Originally developed in the 1970s for the optimal control of systems governed by partial differential equations, the adjoint method has found several successful applications, e.g., in meteorology with large-scale 3D or 4D atmospheric data assimilation schemes, for carbon cycle data assimilation in biogeochemistry and climate research, or in oceanographic modelling with efficient adjoint codes of ocean general circulation models. Despite the variety of applications in these research fields, adjoint methods have only very recently drawn attention from the ocean acoustics community. In ocean acoustic tomography and geoacoustic inversion, where the inverse problem is to recover unknown acoustic properties of the water column and the seabed from acoustic transmission data, the solution approaches are typically based on travel time inversion or standard matched-field processing in combination with metaheuristics for global optimization. In order to complement the adjoint schemes already in use in meteorology and oceanography with an ocean acoustic component, this thesis is concerned with the development of the adjoint of a full-field acoustic propagation model for shallow water environments. In view of the increasing importance of global ocean observing systems such as the European Seas Observatory Network, the Arctic Ocean Observing System and Maritime Rapid Environmental Assessment (MREA) systems for defence and security applications, the adjoint of an ocean acoustic propagation model can become an integral part of a coupled oceanographic and acoustic data assimilation scheme in the future. Given the acoustic pressure field measured on a vertical hydrophone array and a modelled replica field that is calculated for a specific parametrization of the environment, the developed adjoint model backpropagates the mismatch (residual) between the measured and predicted field from the receiver array towards the source. The backpropagated error field is then converted into an estimate of the exact gradient of the objective function with respect to any of the relevant physical parameters of the environment including the sound speed structure in the water column and densities, compressional/shear sound speeds, and attenuations of the sediment layers and the sub-bottom halfspace. The resulting environmental gradients can be used in combination with gradient descent methods such as conjugate gradient, or Newton-type optimization methods tolocate the error surface minimum via a series of iterations. This is particularly attractive for monitoring slowly varying environments, where the gradient information can be used to track the environmental parameters continuously over time and space. In shallow water environments, where an accurate treatment of the acoustic interaction with the bottom is of outmost importance for a correct prediction of the sound field, and field data are often recorded on non-fully populated arrays, there is an inherent need for observation over a broad range of frequencies. For this purpose, the adjoint-based approach is generalized for a joint optimization across multiple frequencies and special attention is devoted to regularization methods that incorporate additional information about the desired solution in order to stabilize the optimization process. Starting with an analytical formulation of the multiple-frequency adjoint approach for parabolic-type approximations, the adjoint method is progressively tailored in the course of the thesis towards a realistic wide-angle parabolic equation propagation model and the treatment of fully nonlocal impedance boundary conditions. A semi-automatic adjoint generation via modular graph approach enables the direct inversion of both the geoacoustic parameters embedded in the discrete nonlocal boundary condition and the acoustic properties of the water column. Several case studies based on environmental data obtained in Mediterranean shallow waters are used in the thesis to assess the capabilities of adjoint-based acoustic inversion for different experimental configurations, particularly taking into account sparse array geometries and partial depth coverage of the water column. The numerical implementation of the approach is found to be robust, provided that the initial guesses are not too far from the desired solution, and accurate, and converges in a small number of iterations. During the multi-frequency optimization process, the evolution of the control parameters displays a parameter hierarchy which clearly relates to the relative sensitivity of the acoustic pressure field to the physical parameters. The actual validation of the adjoint-generated environmental gradients for acoustic monitoring of a shallow water environment is based on acoustic and oceanographic data from the Yellow Shark '94 and the MREA '07 sea trials, conducted in the Tyrrhenian Sea, south of the island of Elba. Starting from an initial guess of the environmental control parameters, either obtained through acoustic inversion with global search or supported by archival in-situ data, the adjoint method provides an efficient means to adjust local changes with a couple