Low frequency acoustic room behaviour can be approximated using numerical methods. Traditionally, music studio control rooms are built with complex geometries, making their eigenmodes difficult to predict mathematically. Hence, a summation-by-parts method with simultaneous-approximation-terms is derived to approximate the time dependent acoustic wave equation in three dimensions. The derived model is limited to rectangular prismatic rooms but planned to be expanded to handle complex geometries in the future. Semi-reflecting boundary conditions are used, corresponding to tabulated reflection and absorption properties of real. walls. Two speakers are modeled as omnidirectional point sources placed on a boundary, to mimic common studio setups. Through tests and examination of eigenvalues of the matrices in the method, conditions for stability and reflection coefficients are derived. Simulations of sound pressure distribution produced by the model correlate well to room mode theory, suggesting the model to be accurate in the application of predicting low frequency acoustic room behaviour. However, the convergence rate of the model turns out to be lower than expected when point sources are introduced. Future steps towards applying the model to real music studio control rooms include modeling the walls as changes in density and wave speed rather than boundaries of the domain. This would potentially allow more complex geometries to be modeled within a larger, rectangular domain.

Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) devices have been under research for over half a century due to their excellent performance characteristics in the fields of signal processing and communications. In particular, it has been show that SAW devices can operate as sensors that are both wireless and passive. For a sensor that is wireless, it is important to develop a coding scheme that allows for the identification of an individual sensor in a multiple sensor environment. For SAW sensors, orthogonal frequency coding (OFC) has been demonstrated as a method to provide a large number of unique identification codes. This system relies on an array of frequency selective reflectors (chips) in the SAW propagation path. The reflectors are ordered such that no two SAW sensors contain an array of reflection gratings in the same frequency order. One way to increase the number of usable codes in an OFC sensor is to increase the number of OFC chips on the sensor. With this technique it is necessary to increase the delay between the transducer and the OFC chips while keeping the length of the device small. Multiple surface wave propagation tracks can be utilized to slightly increase the width of the die instead of the length. This research aims to investigate methods to extend delay time in a coded SAW device by utilizing two propagation tracks. It will be shown that the reflective multistrip coupler (RMSC) can accomplish this goal with low loss. The design, fabrication, and characterization of the RMSC will be given with applications shown in an OFC SAW device.

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No / The Helmholtz integral equation formulation is used to produce the solution for the acoustic field reflected from a finite, thin, poroelastic plate in a rigid baffle with simply supported edges. The acoustic properties of the porous material are predicted using the effective fluid assumption. The solutions for the displacement of the plate and for the loading acoustic pressures are given in the form of the sine transform. The sine transform coefficients are obtained from the solution of a system of linear equations resulting from three integral Helmholtz formulations which relate the displacement of the plate and the acoustic pressures on the front and on the back of the plate. The effect of an air gap behind the plate in the front of a rigid wall is also considered. A parametric study is performed to predict the effect of variations in the parameters of the poroelastic plate. It is shown that thin, light, poroelastic plates can provide high values of the acoustic absorption even for low frequency sound. This effect can be exploited to design compact noise control systems with improved acoustic performance.

We present immersed discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods for one and two dimensional acoustic wave propagation problems in inhomogeneous media where elements are allowed to be cut by the material interface. The proposed methods use the standard discontinuous Galerkin finite element formulation with polynomial approximation on elements that contain one fluid while on interface elements containing more than one fluid they use specially-built piecewise polynomial shape functions that satisfy appropriate interface jump conditions. The finite element spaces on interface elements satisfy physical interface conditions from the acoustic problem in addition to extended conditions derived from the system of partial differential equations. Additional curl-free and consistency conditions are added to generate bilinear and biquadratic piecewise shape functions for two dimensional problems. We established the existence and uniqueness of one dimensional immersed finite element shape functions and existence of two dimensional bilinear immersed finite element shape functions for the velocity. The proposed methods are tested on one dimensional problems and are extended to two dimensional problems where the problem is defined on a domain split by an interface into two different media. Our methods exhibit optimal $O(h^{p+1})$ convergence rates for one and two dimensional problems. However it is observed that one of the proposed methods is not stable for two dimensional interface problems with high contrast media such as water/air. We performed an analysis to prove that our immersed Petrov-Galerkin method is stable for interface problems with high jumps across the interface. Local time-stepping and parallel algorithms are used to speed up computation. Several realistic interface problems such as ether/glycerol, water/methyl-alcohol and water/air with a circular interface are solved to show the stability and robustness of our methods. / Ph. D.

