revestidos superficialmente com resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona. Avaliou-se a influência do tratamento das bordas na deterioração e no desempenho dos painéis. O acompanhamento das propriedades físico-mecânicas foi realizado antes e após os ensaios de envelhecimento por exposição natural durante 3, 6 e 12 meses, envelhecimento acelerado e de intemperismo artificial. Foi feita a avaliação, da suscetibilidade ao crescimento gerada pelo ataque de fungos emboloradores e apodrecedores nos materiais durante o envelhecimento natural e no ensaio acelerado. Foi realizada a análise colorimétrica para a identificação de mudanças de cor e brilho nos materiais após os ensaios de deterioração. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de densitometria de raios X, espectroscopia por infravermelho próximo (NIR). Os resultados obtidos indicaram a selagem lateral permitiu avaliar a superfície exposta do material permitindo a entrada da água pela superfície avaliando o efeito dos agentes de deterioração. A porcentagem de retenção para o Módulo de ruptura após o ensaio de envelhecimento por imersão em agua e secagem (APA D1) foi de 87% e 3% para BCP e MDP sem revestimento respectivamente e de 90% e 3% para BCP e MDP com revestimento. A porcentagem de retenção das propriedades mecânicas em ambos os submetidos à exposição natural diminuiu em função do tempo. Entretanto o porcentagem de retenção para os materiais BCP e MDP com revestimento superficial foi de 76% e 60% para MOR. A exposição natural mostrou que os fungos emboloradores foram predominantes em ambos os materiais. Ambos os materiais com revestimento superficial apresentaram entre 1-10% de colonização com um 70% de probabilidade. Revestimento de resina de óleo de mamona reduz o crescimento de fungos em ambos os materiais no ensaio acelerado. O perfil de densitometria permitiu analisar o processo de fabricação dos painéis e permitiu identificar a deterioração gradativa do ambos os materiais após os ensaios de envelhecimento. A intepretação mediante a analise de componentes principais (ACP) na aplicação do NIR comportou a classificação das características relacionadas a cada ensaio de deterioração de ambos os materiais sem revestimento superficial. Com base nos resultados deste trabalho, foram propostas contribuições para ajustes de metodologias para a avaliação da durabilidade e do desempenho físico e mecânico dos painéis particulados, tendo em vista a sua viabilidade técnica, em sistemas construtivos da construção civil. / This work aimed to evaluate the physical-mechanical support and durability of sugarcane bagasse particle boards with a castor oil based bicomponent resin (BCP), and compare them to commercial wood particle boards (Medium Density Particleboard - MDP). The sugarcane bagasse boards were produced with a 15% castor oil based polyurethane resin. The physical and mechanical performance of the particle boards were analyzed based on the requirements of existing standardization documents. Both materials were superficially coated with castor oil based bicomponent polyurethane resin. The influence of treated edges on the decay and performance of the boards were evaluated. Monitoring the physical and mechanical properties was carried out before and after the aging tests by natural exposure during 3, 6, and 12 months, accelerated aging, e artificial weathering. An evaluation was made of the susceptibility to growth generated by the attack of moldy and rotting fungi in materials during the natural aging and accelerated tests. A colorimetric analysis was performed to identify the changes in color and brightness in the materials after the deterioration tests. X-rays densitometry and infra-red spectroscopy (NIR) techniques were used. The results obtained indicated that the lateral sealing allowed for an evaluation of the material surface exposed, permitting the entrance of water by the evaluating the effect of the deterioration agents. The retention percentage for the Module of rupture after the aging test by immersion in water and drying (APA D1) was 87% and 3% for BCP and MDP without coating, respectively, and 90% and 3% for BCP and MDP with coating. The retention percentage of the mechanical properties in both samples submitted to natural exposure decreased in relation to time. Meanwhile, the retention percentage for the BCP and MDP with a superficial coating was 76% and 60% MOR. Natural exposure showed that mold were predominant in both materials. Both of the materials with superficial coatings presented between 1-10% colonization with a 70% probability. Castor oil based resin decreased mold in both materials. The densitometry profile to analyze the production of the boards and allowed the identification of the gradual degradation of both materials after the aging tests. The interpretation through Principal component analysis (PCA) in the NIR application permitted the classification of characteristics related to each deterioration test for both materials without superficial coating. Based on the results of this work, contributions were proposed to adjust methodologies for the evaluation of durability and physical and mechanical performance of the particle boards, having in view its technical viability, in structural systems of construction.