of iterations and monitor the environmental properties over a series of inversions. In this thesis the adjoint-based approach is used, e.g., to fine-tune up to eight bottom geoacoustic parameters of a shallow-water environment and to track the time-varying sound speed profile in the water column. In the same way the approach can be extended to track the spatial water column and bottom structure using a mobile network of sparse arrays. Work is currently being focused on the inclusion of the adjoint approach into hybrid optimization schemes or ensemble predictions, as an essential building block in a combined ocean acoustic data assimilation framework and the subsequent validation of the acoustic monitoring capabilities with long-term experimental data in shallow water environments.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:06:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 boschi_ls_dr_prud.pdf: 3170628 bytes, checksum: e8c33fe726b1f0ca366ff51cc7177d42 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As plantas aquáticas têm um papel fundamental no equilíbrio dos ambientes aquáticos e importância crucial no fornecimento de alimento e refúgio para animais. Porém, seu crescimento desequilibrado pode obstruir canais, represas e reservatórios e reduzir a disponibilidade de água para uso humano. No que se refere a plantas aquáticas submersas, a utilização de medidas de controle torna-se mais complexa, face à dificuldade em mapear e quantificar volumetricamente as áreas de infestação. Nessas situações, considera-se que a combinação de dados georreferenciados oriundos de sensores baseados tanto na energia eletromagnética do espectro óptico, como em sinais acústicos, possibilite o mapeamento e mensuração dessas áreas, auxiliando na elaboração de propostas de manejo sustentáveis para esse tipo de vegetação aquática. Assim, o presente trabalho prevê a utilização integrada de dados ópticos e acústicos, para estimar o biovolume de plantas aquáticas submersas. As análises foram conduzidas a partir de dados obtidos em três levantamentos ecobatimétricos e espectrorradiométricos (abril de 2010, novembro de 2010 e janeiro de 2011) realizados em uma área de estudos localizada no Rio Paraná, caracterizada pela dificuldade de navegação, e para a qual foi adquirida a imagem World View-2 em dezembro de 2010. A correlação entre biovolume de plantas aquáticas submersas e valores de brilho registrados em bandas do espectro óptico visível da imagem World View-2 foi menor que 60%, inviabilizando a utilização dos dados espectrais para espacialização do biovolume... / Aquatic plants are fundamental for the balance of opened aquatic environments and crucial in providing food and shelter for animals. However, its unbalanced growing can clog channels, dams and reservoirs, reducing water availability for human use. In the case of submerged aquatic vegetation, the use of control actions becomes more complex due to the difficulty in mapping and volumetrically quantifying the areas of infestation. In these situations, it is considered that georeferenced data – originated both in sensors based on electromagnetic energy of the optical spectrum and acoustic signals – allow the mapping and measuring of these areas, helping to create proposals for the sustainable management of this type of aquatic vegetation. This work uses optical and acoustic data integration method for estimating the biovolume of submerged aquatic vegetation and performing the biovolume mapping. The analysis was performed by using data from three hydroacoustic and spectroradiometer surveys – April 2010, November 2010, and January 2011 – carried out in a test area located in the Paraná River, characterized by the difficulty of navigation. A World View-2 image of this area was acquired in December 2010 to be used in this work. The correlation between the biovolume of submerged aquatic vegetation and brightness values recorded in the visible optical spectrum bands was less than 60%, precluding the use of spectral data for spatial distribution of biovolume through the adjustment of a regression... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Maria de Lourdes Bueno Trindade Galo / Banca: João Fernando Custódio da Silva / Banca: Nilton Nobuhiro Imai / Banca: Cláudio Clemente Faria Barbosa / Resumo: As plantas aquáticas têm um papel fundamental no equilíbrio dos ambientes aquáticos e importância crucial no fornecimento de alimento e refúgio para animais. Porém, seu crescimento desequilibrado pode obstruir canais, represas e reservatórios e reduzir a disponibilidade de água para uso humano. No que se refere a plantas aquáticas submersas, a utilização de medidas de controle torna-se mais complexa, face à dificuldade em mapear e quantificar volumetricamente as áreas de infestação. Nessas situações, considera-se que a combinação de dados georreferenciados oriundos de sensores baseados tanto na energia eletromagnética do espectro óptico, como em sinais acústicos, possibilite o mapeamento e mensuração dessas áreas, auxiliando na elaboração de propostas de manejo sustentáveis para esse tipo de vegetação aquática. Assim, o presente trabalho prevê a utilização integrada de dados ópticos e acústicos, para estimar o biovolume de plantas aquáticas submersas. As análises foram conduzidas a partir de dados obtidos em três levantamentos ecobatimétricos e espectrorradiométricos (abril de 2010, novembro de 2010 e janeiro de 2011) realizados em uma área de estudos localizada no Rio Paraná, caracterizada pela dificuldade de navegação, e para a qual foi adquirida a imagem World View-2 em dezembro de 2010. A correlação entre biovolume de plantas aquáticas submersas e valores de brilho registrados em bandas do espectro óptico visível da imagem World View-2 foi menor que 60%, inviabilizando a utilização dos dados espectrais para espacialização do biovolume... