Background: Anxiety and anxiety disorders are common among youth. Accommodation refers to ways in which parents/teachers/schools modify their behavior to alleviate a youth’s anxious distress. Although many anxious youths receive mental health services through schools, limited research has examined accommodation in the school setting and no study to date has examined the instruction of school-based mental health providers in evidence-based practices (EBPs) around accommodation. The present study compared two training conditions: problem-based learning (PBL) and training as usual (TAU) in their ability to increase (a) knowledge of, (b) attitudes/beliefs towards and (c) intended implementation of EBPs.Methods: Graduate students in school psychology (N=110) were randomized to workshops. Workshops used either PBL or didactic (TAU) strategies to educate trainees about EBPs for youth anxiety as they relate to accommodation. Trainees attended a 4-hour workshop and completed self-report measures assessing knowledge, attitudes and intended EBP use immediately before training, immediately after training and at 3-month follow-up. Results: Linear Mixed Models examined changes in outcome measures both across time and between training conditions. There were significant increases in workshop-specific knowledge and in beliefs about and intentions to use EBP from pre- to post-training. However, there were no significant differences between training conditions on outcome measures other than overall knowledge of EBPs. Pretraining instruction in, or attitudes about EBPs, did not significantly predict differential training outcomes. / Psychology

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Research supports a relationship between parenting behaviors and anxiety in youth, yet few studies have examined parental accommodation in the context of youth with anxiety disorders other than obsessive-compulsive disorder. Furthermore, little is known about the influence of child behaviors on parental accommodation and how accommodation relates to other parent and child factors. The present study examined the effect of child distress on maternal accommodation and the relationship between maternal accommodation and other parent and child factors in a sample of youth with anxiety disorders aged 7-17 (N = 70, M = 11.66, 47.1% males). Maternal accommodation was measured by vignettes depicting youth exhibiting high or low levels of distress in anxiety-provoking situations that elicited social anxiety, generalized anxiety, or separation anxiety. Results indicated an effect of child distress on accommodation of youth anxiety, such that mothers indicated more accommodation under conditions of high child distress. Furthermore, a relationship was found between greater accommodation and mothers holding more negative beliefs about their child's experience of anxiety. Maternal empathy moderated the relationship between accommodation and child distress, suggesting that mothers high in empathy demonstrate a greater degree of adaptability in response to child behaviors. Maternal anxiety also influenced the relationship between accommodation and child distress, with results varying based on situation type and suggesting that maternal anxiety may be associated with less adaptive responses to child behaviors. Clinical implications for the treatment of anxious youth are discussed and suggestions for future research are offered. / Psychology

Yes / To determine the test-retest reproducibility of accommodative facility (AF) measures in an unselected sample of UK primary school children. Methods: Using 2.00 DS flippers and a viewing distance of 40 cm, AF was measured in 136 children (range 4–12 years, average 8.1 2.1) by five testers on three occasions (average interval between successive tests: eight days, range 1–21 days). On each occasion, AF was measured monocularly and binocularly, for two minutes. Full datasets were obtained in 111 children (81.6 per cent). Results: Intra-individual variation in AF was large (standard deviation [SD] = 3.8 cycles per minute [cpm]) and there was variation due to the identity of the tester (SD = 1.6 cpm). On average, AF was greater: (i) in monocular compared to binocular testing (by 1.4 cpm, p < 0.001); (ii) in the second minute of testing compared to the first (by 1.3 cpm, p < 0.001);(iii) in older compared to younger children (for example, AF for 4/5-year-olds was 3.3 cpm lower than in children ≥10 years old, p = 0.009); and (iv) on subsequent testing occasions (for example, visit-2 AF was 2.0 cpm higher than visit-1 AF, p < 0.001). After the first minute of testing at visit-1, only 36.9 per cent of children exceeded published normative values for AF (≥11 cpm monocularly and≥8 cpm binocularly), but this rose to 83.8 per cent after the third test. Using less stringent pass criteria (≥6 cpm monocularly and≥3 cpm binocularly), the equivalent figures were 82.9 and 96.4 per cent, respectively. Reduced AF did not co-exist with abnormal near point of accommodation or reduced visual acuity. Conclusions: The results reveal considerable intra-individual variability in raw AF measures in children. When the results are considered as pass/fail, children who initially exhibit normal AF continued to do so on repeat testing. Conversely, the vast majority of children with initially reduced AF exhibit normal performance on repeat testing. Using established pass/fail criteria, the prevalence of persistently reduced AF in this sample is 3.6 per cent. / UK College of Optometrists

