Two trials were conducted to evaluate effects of grain adaptation protocol on subacute acidosis, feeding behaviour and ADG of cattle. In trial one, 12 crossbred heifers (384 ¡À 25 kg) were stepped from 40% to 90% dietary concentrate by either rapid adaptation (RA; one step-up diet fed for 3 d) or by gradual adaptation (GA; five step-up diets fed for 3 d each). Mean daily ruminal pH variables did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatments but variances of a number of ruminal pH variables were greater (P < 0.05) for RA than GA during adaptation to 65% and 90% concentrate. Mean hourly pH did not differ over the first 24 h of adaptation to 65% concentrate, but variance of hourly pH tended (P < 0.10) to be greater for RA than GA for eight of the first 24 h of adaptation to 90% concentrate. Increased variance in ruminal pH parameters was associated with detection of acidosis in certain individuals. On d 1 of 90% concentrate, ruminal pH tended (P = 0.07) to be lower at 11 and 12 h post-feeding with RA than with GA. Ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFA) and osmolality were similar between treatments. In trial two, 120 crossbred heifers (366 ¡À 23 kg) were adapted from 40% to 90% concentrate. A protocol identical to trial one was used with the addition of moderate adaptation (MA; three step-up diets fed for 3 d each). The increase to 65% concentrate caused reduced daily bunk attendance and increased maximum intermeal interval for RA compared to MA and GA cattle but the increase to 90% did not. ADG was reduced for RA compared to MA or GA during adaptation but over day 1 to 69 ADG did not differ between treatments (P ¡Ý 0.41). Current management strategies for preventing acidosis in pens of cattle are based on responses of the most susceptible individuals. Improved understanding of individual responses to acidotic challenge may allow development of more effective acidosis prevention practices.

Organic acids, including L- and D-lactate, explain most but not the entire elevated anion gap in diarrhea-associated metabolic acidosis. Also, D-lactate has been implicated in the neurological symptoms associated with this condition. Less-common organic compounds may influence the anion gap and neurological symptoms. This research aimed to characterize and attempt to identify a previously unidentified compound, Compound X, first noted in diarrheic acidotic calves with elevated anion gap (Omole, 1999).<p> High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure Compound X in biological fluids from diarrheic and healthy calves; diarrheic piglets, foals, and human infants; and calves experimentally infused with saline or acid. Attempts were made to identify Compound X using HPLC with tandem and Fourier-transform mass spectrometry.<p> Compound X was significantly higher in diarrheic calf serum (p<0.001) and lower in feces (p<0.001) and rumen fluid (p<0.001) than those fluids from healthy calves. Compound X in serum from acid-infused calves (median peak area ratio = 1.5 1.9) was lower than that of diarrheic calves (median = 4.8) and only slightly greater than that of healthy calves (median = 1.2). Serum Compound X correlated with serum D-lactate in diarrheic and healthy calves combined; however, no such correlation was observed in acid-infused calves. Conversely, a relationship between Compound X and neurological disturbance was present in acid-infused calves, but not in diarrheic calves. In other species, Compound X was highest in diarrheic infants and lowest in diarrheic piglets. Although mass spectrometry and database library searches revealed several compounds as putative matches for Compound X, none of the compounds made sense within the context of acidosis and mammalian biological fluids. Therefore, the identity of Compound X remains unknown.<p> Compound X has been established as a ubiquitous compound(s) present in the biological fluids of mammals. Compound X may be a normal intestinal compound or bacterial metabolite that crosses the intestinal epithelium during diarrhea. In spite of this, Compound X was associated with the neurological manifestations of D-lactic acidosis. Compound X`s identity was not determined, and some reasons for this and future directions are discussed.

Missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations in the human anion exchanger 1 (AE1) have been associated with inherited distal renal tubular acidosis and hereditary spherocytosis. These two disorders are almost always mutually exclusive. However, we have recently found an unusual exception, i.e, a patient with complete distal renal tubular acidosis and severe hereditary spherocytosis. DNA sequencing revealed a novel mutation AE1 E522K (Band 3 Kaohsiung) combined with AE1 G701D mutation in this patient. We hypothesize these AE1 mutations cause these two disorders because of trafficking defect. To elucidate this hypothesis, we analyzed protein trafficking and subcellular location of AE1 and these mutants transfected into MDCK cells. Our results showed that they formed homodimers or heterodimers with each other. Homodimers of the wild-type and E522K mutant were localized at the plasma membrane, whereas the G701D mutant largely remained in the cytoplasm. On the other hand, heterodimers of either E522K or G701D and the wild-type AE1 were located in the plasma membrane, whereas E522K/G701D heterodimers remained in the cytoplasm. As for erythroid isoform of anion exchanger 1, analysis of protein trafficking and subcellular localization of the wild-type erythroid isoform of human anion exchanger 1 and these mutants transfected into k562 cells also showed that they can form homodimers or heterodimers with each other. Erythroid AE1 E522K/G701D cell-surface expression was significantly lower compared with WT homodimer expression. This result coincided with that erythroid AE1 of the patient¡¦s red cell membrane can be detected 28% that of normal control in immunoblotting. Our study shows that the compound E522K/G701D mutation of human anion exchanger 1 causes trafficking defects in kidney and red blood cell lines, and these may explain the complete distal renal tubular acidosis and hereditary spherocytosis of the patient.

This work helps to determine the extent of immune system involvement in the adaptive response to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in three parts. The first (Chapter 2) uses non-lactating cows to study specific changes in inflammatory protein expression in which SARA is created. The second (Chapter 3), uses the same model as Chapter 2. However, in this case, lactating cows are used to help establish the time course for adaptation to acidosis. The third part (Chapter 4) delineates the genomic changes that occur in the rumen epithelium when a therapeutic intervention is introduced using exogenous supplemental butyrate. In the first experiment, the expression of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins type IV collagen and laminin β1 decreased, and the monocarboxylate transporter MCT1, increased during the acidotic challenge. Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, NFATc2, and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) decreased while interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) increased during the experimental treatment period. Chapter 3 measured lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its carrier, LPS binding protein, LBP, which were found to be elevated due to SARA. Moreover, NFATc2 was reduced during this period. Exogenous butyrate resulted in increased plasma LBP, plasma beta hydroxyl butyrate (BHBA), and ruminal butyrate. Milk parameters (total protein and fat) were unaffected by treatment, as were rumen LPS, acetate, valerate, isovalerate, and isobutyrate. Moreover, exogenous butyrate increased gene transcription of genes involved in non-specific host defences (NHSD) such as mucin, and remodelling (RM), such as matrix metallopeptidase 16 (MMP16), and decreased the transcription of genes of the immune response (IR), such as nuclear factor kappa B2 (NFκB2). Together, these three experiments have demonstrated that although wound healing is mediated by the immune system in more severe models of epithelial damage, our model of SARA did not involve full-thickness, penetrating lesions and hence did not involve the systemic immune system to such a degree than was previously thought. In addition, we were able to demonstrate that the addition of butyrate to this model of grain-induced acidosis was beneficial, as it decreased the local inflammatory response and helped the epithelium adapt to its harsher environment. / Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the National Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC), the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA), the Canadian Dairy Commission (CDC), and the Dairy Farmers of Ontario (DFO).

Thesis (M.D.)--Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, 1970. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 284-298).

Thesis--University of Wisconsin. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-93).

Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2006. / Not embargoed. Vita. Bibliography: 29-32.