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Aquatic plants are fundamental for the balance of opened aquatic environments and crucial in providing food and shelter for animals. However, its unbalanced growing can clog channels, dams and reservoirs, reducing water availability for human use. In the case of submerged aquatic vegetation, the use of control actions becomes more complex due to the difficulty in mapping and volumetrically quantifying the areas of infestation. In these situations, it is considered that georeferenced data - originated both in sensors based on electromagnetic energy of the optical spectrum and acoustic signals - allow the mapping and measuring of these areas, helping to create proposals for the sustainable management of this type of aquatic vegetation. This work uses optical and acoustic data integration method for estimating the biovolume of submerged aquatic vegetation and performing the biovolume mapping. The analysis was performed by using data from three hydroacoustic and spectroradiometer surveys - April 2010, November 2010, and January 2011 - carried out in a test area located in the Paraná River, characterized by the difficulty of navigation. A World View-2 image of this area was acquired in December 2010 to be used in this work. The correlation between the biovolume of submerged aquatic vegetation and brightness values recorded in the visible optical spectrum bands was less than 60%, precluding the use of spectral data for spatial distribution of biovolume through the adjustment of a regression... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Originally developed in the 1970s for the optimal control of systems governed by partial differential equations, the adjoint method has found several successful applications, e.g. in meteorology with large-scale 3D or 4D atmospheric data assimilation schemes, for carbon cycle data assimilation in biogeochemistry and climate research, or in oceanographic modelling with efficient adjoint codes of ocean general circulation models.<p><p>Despite the variety of applications in these research fields, adjoint methods have only very recently drawn attention from the ocean acoustics community. In ocean acoustic tomography and geoacoustic inversion, where the inverse problem is to recover unknown acoustic properties of the water column and the seabed from acoustic transmission data, the solution approaches are typically based on travel time inversion or standard matched-field processing in combination with metaheuristics for global optimization. <p><p>In order to complement the adjoint schemes already in use in meteorology and oceanography with an ocean acoustic component, this thesis is concerned with the development of the adjoint of a full-field acoustic propagation model for shallow water environments. <p><p>In view of the increasing importance of global ocean observing systems such as the European Seas Observatory Network, the Arctic Ocean Observing System and Maritime Rapid Environmental Assessment (MREA) systems for defence and security applications, the adjoint of an ocean acoustic propagation model can become an integral part of a coupled oceanographic and acoustic data assimilation scheme in the future. <p><p>Given the acoustic pressure field measured on a vertical hydrophone array and a modelled replica field that is calculated for a specific parametrization of the environment, the developed adjoint model backpropagates the mismatch (residual) between the measured and predicted field from the receiver array towards the source.<p><p>The backpropagated error field is then converted into an estimate of the exact gradient of the objective function with respect to any of the relevant physical parameters of the environment including the sound speed structure in the water column and densities, compressional/shear sound speeds, and attenuations of the sediment layers and the sub-bottom halfspace. The resulting environmental gradients can be used in combination with gradient descent methods such as conjugate gradient, or Newton-type optimization methods tolocate the error surface minimum via a series of iterations. This is particularly attractive for monitoring slowly varying environments, where the gradient information can be used to track the environmental parameters continuously over time and space.