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Esta pesquisa foi realizada visando a obtenÃÃo de dados bÃsicos que possam auxiliar na compreensÃo dos mecanismos fisiolÃgicos, bioquÃmicos e citoquÃmicos responsÃveis pela deterioraÃÃo de sementes envelhecidas, revigoraÃÃo daquelas osmocondicionadas e inibiÃÃo da germinaÃÃo e estabelecimento de plÃntulas de sorgo sob condiÃÃes de estresse salino, bem como estudar alguns dos mecanismos de adaptaÃÃo ao estresse. No primeiro capÃtulo foram avaliados os efeitos dos estresses hÃdrico (0, -0,2, -0,4 e -0,8 MPa) e salino (0, 75, 150 e 300 mM de NaCl) na germinaÃÃo e vigor de sementes de dois genÃtipos de sorgo forrageiro (CSF 18 e CSF 20). No segundo e terceiro capÃtulo, a fim de avaliar a qualidade fisiolÃgica das sementes em laboratÃrio e o estabelecimento de plÃntulas de sorgo no campo, respectivamente, utilizou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetiÃÃes, no esquema fatorial 2 x 2, constando de quatro tratamentos: 1. sementes envelhecidas; 2. sementes nÃo envelhecidas; 3. sementes envelhecidas e condicionadas osmoticamente e 4. sementes nÃo envelhecidas e condicionadas osmoticamente. No quarto trabalho foram avaliadas a absorÃÃo de Ãgua, germinaÃÃo e crescimento inicial de plÃntulas oriundas de semente envelhecidas, osmocondicionadas e sob estresse salino (0, 100, 200 ou 300 mM de NaCl). No quinto capÃtulo foram realizadas anÃlises citoquÃmicas em sementes de sorgo submetidas aos tratamentos descritos no quarto capÃtulo, contudo sob salinidade de apenas 100 mM. Os mesmos tratamentos foram utilizados no sexto capÃtulo para avaliar o efeito desses fatores sobre o estabelecimento das plÃntulas, absorÃÃo de Ãons, acÃmulo de solutos orgÃnicos, peroxidaÃÃo de lipÃdios e alteraÃÃes no sistema enzimÃtico antioxidativo em plÃntulas cultivadas sob hidroponia na presenÃa ou ausÃncia de NaCl. Os genÃtipos de sorgo apresentam tolerÃncia diferencial aos estresses osmÃticos provocados pelo PEG-6000 e pelo NaCl, sendo que a sensibilidade aos mesmos varia em funÃÃo do estÃdio de desenvolvimento da planta. O envelhecimento artificial e o estresse salino promovem efeitos prejudiciais à germinaÃÃo, vigor e estabelecimento de plÃntulas de sorgo, os quais podem ser parcialmente atenuados com a tÃcnica do condicionamento osmÃtico de sementes. O estresse salino provoca reduÃÃes significativas na qualidade fisiolÃgica das sementes e no crescimento inicial das plÃntulas de sorgo, provocando algumas alteraÃÃes citoquÃmicas nas sementes e vÃrias alteraÃÃes fisiolÃgicas e bioquÃmicas em plÃntulas sob cultivo hidropÃnico. / This research was carried out in order to obtain basic data that can help them understand the physiological, biochemical and cytochemical responsible for the deterioration of aged seeds, reinvigoration of those primed and inhibition of germination and seedling establishment of sorghum under salt stress and study some of the mechanisms of adaptation to stress. The first chapter studies the effects of water stress (0, -0.2, -0.4 and -0.8 MPa) and saline (0, 75, 150 and 300 mM NaCl) on germination and seed vigor two genotypes of sorghum (CSF 18 and CSF 20). In the second and third chapter, to assess the quality of the seeds in the laboratory and the establishment of sorghum seedlings in the field, respectively, used a completely randomized design with four replications and a 2 x 2, consisting of four treatments: 1. aged seeds, 2. aging seeds 3. aged seeds and osmotically conditioned and 4. aging seeds and osmotically conditioned. In the fourth study we evaluated the water uptake, germination and early growth of seedlings derived from seeds aged, primed and under salt stress (0, 100, 200 or 300 mM NaCl). In the fifth chapter cytochemical tests were performed on seeds of sorghum subjected to the treatments described in the fourth chapter, but under a salinity of only 100 mM. The same treatments were used in the sixth chapter to evaluate the effect of these factors on seedling establishment, absorption of ions, organic solutes accumulation, lipid peroxidation and changes in enzymatic antioxidant system in seedlings grown in hydroponics in the presence or absence of NaCl. The sorghum genotypes show differential tolerance to osmotic stress caused by PEG-6000 and by NaCl, and the sensitivity to them varies depending on the stage of plant development. The artificial aging and salt stress promote adverse effects on germination, vigor and stand establishment of sorghum, which can be partly alleviated by the technique of priming seeds. Salt stress leads to significant reductions in the quality of the seeds and early growth of sorghum seedlings, causing some cytochemical changes in the seeds and various biochemical and physiological changes in seedlings under hydroponic cultivation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_janaina_iara_silva.pdf: 634289 bytes, checksum: 5a5465544c9c53b07ac12605462fd249 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-12 / The methods available to characterize the quality of forage seeds of temperate climate are not very specific, and mostly used are those adapted for the seeds of the most crops, which has led to achieving results and little disform reliable. This study aimed to seek the establishment of methodologies to assess accurately the quality of different seed lots of annual ryegrass. For that were tested methodological variations of tests commonly used for other crops seeds and evaluated the performance of an alternative method, trying to detect an alternative that would allow better