Orientador: Danilo Domingues Millen / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da restrição alimentar prévia ou exposição anterior a ingredientes concentrados sobre o tempo para adaptação à dietas de alto concentrado, sob os parâmetros da fermentação ruminal e o perfil de microrganismos ruminais de bovinos Nelore canulados confinados. Foram utilizados 6 bovinos da raça Nelore, castrados, com peso vivo inicial aproximado de 236 ± 23 kg, 15 meses de idade e canulados no rúmen, os quais foram divididos em dois quadrados latinos 3 x 3. Os tratamentos diferiram somente sobre o tipo de alimentação estabelecida previamente ao período de adaptação: Controle (forragem ad libitum + suplemento mineral); Restrição (forragem restrita a 1,4% do peso vivo + suplemento mineral) e Concentrado (forragem ad libitum + 0,5% do peso vivo de ingredientes concentrados e suplemento mineral). A duração deste estudo foi de 119 dias, sendo compostos por 3 períodos experimentais (33 dias cada período) e dois intervalos de washout (10 dias) entre os períodos 1 e 2, e 2 e 3. Os períodos foram divididos em: 14 dias de pré- adaptação, 6 dias de adaptação 1 (72% de concentrado), 6 dias de adaptação 2 (79% de concentrado) e 7 dias de dieta de terminação (86% de concentrado). O pH ruminal foi monitorado por meio da utilização de data loggers a cada 10 minutos. Foram avaliados a concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e amônia ruminal; a quantificação relativa das bactérias celulolíticas e utilizadoras de lactato por meio da técnica de PCR... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-04-27T20:47:45Z (GMT) / Submitted by Daniel Hideki Mariano Watanabe null (danielw@zootecnista.com.br) on 2016-04-27T23:32:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 007-2016 Daniel Hideki Mariano Watanabe+FR.pdf: 1625146 bytes, checksum: d1fbd0725047f84cb28be26a17d3b77a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-28T17:00:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 watanabe_dhm_me_dra.pdf: 1625146 bytes, checksum: d1fbd0725047f84cb28be26a17d3b77a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T17:00:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 watanabe_dhm_me_dra.pdf: 1625146 bytes, checksum: d1fbd0725047f84cb28be26a17d3b77a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-03 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da duração do período de adaptação à dieta de alto teor de concentrado sobre o desempenho, comportamento ingestivo, características de carcaça, saúde do rúmen e digestibilidade do amido, FDN e MS em bovinos Nelore e ½ Angus/Nelore terminados em confinamento. Setenta e dois bovinos machos (com 313,5 kg ± 24,5 em média), não castrados, 36 da raça Nelore e 36 ½ Angus/Nelore, provenientes de sistema de recria em pasto, foram aleatorizados e mantidos em 24 baias (3 animais por baia) de chão batido (24 m² e 2,0 m de cocho por animal), de acordo com os tratamentos: bovinos Nelore adaptados por 9 dias, bovinos Nelore adaptados por 14 dias, bovinos ½ Angus/Nelore adaptados por 9 dias, e bovinos ½ Angus/Nelore adaptados por 14 dias, constituindo-se assim delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 2 × 2 (2 grupos genéticos e 2 durações do período de adaptação) com medidas repetidas no tempo, as quais foram tomadas de acordo com a variável analisada. Cada tratamento foi composto por 6 baias, as quais foram consideradas as unidades experimentais neste estudo. Após 9 ou 14 dias de adaptação, os animais receberam a ração final com 86% de concentrado. No início do período experimental e a cada 28 dias todos os animais foram pesados. A IMS foi medida todos os dias, para então calcular-se ganho de peso diário e conversão alimentar. Da mesma forma, os animais foram submetidos a avaliações de ultrassonografia no início e no final do período de confinamento para avaliação da deposição de músculos e gordura na carcaça, sendo abatidos em frigorífico comercial após 89 dias de alimentação, alcançando peso vivo final médio de 446,2 kg. Amostras de epitélio ruminal e ração, sobra e fezes foram coletadas para avaliações de saúde ruminal e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, respectivamente. Animais ½ Angus/Nelore apresentaram melhor (P<0,05) desempenho produtivo, eficiência alimentar e características de carcaça que os da raça Nelore. Foi observado (P<0,05) interação para escore de rumenites, onde animais Nelore adaptados por 14 dias apresentaram o maior escore. Bovinos adaptados em 14 dias apresentaram (P<0,05) seleção contra às partículas maiores que 19,0 mm e seleção a favor das partículas menores que 1,18 mm. Animais adaptados por 9 dias apresentaram flutuação da IMS maior (P<0,05) que os adaptados em 14 dias durante o período de adaptação. Conclui-se que o tempo de adaptação mais seguro para adaptar ambos genótipos foi de 14 dias e que o genótipo de melhor desempenho para confinamento foi o ½ Angus/Nelore. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the length of adaptation period to high concentrate diets on performance, feeding behavior, carcass traits, rumen health and starch, NDF and DM digestibility of Nellore and ½ Angus/Nellore cattle finished in feedlot. Seventy-two yearling bulls (313.5 kg ± 24.5 on the average), 36 Nellore and 36 ½ Angus/Nellore, backgrounded on pasture were randomly allocated and kept in 24 pens (3 animals/pen) with concrete floor (24 m² and 2,0 m bunk per animal) according to the treatments: Nellore adapted for 9 days, Nellore adapted for 14 days, ½ Angus/Nellore adapted for 9 days, and ½ Angus/Nellore adapted for 14 days, characterizing a randomized block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (2 genotypes and 2 lengths of adaptation period) with repeated measures over time according to the dependent variable measured. Each treatment was composed by 6 pens which was considered the experimental unit to this study. After 9 or 14 days of adaptation, yearling bulls received the finishing diet containing 86% concentrate. At the beginning of experimental period and every 28 days, yearling bulls were weighted. Dry matter intake was measure every day, and average daily gain and feed efficiency were calculate. Likewise, the deposition of muscle and fat were evaluate by ultrasound at the beginning and at the end of the study where the yearling bulls were slaughter in a commercial abattoir after 89 days of feed reaching average live body weight of 446.2 kg. Samples of rumen epithelium, diet, refusals and feces were collected for analysis of rumen health, and nutrients digestibility, respectively. Animals ½ Angus/Nellore presented better (P<0.05) performance, feed efficiency and carcass traits than the Nellore. Interaction (P<0.05) to rumenitis was observed, where Nellore adapted in 14 days presented the higher score. Yearling bulls adapted in 14 days presented (P<0.05) selection against particles higher than 19.0 mm and selection in favor of the particles lower than 1,18 mm. Animals adapted in 9 days showed higher DMI variation (P<0.05) than the adapted in 14 days during the adaptation period. Thus, it is possible to concludes that the most security adaptation length to both genotypes is the 14 days and the better genotype to feedlot performance is the ½ Angus/Nellore. / FAPESP: 2013/21666-7

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No. of bitstreams: 1 pinto_acj_me_dra.pdf: 1876951 bytes, checksum: 27350a74dbe91c3eff974936da583047 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-20 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da restrição alimentar prévia ou exposição anterior a ingredientes concentrados sobre o tempo para adaptação à dietas de alto concentrado, sob os parâmetros da fermentação ruminal e o perfil de microrganismos ruminais de bovinos Nelore canulados confinados. Foram utilizados 6 bovinos da raça Nelore, castrados, com peso vivo inicial aproximado de 236 ± 23 kg, 15 meses de idade e canulados no rúmen, os quais foram divididos em dois quadrados latinos 3 x 3. Os tratamentos diferiram somente sobre o tipo de alimentação estabelecida previamente ao período de adaptação: Controle (forragem ad libitum + suplemento mineral); Restrição (forragem restrita a 1,4% do peso vivo + suplemento mineral) e Concentrado (forragem ad libitum + 0,5% do peso vivo de ingredientes concentrados e suplemento mineral). A duração deste estudo foi de 119 dias, sendo compostos por 3 períodos experimentais (33 dias cada período) e dois intervalos de washout (10 dias) entre os