in English The concise summary of literary information about bilirubin and its structure derivative ranarubin is the topic of this thesis. The experimental part is dedicated to investigation of some properties of this substances and their comparison. The rate of degradation and acid- base behaviour was monitored under the laboratory conditions using capillary zone electrophoresis. The results point to differences in their behaviour.

Studies were undertaken to investigate if gastric acidity and iron chelation to a meat component enhance nonheme iron absorption. Cereal meals, with and without added proteins, were gavaged into iron-deficient rats. The role of iron chelation was investigated by adding sodium phytate, an iron chelator implicated with decreased iron absorption, to the meals. The role of gastric acidity was investigated by treating the rats with cimetidine, which inhibits gastric acid production. In rats with normal acid production, beef, pork and chicken enhanced iron absorption when phytate had been added to the meals, suggesting a role for chelation in meat enhancement of iron absorption. However, the enhancement by beef and pork was insignificant in cimetidine-treated rats given the cereal + phytate meals, indicating that gastric acid production also plays a role in meat enhancement of iron absorption. Fish and egg white were sometimes inhibitory to iron absorption and, therefore, did not fit the pattern of enhancement demonstrated by beef, pork, and chicken. In a separate experiment, gastric acidity was not directly altered by the protein source included with cereal meals. No significant effects of the various proteins on iron absorption from cereal + phytate meals were observed in a final experiment involving iron-replete rats. In vitro iron solubilizing capacity of beef, pork, chicken, and egg white was positively correlated with enhanced iron absorption by iron-deficient rats. Studies were performed to 1) investigate if ferric iron bound in complex with iron-solubilizing meat components is absorbable, 2) compare the relative iron-solubilizing capacity of meats, and 3) investigate the physicochemical and compositional characteristics of the meat components responsible for the iron solubilizing capability of meat. Iron-solubilizing components of beef were isolated from pH 2 HCl homogenates into dialysis bags (MWCO, 6-8 K). Radiolabelled iron complexes were then generated using ferric iron and either the ILC (isolated low-molecular-weight components) from undigested beef or ascorbate. The bioavailabilities of radioiron in these complexes or as ferric iron were measured as radioiron absorption into the blood one hour after injection into ligated duodenal loops of rats. Iron absorption values were ascorbate-ferrous complexes > beef ILC-ferric complexes > ferric iron (p < .05). In separate experiments, ILC from 0.1 g of various dietary protein sources (beef, pork, chicken, fish, or egg white) were added to 400 μg ferric iron in pH 2 HCl, the pH raised to 7.2, and soluble iron determined in the supernatant after centrifugation at 2,500 g for 10 min. Iron solubilizing capabilities of ILC were pork > beef > chicken > fish > egg white (p < .05). In a final series of experiments, the compositional and physicochemical characteristics of the ILC from the various dietary proteins were investigated.

Des silice-alumines (SA) avec des propriétés acides améliorées et une fraction plus élevée d’aluminium acides ont été préparées en utilisant deux stratégies de synthèse. Leurs propriétés texturales ont été étudiées par physisorption de N2 et leurs propriétés acides par suivi FTIR de l’adsorption de molécules sondes (pyridine ou CO). Par ailleurs, la réaction d’isomérisation du 33DMB1 a été utilisée pour caractériser leurs performances catalytiques et leurs propriétés acides. La première stratégie de synthèse a été de désaluminer des silice-alumines commerciales avec de l’acetylacetone ou de l’acide citrique (CA). CA est plus actif et plus sélectif que Acac et permet de retirer jusqu’à 87% des Al initialement présents tout en augmentant la quantité de sites acides (jusqu’à 41%) et en multipliant par 5 la fraction d’Al acides. La seconde stratégie a été de greffé des précurseurs d’aluminium (Al(OPri)xL3-x, TIBA, DiBAH) sur des silices. Toutes les SA obtenues par greffage présentent une activité catalytique plus élevées que les SA commerciales et la zéolithe, mais seules certaines de SA obtenues par greffage de DiBAH ont des sites acides de Bronsted forts. Des SA représentatives de ces deux séries ont été caractérisées par RMN, avec comme objectif d’étudier la structure des sites acides en utilisant des séquences RMN 1D et 2D, homo- et héteronucléaires impliquant 1H et 27Al. Cette étude a mis en évidence: (i) la présence, pour la plupart des SA, de deux phases, l’une d’alumine, l’autre de silice alumine (27Al DQ-SQ NMR); (ii) une localisation des atomes d’Al près de la surface sur la base de leur flexibilité de coordination 27Al NMR (DP and 3Q MAS); (iii) l’implication possible des AlV (en plus des AlIV) dans les sites acides de Bronsted (27Al-1H D-HMQC 2D NMR); (iv) la probable différence de structure des sites acides des SA par rapport à ceux des zéolithes (1H-27Al REAPDOR). / ASAs with enhanced acidity and a higher fraction of acidic Al were prepared by two experimental strategies. Their textures have been investigated by N2 adsorption–desorption and their acidic properties by FTIR of adsorbed probe molecule (pyridine or CO). Besides, isomerization of 33DMB1 was selected as model reaction to check their activity and characterize their acidity. The first strategy is based on dealumination of commercial ASAs with acetylacetone (Acac) or citric acid (CA). CA is superior to Acac for selective dealumination. It allows removing up to 87% of Al, increases total acidity up to 41%, and fraction of acidic Al by a 5 fold factor. The second strategy is based on the grafting Al precursor (Al(OPri)xL3-x, TIBA, DiBAH) on silica. All the grafted ASAs display better performance for 33DMB1 isomerization than commercial ASA and zeolite, but strong Brønsted acid sites are observed solely for some DiBAH derived samples. Representative samples of these two series were selected as model ASAs for advanced NMR characterization, with the purpose to investigate the structure of acid sites by a combination of one and two-dimensional homo- and heteronuclear 1H and 27Al NMR. On most ASAs, two separate phases are present: alumina and silica-alumina (27Al DQ-SQ NMR). Localization of most of the Al atoms was evidenced based on the flexibility of their coordination (27Al NMR DP and 3Q MAS). Brønsted acidity may be associated with both AlIV and AlV (27Al-1H D-HMQC 2D NMR) but the structure of these sites is probably different from those of zeolites (1H-27Al REAPDOR).

