Experiments are described in which the momentum flux of gas atoms, remitted normal to the surface of a hot clean tungsten ribbon immersed in a low pressure of helium or argon, is measured with a torsion balance and the thermal accommodation coefficient deduced. Data are presented in which the tungsten temperature range was 700 to 1900 K for helium and 1100 to 1700 K for argon. If it is assumed that the normal remitted momentum flux is that expected on assumption of the cosine emission relation, accommodation coefficients much larger (and for argon physically impossible) than those found previously by other workers are implied. A model is proposed which assumes that atoms impinging on and remitted from the hot tungsten ribbon conserve momentum in directions parallel to the surface. This results in a remitted flux, in the direction of the normal, greater than the cosine relation would predict. The resulting accommodation coefficients are then of the same order as those found using the total heat loss method. The method here reported is believed to be novel. Its accuracy increases with the temperature of the hot solid. It permits the measurement of translational thermal accommodation without relying on the temperature coefficient of resistance of the solid and hence is applicable to alloys and to non-metals. For metals., which have a normal temperature coefficient of resistance, the method allows translational accommodation to be measured and internal energy accommodation to be deduced.

Då hunden har blivit en allt större del i människans liv och är en växande målgrupp, vill vi undersöka hur svenska hundägare ser på att resa med sin hund inom Sverige, speciellt vad de har för åsikter om hundvänliga hotell. Den data vi har samlat in är från en enkätundersökning gjord på 522 hundägare i Sverige. Vårt huvudsakliga mål med denna studie är att se om det finns en marknad för fler hundvänliga hotell i Sverige och hur kommunikationen mellan hotellen och hundägarna fungerar. Vi tror att hotellen kan dra nytta av resultatet från denna studie. Resultatet visar på att det finns ett behov av fler hundvänliga hotell i Sverige. Dock verkar det största problemet ligga i kommunikationen mellan hotellen och hundägarna. Eftersom hundägarna känner att det finns en brist i informationen, om vilka hotell som tillåter hundar. En lösning på detta problem skulle kunna vara att göra en internationell symbol, som visar ifall ett hotell är hundvänligt eller inte. / Since the dog is becoming a more important role in the life of humans and is a growing target group, our research will examine how dog owners feel about traveling with their dogs in Sweden, in particularly staying at dog friendly hotels. The data we have collected is from a survey done on 522 dog owners in Sweden. Our main goal with this study is to see if there is a market for more dog friendly hotels in Sweden and how the communication between the hotels and the dog owners is working. We believe that the hotels can benefit from the results of this study. The result shows that there is a need for more dog friendly hotels in Sweden. However the main problem seems to be the communication between the hotels and the dog owners. Since the dog owners feel that there is a lack of information, about which hotels are allowing dogs. A solution to this problem could be to make an international symbol, which will show if a hotel is dog friendly or not.

The human eye suffers various optical aberrations that degrade the retinal image. These aberrations include defocus and astigmatism, as well as the higher order aberrations that also play an important role in our vision. The optics of the eye are not static, but are continuously fluctuating. The work reported in this thesis has studied the nature of the microfluctuations of the wavefront aberrations of the eye and has investigated factors that influence the microfluctuations. The fluctuations in the ocular surface of the eye were investigated using high speed videokeratoscopy which measures the dynamics of the ocular surface topography. Ocular surface height difference maps were computed to illustrate the changes in the tear film in the inter-blink interval. The videokeratoscopy data was used to derive the ocular surface wavefront aberrations up to the 4th radial order of the Zernike polynomial expension. We examined the ocular surface dynamics and temporal changes in the ocular surface wavefront aberrations in the inter-blink interval. During the first 0.5 sec following a blink, the tear thickness at the upper edge of the topography map appeared to thicken by about 2 microns. The influence of pulse and instantaneous pulse rate on the microfluctuations in the corneal wavefront aberrations was also investigated. The fluctuations in ocular surface wavefront aberrations were found to be uncorrelated with the pulse and instantaneous heart rates. In the clinical measurement of the ocular surface topography using videokeratoscopy, capturing images 2 to 3 seconds after a blink will result in more consistent results. To investigate fluctuations in the wavefront aberrations of the eye and their relation to pulse and respiration frequencies we used a wavefront sensor to measure the dynamics of the aberrations up to the Zernike polynomial 4th radial order. Simultaneously, the subject's pulse rate was measured, from which the instantaneous heart rate was derived. An auto-regressive process was used to derive the power spectra of the Zernike aberration signals, as well as pulse and instantaneous heart rate signals. Linear regression analysis was performed between the frequency components of Zernike aberrations and the pulse and instantaneous heart rate frequencies. Cross