demonstrate the physiological field and seed storage. We used annual ryegrass, represented by four lots. Seeds were evaluated using the tests for determining the water content, physical purity, thousand seed weight, germination, first count germination, accelerated aging and electrical conductivity, seedling emergence in sand tray, rate of emergence (IVE). According to the results, we concluded that the electrical conductivity test is promising for evaluating the effect of annual ryegrass. The use of combination 100 seeds/25mL the electrical conductivity test, allows the separation of lots at different levels of force. You can determine the effect of annual ryegrass seeds by accelerated aging test using 41ºC/48h and 42ºC/72h. / As metodologias disponíveis para a caracterização da qualidade de sementes de espécies forrageiras de clima temperado não são bem específicas, e na sua grande maioria são adaptadas daquelas usadas para as sementes das grandes culturas, o que tem levado à obtenção de resultados desuniformes e pouco confiáveis. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a busca do estabelecimento de metodologias que permitam avaliar de forma precisa a qualidade de diferentes lotes de sementes de azevém anual. Para isso, foram testadas variações metodológicas de testes comumente empregados para sementes de outras espécies e avaliado o desempenho de um método alternativo, buscando detectar uma metodologia que permitisse melhor demonstrar o potencial fisiológico de campo das sementes. Utilizaram-se sementes de azevém anual, representadas por quatro lotes. As sementes foram avaliadas através dos testes de determinação do teor de água, pureza física, peso de mil sementes, germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, emergência de plântulas em bandeja com areia e índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que o teste de condutividade elétrica é promissor para a avaliação do vigor de sementes de azevém anual, sendo que a combinação 100 sementes/25mL permite a separação de lotes em diferentes níveis de vigor. É possível determinar o vigor de sementes de azevém anual pelo teste de envelhecimento acelerado utilizando-se 41ºC/48h e 42ºC/72h.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_luiz_carlos_pascualli.pdf: 1920615 bytes, checksum: c1ff038ecd9e377cf972b0463aa33772 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-17 / Seed storage potential is affected by harvesting time, genotype, environment conditions and storage conditions. Maintenance of seed vigor ensures adequate crop establishment with high agronomic performance. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the reduction in vigor of soybean seeds in relation to the location and storage period. Three experiments were conducted with soybean varieties: BMX Apolo RR; BMX Potência RR and 53 RR FUNDACEP. The seeds were obtained in the field, soon after reaching reproductive R7, being dry, threshing by hand, placed in paper bags and stored in a refrigerated environment, environmental conditions and at 30°C and relative humidity of 70%. Analyses were performed monthly to monitor the physiological quality of the seeds through germination, accelerated aging 41° C for 48 hours, accelerated aging 42°C for 48 hours, cold test and field emergence. Based on the results it was concluded that: 1) the soybean seed storage at constant temperature of 30°C causes vigor reduction on 60 days storage; 2) loss of vigor is not linearly; 3) the potential storage of soybean seeds under cold conditions is more than 210 days; and 4) soybean seed storage potential depends also on the cultivar. / O potencial de armazenamento das sementes é afetado pela época de colheita, pelo genótipo da cultivar, pelas condições ambientais entre o ponto de maturação fisiológica e a colheita e as condições de armazenamento. A manutenção do vigor das sementes garante estande adequado da cultura, menor quantidade de falhas, redução do replantio e onsequentemente obtenção de alto desempenho agronômico. Diante do exposto, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a redução de vigor e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja em relação ao local e ao período de armazenamento. Foram conduzidos três experimentos com as variedades: BMX Apolo RR; BMX Potência RR e FUNDACEP 53 RR. As sementes foram obtidas em campo de produção localizado no município de Pelotas, RS, logo após atingirem o estádio reprodutivo R7, sendo secas, debulhadas manualmente, acondicionadas em sacos de papel multifoliado e armazenadas em ambiente refrigerado, condição ambiente e temperatura constante de 30°C e umidade relativa média de 70%. Este último parâmetro simulando as condições climáticas de zonas tropicais e subtropicais. As análises foram realizadas mensalmente para acompanhamento da qualidade fisiológica das sementes, através dos testes de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado 41°C por 48 horas, envelhecimento acelerado 42°C por 48 horas, teste de frio e emergência em solo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que: 1) o armazenamento de sementes de soja em temperatura constante de 30°C causa redução do vigor a partir de 60 dias de armazenamento; 2) a perda de vigor não se dá de forma linear; 3) o potencial de armazenamento de sementes de soja em condições frias é superior a 210 dias; 4) o potencial de armazenamento das sementes de soja também é função da cultivar.