Language use and communicative behaviors are important indicators of sojourners' adjustment. The current research was conducted to understand international students' communication behavior on Facebook during their adjustment period in the US and its relationship to the students' acculturative attitude (identification with heritage and mainstream culture), current psychological adjustment level, socio-cultural adaptation level, and target audience on Facebook. Two main theories provided the theoretical framework of the study: Giles' communication accommodation theory (1973) and Berry's acculturation model (1984). Snowball and convenience samples were used to recruit 178 international students from different universities across the US. A mixed approach of online survey and content analysis was used to test the hypotheses and research questions. The results showed that during the stay in the US, international students accommodate their language and topic choice towards their American peers on Facebook. Particularly, it was found that language accommodation levels increase as the students' length of stay in the US increases. The results also demonstrate that international students use Facebook mainly to communicate with friends who reside in the US. When students had higher levels of mainstream identification, they were likely to target American friends as their audience on Facebook and thus have more language and topic accommodation. Additionally, acculturation attitude (heritage and mainstream identification) predicted the students' language accommodation level. Lastly, the study showed that there is a positive relationship between language accommodation and sociocultural adjustment. The findings of the study not only expand the scope of communication accommodation theory and acculturation model, but also enhance understanding of international students' online communication patterns, their purposes, and practical consequences upon their adjustment in the US. This is important because it can be useful in finding ways to improve the students' experience in the US.

Les travaux de recherche entrent dans le cadre de la reconfiguration de lois de commande des systèmes dynamiques présentant divers modes de fonctionnement afin d’assurer les performances désirées. Deux approches d’accommodation ont été proposées pour la commande de ces systèmes dynamiques : une approche passive qui présente un régulateur à paramètres fixes ne garantissant pas les mêmes performances pour différents modes de fonctionnement et une approche active dans laquelle les paramètres du système de commande peuvent être mis à jour selon le mode de fonctionnement détecté. C’est cette deuxième approche basée sur une représentation multi-modèles du système qui a été retenue dans nos travaux.Les erreurs de modélisation correspondant aux variations de conditions de fonctionnement, sont dans ce cas détectées par un algorithme de détection et de localisation de variations de modes de fonctionnement. Il s’en suit une reconfiguration d’une loi de commande par platitude en utilisant le principe de commutation. Cette approche garantit la régulation et la poursuite d’une trajectoire de référence. Pour sa mise en œuvre, un banc de régulateurs, conçu par platitude, a été élaboré pour les modèles discrets plats obtenus autour des divers points de fonctionnement.La détection des modes de fonctionnement est effectuée par une génération de résidus en utilisant un ensemble d’observateurs de type Luenberger dont les gains sont calculés en utilisant l’outil LMI.L'étude de la stabilité ainsi que l'introduction de dispositifs d'anti-emballement liés à la commutation entre les régulateurs, ont été considérés dans l'approche proposée / The work presented in this memory concerns the control reconfiguration of dynamical systems with variation of operating modes in order to ensure the desired performances. For the control of dynamic systems, two approaches of accommodation have been proposed. The passive approach presents a controller with fixed parameters that doesn’t ensure the same performance for different operating modes and an active approach in which the controller settings can be updated according to the variation of the detected operating mode. Our work has therefore focused on this second approach based on multi-models system representation. The modelling errors corresponding to the variations of operating conditions are detected in this case by detection and localization algorithm, consequently, a reconfiguration strategy based on flatness-based switching control is proposed. This approach guarantees the control and the tracking of a reference trajectory. In fact, we have synthesised a discrete flatness-based multi-controllers associated for each operating model obtained from different operating points. Detection of operating modes is done by a residual generation by using Luenberger observers which gains are calculated using the LMI tool. Study of the stability as well as the use of anti-windup devices related to switching between controllers; have been considered in the proposed approach