spectrum density and coherence analyses were also applied to investigate the relation between fluctuations of wavefront aberrations and pulse and instantaneous heart rate. The correlations between fluctuations of individual Zernike aberrations were also determined. A frequency component of all Zernike aberrations up to the 4th radial order was found to be significantly correlated with the pulse frequency (all > 2R0.51, p<0.02), and a frequency component of 9 out of 12 Zernike aberrations was also significantly correlated with instantaneous heart rate frequency (all>2R0.46, p<0.05). The major correlations among Zernike aberrations occurred between second order and fourth order aberrations with the same angular frequencies. Higher order aberrations appear to be related to the cardiopulmonary system in a similar way to that reported for the accommodation signal and pupil fluctuations. A wavefront sensor and high speed videokeratoscopy were used to investigate the contribution of the ocular surface, the effect of stimulus vergence, and refractive error on the microfluctuations of the wavefront aberrations of the eye. The fluctuations of the Zernike wavefront aberrations were quantified by their variations around the mean and using power spectrum analysis. Integrated power was determined in two regions: 0.1 Hz ─ 0.7 Hz (low frequencies) and 0.8 Hz ─ 1.8 Hz (high frequencies). Changes in the ocular surface topography were measured using high speed videokeratoscopy and variations in the ocular wavefront aberrations were calculated. The microfluctuations of wavefront aberrations in the ocular surface were found to be small compared with the microfluctuations of the wavefront aberrations in the total eye. The variations in defocus while viewing a closer target at 2 D and 4 D stimulus vergence were found to be significantly greater than variations in defocus when viewing a far target. This increase in defocus fluctuations occurred in both the low and high frequency regions (all p<0.001) of the power spectra. The microfluctuations in astigmatism and most of the 3rd order and 4th order Zernike wavefront aberrations of the total eye were found to significantly increase with the magnitude of myopia. The experiments reported in this thesis have demonstrated the characteristics of the microfluctuations of the wavefront aberrations of the eye and have shown some of the factors that can influence the fluctuations. Major fluctuation frequencies of the eye's wavefront aberrations were shown to be significantly correlated with the pulse and instantaneous heart rate frequencies. Fluctuations in the ocular surface wavefront aberrations made a small contribution to those of the total eye. Changing stimulus vergence primarily affected the fluctuations of defocus in both low and high frequency components. Variations in astigmatism and most 3rd and 4th order aberrations were associated with refractive error magnitude. These findings will aid our fundamental understanding of the complex visual optics of the human eye and may allow the opportunity for better dynamic correction of the aberrations with adaptive optics.

Thesis (MSoSc(AppliedSocialResearch))--University of South Australia, 2003.

The aim of this project was to examine which factors are important in influencing communication between health professionals and patients. Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) was the theoretical framework adopted in this project. CAT proposes that individuals are influenced by their personal and social identities and that, in many cases, it is an individual's group or social identity that is most salient in an interaction. The underlying theoretical assumption in this project was that communication between health professionals and patients is characterised by intergroup rather than interpersonal salience and convergent methodologies were used to test this proposition. In addition to CAT, the linguistic category model (LCM), which is also used to investigate individuals' perceptions of intergroup salience, was adopted to complement the findings derived from CAT. There were seven studies in this project. The first study described the methodology for obtaining the data set used in Part 1 of the thesis. Participants wrote retrospective descriptions of a satisfactory and unsatisfactory conversation with a hospital staff member which they had experienced as a hospital in-patient. Study 1 provided a profile of the participants. In Study 2 the stimuli were participants' written recollections of 69 unsatisfactory and 79 satisfactory conversations. The LCM was used to test for differences in participants' perceptions of differing levels of intergroup salience between the two types of descriptions. While intergroup bias was evident, the results were complex. In Study 3 a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the same data set was conducted. This study explored differences between patients' and health professionals' goals, sociolinguistic strategies, and the patients' descriptions of the health professionals across the two types of conversational descriptions. Results revealed differences in goals, strategies, and descriptions. In the descriptions of satisfactory conversations, participants reported goals concerning reassurance and developing relationships. These two goals were not evident in the descriptions of unsatisfactory conversations, where attending to role relations was of greater importance. Participants reported the use of different sociolinguistic strategies for themselves and for health professionals across the different conversation types, which indicated that, for reports of satisfactory conversations, participants viewed their