This thesis deals with surface analysis and characterization of optical features of thin films created by hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) plasma polymerization on silicon wafers. The RF plasma industrial deposition equipment was used for the thin layers formation. These thin films serve as protective coatings on the reflective layer in the car light or solar panels. Theoretic part gives basic information about plasma, its occurrence, features, diagnostics and applications. Thin layers, their production and characterization are discussed here, too. Theoretic description of monomer material (including the group of other organosilicones) is also presented here. The FTIR spectroscopy and elipsometry are mentioned as the main methods for thin films characterisation. Because material during its practical use degrades due to external conditions, the influence of them on the thin layer properties is studied using the accelerated aging of created films. Industrial deposition chamber AluMet 1800V made by Leybold Optics, Ltd. installed in Zlin Precision company was used for the thin films production. Thin films were created under different conditions that were selelected near to the real conditions used in technology. Various applied powers (2-5 kW) were used for the deposition under different monomer flows. Further, the influence of oxygen addition on the created film properties was investigated. The deposition process was monitored by optical emission spectroscopy. The spectrometer Jobin Yvon Triax 320 with CCD detector was used. The selected part from every samples set was exposed by UV radiation (48 hours at radiation density of 0.68 W/m2 at 340 nm) to simulate the probable conditions during the layers real use. The surface properties were investigated by measurement of reflected light spectral intensity in the visible range at different angles. The angle between incident and reflected beam was varied in the interval of 40 - 150° with 10° step. The influence of sample preparation conditions as well as their aging effect was studied at the selected angles. Spectral reflectance doesn´t depend significantly on applied discharge power and oxygen addition. The significant shift of reflectance into the red part of spectrum was observed at UV exposed samples more or less independently on the applied discharge power of monomer flow rate. Addition of oxygen during the deposition suppresses this effec significantly. Characterization of thin layer structure was done by FTIR spectroscopy. No significant changes were observed in the structure at different discharge powers of monomer flow rates except total absorption intensities that are proportional to the layr thickness. The oxygen addition, of course, changes the structure significantly. These results are only preliminary because the layers were very thin (deposition conditions were near to the common process standard) and thus the signal/noise ratio was relatively low.

The theoretical part of the diploma thesis describes basic composition of the rubber stock and the methods used for its processing. It summarizes current knowledge about building tack. The experimental part of the thesis deals with the methods of accelerated aging proposal, which have been used for testing UV radiation, ozone, temperature and humidity effect on tack. After bringing two samples together by defined pressure, the tack was determined by T-peel test. Surfaces of the samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The aditivation of the rubber stock was done in order to compare the effects of tackifiers on accelerated aging.

Thesis summarizes the problems of production and use of stretch film. The change of strength, ductility and relative relaxation effect in different times of drawing from role in three weeks was observed. Further, change of strength and ductility due to changes in the rate of deformation, exposure to accelerated aging in a UV chamber and changes in the loading direction were observed. Mechanical tests were realized on a tensile tester, relaxation tests on DMA and crystallinity changes were observed on the DSC. Relationship between chemical composition of stretch film and mechanical and thermomechanical properties were studied. It was found that chemical composition essential for stretch film properties. However, due to the impossibility to distinguish effects of chemical composition and process parameters was impossible to find clear relation describing this relationship.

This document includes methods of testing and measuring of the protective layers used in solar panels with crystallic solar cells. The main emphasis here is placed on the degradation of these materials due to exposure to strong electric field. Main point of diploma thesis is evovle an experimental workplace for electric aging of dielectric materials and monitor changes of material properties. Final knowledges are then analysed with the climate degradation tests. Tested samples were prepared in cooperation with Solartec s.r.o.

This diploma thesis deals with the measurement of mechanical properties and accelerated aging of monoaxially stretched polyethylene strips coming from three types of polymeric mesh, which serves to pack hay on baling machines. The strength of the strips is evaluated from two points of view. The first one is static tensile strength measured before and after accelerated aging at 23 °C and 40 °C, the second one determines the strength as the weight that causes the strip failure on a simple machine at 23, 40, 60 and 80 ° C. The results show that the smallest static strength has the least stabilized strip, which, on the other hand, revealed the highest strength in a dynamic loading. The change of supermolecular structure was evaluated by calorimetric measurements. The data shown only very little change of inner structure due to the average response of the whole crystalline phase comprising relatively wide distribution of crystallites. It is more than probable that supermolecular structure had been changed but the method is not sensitive to see the change of orientation of lamellae and macromolecular chains in them.