Le titane et ses alliages sont très largement étudiés en raison de leur grande utilisation dans l'industrie chimique, les implants médicaux et les industries aérospatiales. Vu le rôle important dans la déformation plastique, le maclage a été largement étudié dans les métaux hexagonaux L'état de contrainte locale peut être modifié par maclage, ce qui influence les modes séquentiels de déformation tels que le glissement, le maclage et le maclage secondaire Ainsi, il existe une demande urgente pour comprendre le mécanisme associé à la déformation induite par maclage, utile pour le développement de modèles prédictifs qui peuvent décrire les événements ultérieurs induits par maclage, ainsi que leurs corrélations avec les microstructures. Dans ce travail, l'analyse cristallographique de la sélection de variantes de macles et des jonctions macle-macle (TTJ= twin-twin junction) est appliquée sur du titane commercialement pur. Un nouveau mécanisme de maclage séquentiel, où les macles {101̅2} sont stimulées par des jonctions macle {112̅1}-macle, est observée par EBSD quasi in situ. Un autre mécanisme de maclage séquentiel a été trouvé lorsque le maclage de compression {112̅2} contient une macle d'extension {101̅2} près des joints de grain à forte désorientation. L'accommodation est utilisée pour déterminer le variant de macle séquentiel lorsque le facteur de Schmid classique (SF) n'est pas suffisant. En outre, une analyse détaillée des 425 macles secondaires {101̅2} détectées dans les macles {11 2̅ 2} primaires révèle que les deux variants de macles qui présentent une désorientation spécifique par rapport aux grains parents sont les plus fréquentes. Il est possible de justifier la prévalence des macles secondaires avec un mécanisme de nucléation aidée par les dislocations prismatiques. Lorsqu'il est complété par une analyse SF généralisée, le critère peut prédire avec précision la sélection entre deux variants dans le groupe des macles secondaires les plus fréquentes. Lorsque plusieurs variants de macles sont actifs dans le même grain, des interactions macle-macle peuvent se produire. Les jonctions macle {112̅2}-macle peuvent être divisés en trois types selon la cristallographie des macles {112̅2}. Une analyse statistique de ces interfaces révèle qu'un seul type est le plus fréquent tandis que les autres types sont rarement activés. La fréquence des TTJ peut être évaluée en utilisant une analyse SF généralisée. Il en ressort que les interfaces macle-macle (TTB= twin-twin boundary) ne se forment que d’un côté de la macle. Concernant la formation de TTBs basée sur les interactions des dislocations de macle, les dislocations d'interface dans les TTBs observées ont une énergie de ligne inférieure à celles des TTB non observées. Une opération similaire est appliquée à l'analyse de {112̅1} TTJs / Titanium and its alloys have been extensively investigated due to their wide application in chemical industry, medical implants and aerospace industries. As a significant role in plastic deformation, twinning has been widely studied in hexagonal metals. The local stress state may be modified by twinning, which influences sequential plastic deformation modes such as slips, twinning and secondary twinning. Thus, there is also an urgent demand for understanding the mechanism associated with the twinning-induced deformation, which is useful for the development of predictive capabilities that can describe twinning and twinning-induced sequential events, and their correlations with microstructures. In this work, crystallographic analysis of twin variant selection and twin-twin junctions is applied in commercially pure titanium. A new sequential twinning mechanism that {101̅2} twins are stimulated by the {112̅1} twin-twin junctions (TTJs) is observed by quasi in-situ EBSD. Another sequential twinning mechanism that a {112̅2} compression twin adjoins a {10 1̅ 2} extension twin is found at high angle grain boundaries. Displacement gradient accommodation is used to determine the sequential twin variant while the classical Schmid factor (SF) is not sufficient. Besides, a detailed analysis of the detected 425 {101̅2} double twins inside primary {112̅2} twins reveals that the double twin variants that exhibit specific misorientation with respect to the parent grains are the most frequent. The prevalence of double twins is possible to justify with the prismatic-dislocation mediated nucleation mechanism. When complemented with an apparent SF analysis, the criterion can accurately predict the selection between two variants within the group of the popular double twins. When multiple twin variants are active in the same grain, twin-twin interactions may happen. {112̅2} TTJs can be divided into three types according to the crystallography of {112̅2} twins. A statistical analysis of {112̅2} TTJs reveals that one type is the most popular while other types are rarely activated. The frequency of TTJs can be evaluated by using an apparent SF analysis. The interesting finding is that twin-twin boundaries (TTBs) form in one side of the incoming twin as a TTJ forms. Corresponding to the formation of TTBs based on the interactions of twinning dislocations, interface dislocations in the observed TTBs have lower line energy than those in the un-observed TTBs. Similar operation is applied to the analysis of {112̅1} TTJs

This diploma thesis deals with the analysis and problems of using mystery shopping in selected accommodation facilities. The aim was to propose ways to make more effective use of mystery shopping as an instrument for evaluating service processes in selected accommodation facilities.