This dissertation investigates dissipation in microelectromechanical (MEMS) resonators via detailed analysis and modeling of the energy loss mechanisms and provides a framework toward creating resonant devices with ultra-low dissipation. Fundamental mechanisms underlying acoustic energy loss are explored, the results of which are applied to understanding the losses in resonant MEMS devices. Losses in the materials, which set the ultimate limits of the achievable quality factor of the devices, are examined. Other sources of loss, which are determined by the design of the resonator, are investigated and applied to example resonant MEMS structures. The most critical of these designable loss mechanisms are thermoelastic dissipation (TED) and support (or anchor) loss of acoustic energy through the attachment of the MEMS device to its external environment. The dissipation estimation framework enables prediction of the quality factor of a MEMS resonator, which were accurate within a factor of close to 2 for high-frequency bulk acoustic wave MEMS resonators, and represents a signficant step forward by closing one of the largest outstanding problems in MEMS devices: how to predict the quality factor for a given device. Dissipation mitigation approaches developed herein address the most critical dominant loss mechanisms identified using the framework outlined above. These approaches include design of 1D phononic crystals (PCs) and novel 3D MEMS structures to trap and isolate vibration energy away from the resonator anchors, optimization of resonator geometry to suppress thermoelastic dissipation, and analysis of required levels of surface polish to reduce surface dissipation. Phononic crystals can be used to manipulate the properties of materials. In the case of the 1D PC linear acoustic bandgap (LAB) structures developed here, this manipulation arises from the formation of frequency stop bands, or bandgapwhich convert silicon from a material capable of supporting acoustic waves to a material which rejects acoustic propagation at frequencies in the bandgap. The careful design of these LAB structures is demonstrated to be able to enhance the quality factor and insertion loss of MEMS resonators without significant detrimental effects on the overall device performance.