interactions with health professionals as more personal and positive than in the unsatisfactory ones. Participants described the health professionals in their descriptions of satisfactory conversations in more undifferentiated terms than the health professionals in the descriptions of unsatisfactory ones. Study 4 comprised two parts. First, using the data set from Studies 2 and 3, a qualitative analysis was conducted which explored thematic differences between the descriptions of satisfactory and unsatisfactory conversations. This analysis indicated more interpersonal themes for the satisfactory interactions and more negative intergroup themes for the unsatisfactory ones. Second, 134 participants rated 16 exemplar descriptions from the data set on 13 items derived from CAT. In general, the exemplars of satisfactory descriptions were rated as containing accommodative use of discourse management, emotional expression, and interpersonal control strategies. Exemplars of the unsatisfactory interactions were rated as more overaccommodative or counteraccommodative on these strategies. Study 5 introduced Part 2 of the thesis and involved a second data set. The stimuli were real-time videotaped interactions between health professionals and patients. Participants rated 25 videotaped interactions on 28 questions developed to tap the intergroup and interpersonal salience of the interaction. Of these 25 interactions, participants rated seven as highly intergroup and seven as highly interpersonal. These 14 interactions formed the stimuli for the Study 6. In Study 6 an LCM analysis of these 14 videotaped interactions compared the intergroup with the interpersonally rated interactions for levels of intergroup bias. The interpersonally salient interactions suggested lower intergroup bias than did the intergroup ones. This and other findings from the LCM analysis are discussed. Study 7 used a CAT perspective to examine six of the 14 videotaped interactions used in Study 6. These six interactions represented three videotaped interactions that were rated as highly intergroup, and three that were rated as highly interpersonal.. Participants provided ratings on both interactants' strategies, and health professionals' goals. They also rated the interactions for outcome measures, including patient satisfaction, and effective communication. Results indicated that the interactions rated as interpersonally salient were perceived as attending to relationship needs and emotional needs. Generally the interpersonal interactions were also rated as providing a more satisfactory outcome than the intergroup interactions. Together the seven studies provide evidence that interactions between health professionals and patients are essentially intergroup interactions. However, such interactions have the potential to move through dimensions of high intergroup and high interpersonal to dimensions of low intergroup and low interpersonal. Each pair of combinations provides different outcomes of communication effectiveness and satisfaction for the patient. Further, this research project demonstrates the ability of CAT to pick up on the dynamics of health provider and patient communication. It also highlights the usefulness of convergent methodologies to understand the complexities of patient and health professional interactions.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

This thesis advances understandings of the diversity of student populations, student accommodation pathways, and connections to processes of studentification. The massification of HE, coupled with widening participation and internationalisation agendas, has led to changes in the social composition of the student population. Alongside this transformation, student accommodation preferences are changing, and student accommodation is being supplied which contrasts with traditional notions of shared student housing. From this starting point, this thesis progresses existing knowledges of student geographies in several ways.

abstract: Since their introduction into English in the mid-sixteenth Century, accommodations have registered weighty concepts in religious, economic, and political discourse: they represented the process by which divine principles could be adapted to human understanding, the non-interest property loans that were the bedrock of Christian neighborliness, and a political accord that would satisfy all warring factions. These important ideas, however, give way to misdirection, mutation, and suspicion that can all be traced back to the word accommodation in some way—the word itself suggests ambiguous or shared agency and constitutes a blank form that might be overwritten with questionable values or content. This dissertation examines the semantic range and rhetorical value of the word accommodation, which garnered attention for being a “perfumed term” (Jonson), a “good phrase” (Shakespeare), a stumbling block (Milton), and idolatry (anonymous author). The word itself is acknowledged to have an extra-lingual value, some kind of efficacious appeal or cultural capital that periodically interferes with its meaning. These tendencies align it with different modes of fetishism—idolatry, commodity fetishism, and factishism—which I will explicate and synthesize through an analysis of accommodation’s various careers and explicit commentary evidenced in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century texts. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2017