<p><p>In shallow water environments, where an accurate treatment of the acoustic interaction with the bottom is of outmost importance for a correct prediction of the sound field, and field data are often recorded on non-fully populated arrays, there is an inherent need for observation over a broad range of frequencies. For this purpose, the adjoint-based approach is generalized for a joint optimization across multiple frequencies and special attention is devoted to regularization methods that incorporate additional information about the desired solution in order to stabilize the optimization process.<p><p>Starting with an analytical formulation of the multiple-frequency adjoint approach for parabolic-type approximations, the adjoint method is progressively tailored in the course of the thesis towards a realistic wide-angle parabolic equation propagation model and the treatment of fully nonlocal impedance boundary conditions. A semi-automatic adjoint generation via modular graph approach enables the direct inversion of both the geoacoustic parameters embedded in the discrete nonlocal boundary condition and the acoustic properties of the water column. Several case studies based on environmental data obtained in Mediterranean shallow waters are used in the thesis to assess the capabilities of adjoint-based acoustic inversion for different experimental configurations, particularly taking into account sparse array geometries and partial depth coverage of the water column. The numerical implementation of the approach is found to be robust, provided that the initial guesses are not too far from the desired solution, and accurate, and converges in a small number of iterations. During the multi-frequency optimization process, the evolution of the control parameters displays a parameter hierarchy which clearly relates to the relative sensitivity of the acoustic pressure field to the physical parameters. <p><p>The actual validation of the adjoint-generated environmental gradients for acoustic monitoring of a shallow water environment is based on acoustic and oceanographic data from the Yellow Shark '94 and the MREA '07 sea trials, conducted in the Tyrrhenian Sea, south of the island of Elba.<p> <p>Starting from an initial guess of the environmental control parameters, either obtained through acoustic inversion with global search or supported by archival in-situ data, the adjoint method provides an efficient means to adjust local changes with a couple of iterations and monitor the environmental properties over a series of inversions. <p><p>In this thesis the adjoint-based approach is used, e.g. to fine-tune up to eight bottom geoacoustic parameters of a shallow-water environment and to track the time-varying sound speed profile in the water column. <p><p>In the same way the approach can be extended to track the spatial water column and bottom structure using a mobile network of sparse arrays.<p><p>Work is currently being focused on the inclusion of the adjoint approach into hybrid optimization schemes or ensemble predictions, as an essential building block in a combined ocean acoustic data assimilation framework and the subsequent validation of the acoustic monitoring capabilities with long-term experimental data in shallow water environments. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Detailed information about the oceanic environment is essential for many applications in the field of marine geology, marine biology, coastal engineering, and marine operations. Especially, knowledge of the properties of the sediment body is often required. Acoustic remote sensing techniques have become highly attractive for classifying the sea bottom and for mapping the sediment properties, due to their high coverage capabilities and low costs compared to common sampling methods. In the last decades, a number of different acoustic devices and related techniques for analyzing their signals have evolved. Each sensor has its specific application due to limitations in the frequency range and resolution. In practice, often a single acoustic tool is chosen based on the current application, supported by other non-acoustic data where required. However, different acoustic remote sensing techniques can supplement each other, as shown in this thesis. Even more, a combination of complementary approaches can contribute to the proper understanding of sound propagation, which is essential when using sound for environmental classification purposes. This includes the knowledge of the relation between acoustics and sediment properties, the focus of this thesis. Providing a detailed three dimensional picture of the sea bottom sediments that allows for gaining maximum insight into this relation is aimed at.<p><p><p>Chapters 4 and 5 are adapted from published work, with permission:<p>DOI:10.1121/1.3569718 (link: http://asadl.org/jasa/resource/1/jasman/v129/i5/p2878_s1) and<p>DOI:10.1109/JOE.2010.2066711 (link: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5618582&queryText%3Dsiemes)<p>In reference to IEEE copyrighted material which is used with permission in this thesis, the IEEE does not endorse any of the Université libre de Bruxelles' products or services.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished