Thesis (Ph. D.)--Institute of Paper Chemistry, 1962. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 44).

No description available.

Mn-Mediated radical addition has been developed within the Friestad laboratory as a versatile method toward addition to C=N bonds. N-Acylhydrazones generated by condensation between an aldehyde and an N-acylamine serves as the substrate toward radical addition. A bulky directed group attached with the N-acyl moiety and restricted rotation around N-N bond due to a three point chelation with a Lewis acid differentiates the faces of the C=N bond of the N-acylhydrazones. Radical generation initiated by photolysis of Mn2(CO)10 causing homolysis of C-X bond in alkyl halide serves as the radical donor to the N-acylhydrazones. Radical addition thereafter occurs stereoselectively from the less hindered face of the C=N bond of the N-acylhydrazones. The product N-acylhydrazines can be effectively transformed to α-chiral amines. In this thesis, a new protocol toward generation of non-proteogenic γ-amino esters using Mn-mediated radical addition has been described. Moreover, the utility of the Mn-mediated radical addition has been demonstrated through studies toward synthesis of tubulysin U and V. Chapter 3 describes a new strategy for asymmetric synthesis of γ-amino esters starting from non-amino precursors. The α-substituted γ-amino esters are prevalent in drugs, drug candidates, and in peptidomimetics. As a part of progressing the Mn-mediated radical addition reaction, highly stereoselective reactions were devised for addition to N-acylhydrazonoesters in absence of Lewis acid. Spectroscopic investigations were carried out to decipher the Lewis acid chelation of N-acylhydrazones. Finally, a novel microwave mediated trifluoroacylation of N-acylhydrazinoesters facilitated the cleavage of N-N bond to liberate γ-aminoester. Chapter 4 describes application of Mn-mediated radical addition toward synthesis of tubulysin natural products. Tubulysins are natural products, isolated from myxobacteria, that have exhibited potent cytotoxicity toward cancer cells in the picomolar regime. The Mn-mediated radical addition was used to prepare two chiral amine subunits in highly diastereoselective fashion. The subunits were then assembled after required manipulations into the tetrapeptide structure characteristic of tubulysins. This strategy to synthesize tubulysins is the most stereoselective of all efforts toward the synthesis of this molecule. Synthesis toward tubulysin was achieved in 18 steps as the longest linear sequence with a 31% overall yield to tubulysin V in benzyl protected form. Chapter 5 describes a new strategy toward installation of N-hydroxymethyl unit into a peptide chain. N,O-Acetals are acid-base labile species that is present in some tubulysin natural analogs. This new approach exploits Fleming-Tamao oxidation and hence introduce the hydroxymethyl unit of the N,O-acetal in a masked form. Following peptide construction the masked hydroxy group is released to liberate the N-hydroxymethyl moiety. Acylation of the free hydroxy group furnishes the N,O-acetal moiety in a strategy that is potentially applicable toward synthesis of tubulysin D.

Yes / The physical properties of cyclic and linear polymers are markedly different; however, there are few examples which exploit these differences in clinical applications. In this study, we demonstrate that self-assemblies comprised of cyclic-linear graft copolymers are significantly more stable than the equivalent linear-linear graft copolymer assemblies. This difference in stability can be exploited to allow for triggered disassembly by cleavage of just a single bond within the cyclic polymer backbone, via disulfide reduction, in the presence of intracellular levels of l-glutathione. This topological effect was exploited to demonstrate the first example of topology-controlled particle disassembly for the controlled release of an anti-cancer drug in vitro. This approach represents a markedly different strategy for controlled release from polymer nanoparticles and highlights for the first time that a change in polymer topology can be used as a trigger in the design of delivery vehicles. We propose such constructs, which demonstrate disassembly behavior upon a change in polymer topology, could find application in the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. / ERC are acknowledged for support to M.C.A., A.P.D. (grant number: 681559) and R.O.R. (grant number: 615142).