períodos 1 e 2, e 2 e 3. Os períodos foram divididos em: 14 dias de pré- adaptação, 6 dias de adaptação 1 (72% de concentrado), 6 dias de adaptação 2 (79% de concentrado) e 7 dias de dieta de terminação (86% de concentrado). O pH ruminal foi monitorado por meio da utilização de data loggers a cada 10 minutos. Foram avaliados a concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e amônia ruminal; a quantificação relativa das bactérias celulolíticas e utilizadoras de lactato por meio da técnica de PCR e a contabilidade total e diferencial de protozoários (0,4,8 e 12 horas após o trato). Os animais restritos, na fase de adaptação, tiveram maior concentração de AGCC (P< 0,01), maior duração de pH abaixo de 6,2 (P<0,01) e menor pH máximo nos dias 15 e 16 (P≤ 0,10) em relação ao tratamento controle. Na fase de terminação, esses animais tiveram menor CMS (P=0,02), maior pH médio e menor área de pH abaixo de 6,2 (P≤0,10) em relação ao tratamento controle. Os animais expostos previamente ao concentrado, na fase de adaptação, tiveram menor concentração de butirato e NH3 ruminal (P≤0,10) em relação ao tratamento controle. Apresentaram também menor quantidade relativa de Fibrobacter succinogenes (P=0,10) e maior CMS (P<0,01) em relação ao controle. Já na fase de terminação o CMS não teve diferença significativa em relação ao tratamento controle. Os animais que passaram por restrição alimentar ou por exposição de concentrado na fase de pré-adaptação apresentam características ruminais semelhantes durante a fase a terminação aos animais em forragem ad libitum. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet restriction or prior exposure to concentrate ingredientes prior to the adaption period to high concentrate diet on parameters ruminal fermentation patterns and ruminal microorganisms profile of cannulated Nellore cattle. Six Nelore steers was used, with initial body weight about 350 kg, 20 months and cannulated in the rumen, which will be divided into two Latin squares 3 x 3. The treatments differed only with respect to the type of diets prior to the adaptation period: Control (forage ad libitum + mineral supplement); Restriction (forage restricted to 1.4% of body weight + mineral supplement) and concentrate (forage ad libitum + 0.5% of the body weight of concentrated ingredients + mineral supplement). The study was last 119 days, in which animals was submitted to three experimental periods (33 days each one) and two washout intervals (10 days) between the periods 1 and 2, 2 and 3; each period was divided as follows: 14 days of pre-adaptation, 6 days of adaptation 1 (72% concentrate), 6 days of adaptation 2 (79% concentrate) and 7 days of finishing diet (88% concentrate). The rumen pH and temperature was be monitored through the use of data loggers it was evaluated the rumen production of short chain fatty acids and ammonia concentration; the relative quantification of cellulolytic, amylolytic and lactate bacteria utilizing PCR and total and differential quantification of protozoa. Thus, the hypothesis is to test if Nelore cattle exposed to feed restriction or comsuption of concentrate ingredientes prior to the adaptation period present same rumen fermentation patters and microrganism profile when compared to animals of control treatment in the finish diet. Restricted animals, in the adaptation phase, had a higher concentration of SCFA (P<0.01), a higher duration of pH below 6.2 (P <0.01) and lower maximum pH on days 15 and 16 (P≤ 0.10) in relation to the control treatment. In the finish diet, these animals had lower DMI (P = 0.02), higher mean pH and lower pH area below 6.2 (P≤0.10) in relation to the control treatment. The animals previously exposed to the concentrate in the adaptation diet had a lower concentration of butyrate and ruminal NH3 (P≤0.10) in relation to the control treatment. They also presented lower amount of Fibrobacter succinogenes (P = 0.10) and higher DMI (P <0.01) in relation to the control. In the termination diet the DMI did not affect in relation to the control treatment. Cattle previously submitted to either nutricional restriction or intake of concentrate have similar ruminal characteristics during the finishing diet of the animals in control treatment. / 2016/04262-8