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21164号 / 農博第2290号 / 新制||農||1060(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5138(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 舟川 晋也, 教授 縄田 栄治, 教授 北山 兼弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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<p> Acid rain continues to be a major environmental problem. Canada has been monitoring indicators of acid rain in various ecosystems since the 1970s. This project focuses on the analysis of a selected subset of data generated by the Turkey Lakes Watershed (TLW) monitoring program from 1980 to 1997. TLW consists of a series of connected lakes where 6 monitoring stations are strategically located to measure the input from an upper stream lake into a down stream lake. Segment regression models with AR(1) errors and unknown point of change are used to summarize the data. Relative likelihood based methods are applied to estimate the point of change. For pH, all the regression parameters except autocorrelation have been found to change significantly between the model segments. This was not the case for SO4 2- where a single model was found to be adequate. In addition pH has been found to have a moderate increasing trend and pronounced seasonality while SO4 2- showed a dramatic decreasing trend but little seasonality. Multivariate dimension reduction methods are used to provide an overall graphical summary of the changes in TLW water system. We also report the result of applying segment regression for the analysis of first two principal components in selected stations. The results show that the efforts of the Canadian and US governments to reduce the emission of SO2 have been successful in controlling the acid rain problem in Eastern Canada. The project ends with suggestions for various extensions of the present work.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Kombucha is a fermented tea beverage consumed for its probiotics and functional properties and has a unique sensory profile driven by the properties of tea polyphenols and fermentation products, including organic acids. Fermentation temperature and sucrose content affect the fermentation process and the production of organic acids, yet less is known about the impact on the sensory profile and consumer acceptance. Thus, we aim to examine the impact of sucrose concentration and fermentation temperature on sensory attributes and liking. For this study, kombucha tea was fermented at three different concentrations of sucrose and fermented at two temperatures for 11 days. Fermentation was monitored by pH, brix, and titratable acidity, and consumers (n=104) evaluated the kombucha for sensory attributes and overall liking. Fermentation temperature resulted in significant differences in titratable acidity, with higher temperatures producing more organic acids, resulting in higher astringency, and suppressed sweetness. The lower fermentation was reported as significantly more liked, with no difference in liking between the 7.5% and 10% sucrose kombucha samples. Overall, sucrose concentration had less of an impact on overall liking, and the sensory profile and fermentation temperature, which drives the fermentation rate and production of organic acids, strongly influenced the sensory profile.

Rice is a staple crop for many countries around the world, and is one of the top three food sources globally. Many environments where rice is grown contain stressors likely to limit its growth and yield. In southern Senegal (Casamance region), rice is mainly cultivated in lowlands near estuaries where drought, salinity, acidity, poor soil fertility, and iron toxicity are the main limiting factors. In Casamance, average rice yield for local farmers is 1 to 2 tons per hectare (809 to 1618 pounds per acre), compared to worldwide average yield of more than 4 tons per hectare. The soil where our 2-year experiment (2014 and 2015) was conducted is highly saline-sodic and acidic, and the salt tolerant cultivar we grew yielded 3.4 tons per hectare in 2013. Our main objective was to increase rice yield. The water table height, salinity, and pH were measured weekly during the rice growing season, and the soil was described, sampled, and analyzed to better understand the water and soil resources. Two planting methods were tested: flat planting and planting on beds. Two soil amendments were compared with each planting method: biochar and crushed oyster shells, alone and in combination. An untreated control was included in the experiment. All plots were fertilized. Treatment effects on soil properties and yield were compared in a split-plot design. Plant tissue was sampled for elemental content. The water table was above the surface and was saline during half of the growing season in 2014, and decreased after rice grain head emerged. Planting methods and amendments did not have an effect on yield in 2014, but biochar amendment increased yield in 2015. In 2014, soil salinity and sodium decreased to below toxic levels late in the growing season in the flat plots but not in the bedded plots. Therefore, flat planting is more appropriate in these lowland rice production systems. Soil pH increased from 4.4 to 7.7 in flat planting where biochar+shell was applied. Soil available nutrients such as P, Mn, and Zn were significantly higher in flat planting compared to beds. Toxic levels of Na (> 2000 milligrams per kilogram) were measured in leaves sampled just before flowering. We recommend flat planting and amending soil with biochar in saline-sodic acid-sulfate paddy soils in Casamance to improve rice yield. / Master of Science