Two organophosphorus compounds, namely diethyloxymethyl-9-oxa-10- phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPAC) and diethyl (2,2-diethoxyethyl) phosphonate (DPAC) were applied on cotton cellulose to impart non-carcinogenic and durable (in alkaline washing) flame retardant property to it. Some acidic catalysts, sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4), were successfully used to settle acetal linkage between cellulose and flame retardant (FR) compound. Appreciable limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of 24% and 23.9% were achieved in case of the samples treated with FR compound DPAC along with the combined acidic catalyzing effect of NaH2PO4+H3PO4 and NaH2PO4+NH4H2PO4. A distinguishing outcome of total heat of combustion (THC) 3.27 KJ/g was revealed during pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) test of the treated sample. In respect of thermal degradation, low temperature dehydration in conjugation with sufficient amount of char residue (30.5%) was obtained in case of DOPAC treated sample. Consistently, the temperature of peak heat release rate (TPHRR) (325°C) of DPAC treated sample supported the expected low temperature pyrolysis in condensed phase mechanism. Subsequent thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) also reported inspiring weight retention% of the treated samples. Furthermore, for both of the flame retardant compounds, effect of different catalysts, considering both individual and combined, effect of solvents, and overall the optimization of the process parameters were studied in detail. / Program: Magisterutbildning i textilteknologi

Capes / Este trabalho teve por objetivos a síntese dos isômeros cis e trans do acetal 2-fenil-5-hidróxi-1,3-dioxano (FHD), e o estudo dos equilíbrios conformacionais por cálculos teóricos. A metodologia experimental consistiu na produção dos acetais através da reação de acetalisação do glicerol com benzaldeído em meio ácido. A separação dos isômeros do FHD promoveu-se por cromatografia de camada fina e em coluna. No estudo teórico as conformações iniciais tiveram suas geometrias otimizadas e comparadas as posições otimizadas com as estruturas semelhantes do 4-fenilcicloexanol (FCO). As superfícies de energias potenciais (PES) foram construídas pelos giros de 10 em 10º dos diedros C7-C8-C2-O1 referente ao anel aromático e ao diedro C4-C5-O13-H25 da hidroxila. A influência de diferentes substituintes nos equilíbrios conformacionais foi determinada através da inserção dos seguintes grupos na posição meta do anel aromático: NO2, CHO, CF3, Cl, F, CH3, OCH3, OH, NH2 e N(CH3)2. Também foram realizados os estudos de NBO e a determinação das cargas atômicas pelos métodos Mulliken, NBO e APT. Nos cálculos teóricos foi utilizado o método B3LYP na função de base 6-311G++(d,p). Os resultados experimentais indicaram que com o eluente hexano/acetona na proporção 1:1 foi possível isolar os isômeros cis e trans do FHD. Quanto ao estudo teórico, a otimização das conformações mostrou a presença das ligações de hidrogênio intramoleculares (LHI) O-H...O entre o hidrogênio da hidroxila e os oxigênios do dioxano, e a existência das inéditas LHI C-H...O entre os hidrogênios orto do anel aromático e os oxigênios do dioxano. A otimização das geometrias e as PES indicaram uma maior estabilização da conformação eqeq em relação ao axax do isômero trans de 1,04 kcal.mol-1, devido a maior força das LHI C-H...O com o fenil na equatorial. No isômero cis a conformação eqax apresentou ser mais estável do que a axeq em 4,29 kcal.mol-1 motivada pela maior força das LHI C-H...O e O-H...O. A influência dos substituintes no isômero trans foi muito significativa a ponto de atingir-se uma redução na proporção da conformação diaxial de 15% para 1% com o substituinte NO2 e um aumento para 44% com o grupo N(CH3)2. Por fim as análises de NBO e a determinação das cargas atômicas mostraram a baixa densidade eletrônica dos hidrogênios orto que favorecem a formação das LHI C-H...O / This work aimed to the synthesis cis and trans isomers of the 2-phenyl-5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxane (PHD) acetal and the study of conformational equilibria by theoretical calculations. Acetals were prepared by acetalization reaction of glycerol with benzaldehyde under acidic conditions. The isomers separations were promoted by thin layer and column chromatography. In the theoretical study the initial conformations were optimized and theirs geometries were compared with the optimized structures of similar 4-phenylcyclohexanol (PCO). The potential energy surfaces (PES) were made by turn dihedral angle C7-C8-C2-O1 and C4-C5-O13-H25 by 10 in 10 degrees to 360o. The influence of substituent on conformational equilibrium were determined by inserting the groups NO2, CHO, CF3, Cl, F, CH3, OCH3, OH, NH2 and N(CH3)2 at the meta position of the aromatic ring. Studies were also performed with NBO and by atomic charges determination using Mulliken, NBO, and APT methods. Theoretical calculations were made using B3LYP method and 6-311++G(d, p) basis function. Experimental results indicated that was possible isolate the cis and trans isomers of PHD with hexane/acetone 1:1. As for the theoretical study, the optimization of the conformations showed the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds (IHB) OH...O between the hydroxyl hydrogen and oxygen of dioxane. It was observed the existence of unpublished IHB CH...O between the ortho hydrogen of aromatic ring and dioxane oxygen. The optimization of geometries and PES indicated a more stable conformation eqeq than axax in relation to the trans isomer of 1.04 kcal.mol-1. This is due the greater strength of IHB CH...O with the phenyl group in equatorial position. In the cis isomer the conformation eqax it was more stable than axeq by 4.29 kcal.mol-1 because of greater strength of IHB CH...O and OH...O. The influence of the substituent in the trans isomer werevery significant to reduces diaxial conformer of 15% to 1% with the NO2 group and increases to 44% with N(CH3)2 group. Finally the NBO analysis and the determination of atomic charges showed low electron density of the ortho hydrogen indicating IHB CH...O.