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Proxemia representa neologismo para designar o conjunto das observaÃÃes e teorias referentes ao uso que o homem faz do seu espaÃo, constituindo-se uma modalidade de comunicaÃÃo nÃo-verbal. A comunicaÃÃo proxÃmica estuda o significado social do espaÃo, ou seja, estuda como o homem estrutura inconscientemente o prÃprio espaÃo. Neste estudo aborda-se a comunicaÃÃo proxÃmica entre mÃe-filho em alojamento conjunto. Faz-se um julgamento comparativo entre binÃmios com sorologia negativa e positiva para o HIV. Como objetivo geral, menciona-se analisar as interaÃÃes entre mÃe-filho durante a troca de fraldas do bebà em alojamento conjunto, à luz dos fatores proxÃmicos. Desenvolveu-se um estudo exploratÃrio, descritivo e quantitativo entre dezembro de 2005 e fevereiro de 2006 em unidade de alojamento conjunto de uma Maternidade pÃblica de Fortaleza-CE, utilizando-se filmagens para avaliar a comunicaÃÃo. As filmagens foram realizadas em sala do alojamento conjunto, durante as primeiras 48 horas de vida do recÃm-nascido, onde se executa a antropometria, a troca de fraldas, o banho e a vacinaÃÃo dos recÃm-nascidos. A populaÃÃo constituiu-se de uma amostra de conveniÃncia de um grupo de binÃmio (G1 n=5), no qual a mÃe nÃo apresenta sorologia positiva para o HIV, e um segundo grupo (G2 n=3) em que a mÃe tinha conhecimento da sorologia positiva para o HIV, antes do parto. Pelas filmagens registraram-se as cenas do momento da troca de fraldas dos bebÃs. Estas foram analisadas por juizes, obedecendo-se o referencial teÃrico de Hall (1986) sobre a comunicaÃÃo proxÃmica. à medida que se observou repetiÃÃo dos componentes da comunicaÃÃo proxÃmica, elas foram finalizadas. Para anÃlise utilizou-se um roteiro previamente elaborado, que constava de fatores proxÃmicos: tom de voz, distÃncia, comportamento de contato e contato visual. De acordo com os dados, encontrou-se associaÃÃo estatÃstica nos fatores cÃdigo visual e tom de voz. Houve concordÃncia absoluta entre os juÃzes no fator postura. Entretanto, dados relativos (%) permitem inferir algumas suposiÃÃes, como as seguintes: a situaÃÃo de troca de fraldas nÃo foi o momento em que as mÃes demonstraram carinho com seus filhos; houve a presenÃa de um nÃmero elevado de interaÃÃes em eixo lateral; o olhar direcionado ao interlocutor manteve margem prÃxima do desviado; a maioria das interaÃÃes encontradas com o eixo sociopeto pode refletir na necessidade de a mÃe ficar prÃxima do filho para a troca e a presenÃa do silÃncio no procedimento. Estudos poderÃo ser desenvolvidos com vistas a ampliar o processo de avaliaÃÃo da comunicaÃÃo nas fases iniciais da vida, pois o conhecimento do processo comunicativo entre mÃe e filho pode auxiliar no julgamento da validade da implementaÃÃo de esforÃos para tornÃ-la o mais saudÃvel possÃvel desde as primeiras horas pÃs-parto, especialmente em pacientes com HIV/aids, os quais tÃm uma histÃria de vida peculiar, marcada por episÃdios dolorosos diante dos infortÃnios da doenÃa e das incertezas quanto ao seu prognÃstico. / Proxemics is a neologism which designates the set of observations and theories relating to the use man makes of his space, comprising a form of non-verbal communication. Proxemic communication studies the social meaning of space, that is, it studies how man unconsciously structures his own space. In this research, proxemic communication between mother and child in shared accommodation is approached. A comparative judgment is made between binomes with negative and positive blood test results for HIV, the general objective being analysis of mother-child interactions during diaper-changing of babies in shared accommodation, in the light of proxemic factors. A descriptive and quantitative exploratory study was undertaken, between December 2005 and February 2006, in a shared accommodation unit of a public maternity hospital in Fortaleza, CearÃ, Brazil, using video footage to evaluate communication. Filming was performed in shared accommodation rooms, during the first 48 hours of life of neonates, in which anthropometrics, diaper-changing, bathing and vaccination of newborns take place. The population comprised a convenient sample of a binome group (G1; n=5), in which the mother does not test positively for HIV and a second group (G2, n=3) in which the mother was aware of positive blood test result for HIV, prior to childbirth. Footage filmed at time of diaper changes was analyzed by judges, in compliance with the theoretical benchmark of Hall (1986) regarding proxemic communication and scenes were finalized when repetition of proxemic communication components was observed. For analysis, a previously-prepared script was used, noting proxemic factors: tone of voice, distance, contact behavior and visual contact. According to the data, a statistical difference was generated for visual code and tone of voice factors. There was absolute concordance amongst judges for the posture factor. Nevertheless, relative data (%) permit inference of certain assumptions, notably: the âdiaper-changeâ situation was not the moment in which mothers demonstrated affection for their children; the presence of a high number of interactions on a lateral axis; gaze directed to interlocutor maintained a margin close to averted; most interactions found with sociopetal axis may reflect need for mother to remain close to child for the change and the need for silence during procedure. Studies may be undertaken with a view to expanding the process of evaluation of communication in initial phases of life, as knowledge of the communicative process between mother and child may assist in judgment of validity of implementation of efforts to make it as healthy as possible from the first hours postpartum, especially as patients with HIV/AIDS have a particular life story, marked by painful episodes in view of the diseaseâs symptoms and the uncertainty regarding prognosis.