Capes / Este trabalho teve por objetivos a síntese dos isômeros cis e trans do acetal 2-fenil-5-hidróxi-1,3-dioxano (FHD), e o estudo dos equilíbrios conformacionais por cálculos teóricos. A metodologia experimental consistiu na produção dos acetais através da reação de acetalisação do glicerol com benzaldeído em meio ácido. A separação dos isômeros do FHD promoveu-se por cromatografia de camada fina e em coluna. No estudo teórico as conformações iniciais tiveram suas geometrias otimizadas e comparadas as posições otimizadas com as estruturas semelhantes do 4-fenilcicloexanol (FCO). As superfícies de energias potenciais (PES) foram construídas pelos giros de 10 em 10º dos diedros C7-C8-C2-O1 referente ao anel aromático e ao diedro C4-C5-O13-H25 da hidroxila. A influência de diferentes substituintes nos equilíbrios conformacionais foi determinada através da inserção dos seguintes grupos na posição meta do anel aromático: NO2, CHO, CF3, Cl, F, CH3, OCH3, OH, NH2 e N(CH3)2. Também foram realizados os estudos de NBO e a determinação das cargas atômicas pelos métodos Mulliken, NBO e APT. Nos cálculos teóricos foi utilizado o método B3LYP na função de base 6-311G++(d,p). Os resultados experimentais indicaram que com o eluente hexano/acetona na proporção 1:1 foi possível isolar os isômeros cis e trans do FHD. Quanto ao estudo teórico, a otimização das conformações mostrou a presença das ligações de hidrogênio intramoleculares (LHI) O-H...O entre o hidrogênio da hidroxila e os oxigênios do dioxano, e a existência das inéditas LHI C-H...O entre os hidrogênios orto do anel aromático e os oxigênios do dioxano. A otimização das geometrias e as PES indicaram uma maior estabilização da conformação eqeq em relação ao axax do isômero trans de 1,04 kcal.mol-1, devido a maior força das LHI C-H...O com o fenil na equatorial. No isômero cis a conformação eqax apresentou ser mais estável do que a axeq em 4,29 kcal.mol-1 motivada pela maior força das LHI C-H...O e O-H...O. A influência dos substituintes no isômero trans foi muito significativa a ponto de atingir-se uma redução na proporção da conformação diaxial de 15% para 1% com o substituinte NO2 e um aumento para 44% com o grupo N(CH3)2. Por fim as análises de NBO e a determinação das cargas atômicas mostraram a baixa densidade eletrônica dos hidrogênios orto que favorecem a formação das LHI C-H...O / This work aimed to the synthesis cis and trans isomers of the 2-phenyl-5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxane (PHD) acetal and the study of conformational equilibria by theoretical calculations. Acetals were prepared by acetalization reaction of glycerol with benzaldehyde under acidic conditions. The isomers separations were promoted by thin layer and column chromatography. In the theoretical study the initial conformations were optimized and theirs geometries were compared with the optimized structures of similar 4-phenylcyclohexanol (PCO). The potential energy surfaces (PES) were made by turn dihedral angle C7-C8-C2-O1 and C4-C5-O13-H25 by 10 in 10 degrees to 360o. The influence of substituent on conformational equilibrium were determined by inserting the groups NO2, CHO, CF3, Cl, F, CH3, OCH3, OH, NH2 and N(CH3)2 at the meta position of the aromatic ring. Studies were also performed with NBO and by atomic charges determination using Mulliken, NBO, and APT methods. Theoretical calculations were made using B3LYP method and 6-311++G(d, p) basis function. Experimental results indicated that was possible isolate the cis and trans isomers of PHD with hexane/acetone 1:1. As for the theoretical study, the optimization of the conformations showed the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds (IHB) OH...O between the hydroxyl hydrogen and oxygen of dioxane. It was observed the existence of unpublished IHB CH...O between the ortho hydrogen of aromatic ring and dioxane oxygen. The optimization of geometries and PES indicated a more stable conformation eqeq than axax in relation to the trans isomer of 1.04 kcal.mol-1. This is due the greater strength of IHB CH...O with the phenyl group in equatorial position. In the cis isomer the conformation eqax it was more stable than axeq by 4.29 kcal.mol-1 because of greater strength of IHB CH...O and OH...O. The influence of the substituent in the trans isomer werevery significant to reduces diaxial conformer of 15% to 1% with the NO2 group and increases to 44% with N(CH3)2 group. Finally the NBO analysis and the determination of atomic charges showed low electron density of the ortho hydrogen indicating IHB CH...O.

Fördersysteme mit thermoplastischen Kunststoffketten gehören zu den wichtigsten intralogistischen Transportsystemen in Produktions- und Distributionseinrichtungen. Die spezifischen Materialeigenschaften ermöglichen dabei eine enorme Gestaltungsvielfalt sowie einen energieeffizienten und in der Regel schmierungsfreien Betrieb. Bei der Gestaltung der Ketten sowie der Förderanlagen erfährt die Verbesserung der Ressourcen- und Umwelteffizienz zur Verringerung des CO2-Fußabdrucks zunehmende Bedeutung. Dabei werden mithilfe von Ökobilanzen alle relevanten Prozesse bei der Herstellung, dem Betrieb sowie der End-of-Life Phase der Anlagen bewertet. Ökologische Nachhaltigkeit beginnt demnach bereits in der Designphase der Ketten, in der u. a. wesentliche Voraussetzungen für die Verwendung von Rezyklaten oder ein späteres stoffliches Recycling gelegt werden. Nach einer möglichst langen, verschleißarmen Betriebsphase mit geringem Stromverbrauch wird die stoffliche Wiederaufbereitung der Förderketten angestrebt. Aktuelle Untersuchungen zeigen am Beispiel von POM-Ketten die damit verbundenen Herausforderungen hinsichtlich Degradation und Verunreinigung, aber auch die Möglichkeiten von Post-Consumer-Rezyklaten zur Herstellung neuer Förderketten im Sinne einer Kreislaufwirtschaft.