D.Phil. / Visual acuity and refractive state probably are the two most basic or fundamental quantities that concern optometry, ophthalmology and vision science. Both of these variables are complicated and their mathematical and statistical use in research and other activities has been poorly understood. During particularly the last decade, modern statistical multivariate methods have become available to optometry and ophthalmology and this has assisted with the understanding of concepts such as refractive state (and its underlying nature, namely, dioptric power). It is now possible to transform measurements of refractive state from the conventional notation that is commonly used in the fields of optometry and ophthalmology to an orthodox mathematical form that can be understood by scientists and mathematicians. With this matrix form of refractive state it then is possible to use appropriate methods of linear algebra and multivariate statistics. Other theoretical approaches and analytical procedures or methods also have become accessible or have been developed recently as a consequence of this significant shift in thought as regards the fundamental nature of dioptric power. On the other hand, the scientific understanding of visual acuity (that is, the measurement of the resolving ability of the eye) perhaps has been somewhat neglected. Certainly there has been an abundance of research involving visual acuity and there also has been discussion concerning some of the difficulties that become apparent when measuring or attempting to interpret results from studies involving visual acuity. Visual acuity, unlike refractive state, can be represented by means of a single number and thus univariate, rather than multivariate, statistical methods are appropriate. And, of course, univariate statistics is less complicated than the multivariate form. But there are various difficulties with the understanding and researching of visual acuity. Some of these difficulties are relatively simple and thus can be solved more easily. For example, visual acuity measurements can be obtained from charts designed according to a logarithmic scale, or measurements from other charts can be transformed to a logarithmic scale. And thereby the ordinal nature of the basic or more common visual acuity scale is avoided and certain statistical methods become available that otherwise would not be possible. But more fundamentally visual acuity probably cannot truly be considered without the subject from which the measurement is obtained and, more particularly, the refractive state of the eye concerned. So the visual acuity and refractive state of an eye, perhaps, should be more appropriately regarded as a unitary concept that ideally should not be separated into two distinct parts. Thus to truly understand the relationship between visual acuity and refractive state we need to understand the 4-dimensional (mathematical) nature of the particular relationship involved. It follows then that the relationship between visual acuity and refractive state is a multivariate problem and that multivariate methods are best suited to its consideration. If we then begin to take into account other variables such as age or the ocular health, or say, iris aperture diameter of the eye then the complicated multivariate nature of the situation becomes even more obvious. In this dissertation an attempt is made to consider the possibilities of a modern multivariate approach to studies involving visual acuity, refractive state and other variables. The methodology used in this dissertation differs from those used in previous studies involving visual acuity and refractive state and other related variables. For example, here Jackson crossed cylinders are used extensively to produce dioptric blur or defocus in experimental subjects (positive and negative spheres also are used to a more limited extent). In previous published studies spherical or, less commonly, cylindrical lenses were used instead. Another difference between this dissertation and previous research studies is that the visual stimulus that the subjects observed, generally but not always, was a meridionally-independent or non-directional letter 0. The reasons for this choice is explained in the dissertation but in other research an enormous variety of visual stimuli have been used depending upon the interests of the researchers. But even more essentially this dissertation differs significantly from that of previous studies in terms of the manner in which the various experimental and other results (for instance, that from earlier researchers such as HB Peters) are presented. Entirely new, and largely unpublished, methods are used in many parts of this dissertation that probably represent a paradigmatic transition in understanding of visual acuity and its relation to refractive state. New terms such as decompensation and accompensation surfaces of constant visual acuity and antistigmatic ellipses are defined herein. (Briefly, one imagines starting from a state of compensation (of the refractive state of, say, an eye viewing a stimulus).