There are two sections to this research dissertation. Part one includes syntheses of fused-ring heterocycles derived from thiazole, oxazole, benzoxazole and benzothiazole derivatives and trifluoroacetylations of in situ generated N-methyl cyclic ketene-N,O/Sacetals. Attempted functionalized polymer syntheses from plant-derived 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural are discussed in part two. Three 2-methylthiazoles, 2,4,5-trimethyloxazole, 2-methylbenzoxazole and 2- methyl-benzothiazole were each reacted with benzoyl chloride in acetonitrile/triethylamine to generate benzyl-vinyl esters. Base hydrolysis of these benzyl-vinyl esters formed 2-(heterocyclic)-1-phenylethenols which exist in both ketoenol tautomeric forms. These tautomers were used as starting materials for fused-ring heterocycle syntheses. Each tautomeric pair react with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in methanol giving the 5,6-ringused 8-benzoyl-5-oxo-5H-thiazolo-, 8-benzoyl-5-oxo-5H-oxazolo-, 4-benzoyl-1-oxo-1H-benzo[4,5]oxazolo- and 4-benzoyl-1-oxo-1H-benzo[4,5]thiazolo [3,2-a]pyridinecarboxylate derivatives. Two novel 5,7-ringused 9-benzoyl-2,3- dimethyl-5,6-dihydrothiazolo- and 9-benzoyl-2,3-dimethyl-5,6-dihydrooxazolo[3,2-a] azepine-5,6,7,8-tetracarboxylates formed when the tautomers formed from 2,4,5- trimethyl thiazole and 2,4,5-trimethyl oxazole were reacted with DMADC. These tautomers react with 1,3-diacid chlorides in acetonitrile/triethylamine affording the 5,6-ringused 8-benzoyl-6,6-dialkyl-6H-thiazolo- and 8-benzoyl-6,6- dimethy-6H-oxazolo-, 4-benzoyl-2,2-dimethyl-1H-benzo[4,5]thiazolo- and 4-benzoyl- 2,2-dimethyl-1H-benzo[4,5]oxazolo[3,2,-a]pyridinedione derivatives. Functionalized 5,6- ringused 8-benzoyl-6H-thiazolo- and 8-benzoyl-6H-oxazolo[3,2]pyrimidine-5,7- diones, and 4-benzoyl-1H-benzo[4,5]thiazolo- and 4-benzoyl-1H-benzo[4,5]oxazolo[3,2- c]pyrimidine-1,3(2H)-diones formed reacting the tautomers with N-chlorocarbonyl isocyanate in THF/triethylamine. Significant ring size and substituent effects were observed in trifluoroacetylations of in situ-generated cyclic ketene-N,O/S acetals. In situ-generated 3,4,4-trimethyl-2- methylene-oxazolidine, 3-methyl-2-methylene-oxazolidine and 3-methyl-2-methylene- 1,3-oxazinane each formed β,β-bistrifluoroacetylated products. However, 3-methyl-2- methylene-oxazolidine also afforded a γ-lactam by an iodide-catalyzed rearrangement of its β,β-bistrifluoroacetylated derivative. In situ-generated 3-methyl-2-methylenethiazolidine gave both β-mono- and β,β-bistrifluoroacetylation products. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural synthesized from sucrose was converted to 2,5- bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (2,5-BHMF). 7-Oxanorbornene-type Diels-Alder adducts synthesized from 2,5-BHMF were used as monomers for both ring opening metathesis polymerizations (ROMPs) and polycondensations. ROMP, followed by polycondensation or vise versa were expected to give highly functionalized cross-linked polymers. ROMP of the monomers using three Grubbs’ 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation catalysts were unsuccessful due to the presence of hydroxymethyl groups at one or both bridgeheads that could coordinate Ruthenium. With one bridgehead methyl present ROMP proceeded. Low molecular weight polyesters were synthesized via polycondensation. One was crosslinked using ROMP, but not to its gel point.

Der Werkstoff Polyoxymethylen (POM) wird vielfach für mechanisch und tribologisch beanspruchte Bauteile eingesetzt. Anders als bei Verpackungsmitteln findet eine Wiederaufbereitung dieses technischen Kunststoffs praktisch nur in Form von Verarbeitungsabfällen (Pre-Consumer-Abfälle) statt, verschlissene oder ausgesonderte POMBauteile werden in der Regel im Restmüll entsorgt. Im Beitrag wird gezeigt, dass trotz vielfach unbekannter Materialzusammensetzung und Belastungsvorgeschichte ein Recycling von gebrauchten POM-Bauteilen gut möglich ist. Experimentelle Untersuchungen von Mischungen aus Post-Consumer-Abfällen zeigten, dass das Mahlgut unterschiedlicher POM-Typen kompatibel verarbeitbar ist und dass daraus hergestellte Bauteile nur moderate Eigenschaftsverluste aufweisen.