Les travaux décrits dans ce mémoire ont pour but de conduire à la réalisation de capteurs et de filtres à ondes élastiques de surface (SAW) innovants, passifs et sans fil, dédiés à une utilisation en environnement sévère. Différentes structures de composants SAW sont alors étudiées. Les caractéristiques générales, telles que les pertes d’insertion ou les bandes passantes relatives atteignables, des structures usuelles (résonateurs, lignes à retard, LCRF, filtres en échelle…) sont connues de l’homme de l’art. Cependant, pour concevoir un dispositif SAW qui respecte les critères d’un cahier des charges donné, il est impératif de définir le comportement spécifique de chaque dispositif avant son envoi en production.Pour ce faire, des modèles numériques sont développés, qui incluent à la fois la possibilité d’analyser le comportement de systèmes à la géométrie complexe (filtres en échelles, transducteurs apodisés) et qui prennent en compte la présence de phénomènes perturbateurs (modes transverses, pertes liées à la nature des matériaux). La comparaison entre les calculs numériques et les mesures a mis en avant l’adéquation des résultats expérimentaux et de calculs.La mise en place de ces outils permet le développement de capteurs et filtres SAW innovants grâce à une analyse numérique rapide et fiable de leur comportement.Ainsi, l’étude de résonateurs et capteurs dédiés à une utilisation à des températures excédant les 700°C est menée. Il est démontré qu’en dépit de son inhomogénéité, le Ba2TiSi2O8 est un matériau adapté à la réalisation de SAW soumis à des températures élevées pour des fréquences de l’ordre de 300 MHz jusqu’au GHz.Par ailleurs, une structure disposant d’un transducteur à trois doigts par longueur d’ondes est utilisée dans le but de réaliser des résonateurs insensibles aux effets de la directivité lorsque la température évolue. Cette même configuration a mis en exergue la possibilité de réaliser des capteurs n’utilisant qu’un seul résonateur (contre au moins deux jusqu’à présent). Ce dernier point permet de limiter l’encombrement des composants et résout la problématique du vieillissement différentiel des structures.Un second type de capteurs, passifs et sans fil, fondés sur l’utilisation d’un seul SAW et dédiés à la mesure d’hygrométrie, a été étudié. Dans cette nouvelle configuration, un SAW de type LCRF est utilisé comme transpondeur et la zone sensible est externalisée. La sensibilité des modes (de plus d’un MHz) à la variation d’un élément capacitif ou d’une antenne dipôle a été mise en avant numériquement. En pratique, la fabrication des dispositifs a montré une variation différentielle de plusieurs centaines de kHz des résonances selon la condition électrique appliquée à l’un des ports.Finalement, des filtres, dédiés aux applications stratégiques, agiles en fréquence sont réalisés. L’objectif de faire varier la fréquence centrale des dispositifs au cours de leur fonctionnement est atteinte en modifiant les conditions électriques appliquées aux réflecteurs. Deux types de tirage en fréquence sont observés : un glissement fin, de quelques ‰ de la fréquence centrale, cyclique, et un saut de fréquences lié au glissement et à l’ouverture de la bande de Bragg des miroirs aux hautes fréquences. La fabrication des structures et leur connexion à des interrupteurs MEMS validé la faisabilité de la structure.Ces travaux mettent en lumière les capacités de prédiction du comportement des structures SAW grâce au développement de logiciels dédiés. De plus, l’étude et la réalisation de filtres et capteurs innovants ouvre la voie à de nouvelles fonctionnalités. / This thesis aims at designing innovative, passive and wireless surface acoustic waves (SAW) sensors and filters, dedicated to harsh environments. Several types of SAW components are consequently studied. The main characteristics, such as insertion losses or relative bandwidth, of usual structures (resonators, delay lines, LCRF, ladder filters…) are known by men of the art. However, to design a SAW device that respects specific requirements, the definition of the proper behavior of each device must be established before the manufacturing.For this purpose, numerical models are developed. Not only they include the possibility to analyse he beha-vior of systems with complex geometry (ladder filters, apodised transducers) but they take into account disturbing phenomena (transverse modes, losses due to the intrinsic nature of the materials). The comparison between computations and measures points out the match between experimental results and calculations.The implementation of these tools allows the development of innovative SAW sensors and filters thanks to a fast and reliable numerical analysis of their behavior.Thus, the design of resonators and sensors dedicated to a use at temperatures exceeding 700°C is studied. It is demonstrated that despite its inhomogeneity, Ba2TiSi2O8 is suitable for the manufacturing of SAW devices subject to high temperatures and in a frequency range from 300 MHz to the GHz.Furthermore, a structure composed of a three electrodes per wavelength transducer is used to produce re-sonators that are not subject to directivity effects when the temperature changes. This configuration offers the possibility to design sensors that use a single resonator (versus at least two until now). This last point makes smaller components possible and solves the question of a differential aging of the structures.A second type of sensors, also passive and wireless, dedicated to humidity measurements, based on the use of a single SAW, is studied. In this new configuration, a LCRF is used as a transponder and the sensitive area is outsourced. The mode sensitivity (of more than a MHz) to the variation of a capacitance or a dipole antenna is numerically brought to light. In practice, the device manufacturing showed a differential variation of the resonances of about 600 kHz depending on the electric condition applied to one of the ports.Finally, filters, dedicated to strategic applications, with frequency agility are designed. The purpose is to make the frequency vary depending on the electrical conditions applied to the mirrors. Two kinds of agility are identified : a slight sliding, of a few ‰ of the initial central frequency, periodic, and a frequency jump due to the shift of the Bragg band to the high frequencies. The manufacturing of some structures and their connection to MEMS switches attest the feasibility of such a structure.This work highlights the ability to predict the behavior of SAW structures thanks to the development of dedicated software. Moreover, the analysis and the manufacturing of innovative sensors and filters pave the way to new functionalities.

Single-photon sources are essential building blocks in quantum photonic networks, where quantum-mechanical properties of photons are utilised to achieve quantum technologies such as quantum cryptography and quantum computing. In this thesis, a single-photon source driven by a surface acoustic wave (SAW) is developed and characterised. This single-photon source is based on a SAW-driven lateral n-i-p junction in a GaAs quantum-well structure. On this device, the lateral n-i-p junction is formed by gate-induced electrons and holes in two adjacent regions. The SAW potential minima create dynamic quantum dots in a 1D channel between these two regions, and are able to transport single electrons to the region of holes along the channel. Single-photon emission can therefore be generated as these electrons consecutively recombine with holes. After characterisation and optimisation in four batches of devices, clear SAW-driven charge transport and the corresponding electroluminescence (EL) can be observed on an optimised SAW-driven n-i-p junction. Time-resolved measurements have been carried out to study the dynamics of SAW-driven electrons. Time-resolved EL signals indicate that a packet of electrons is transported to the region of holes in each SAW minimum. In addition, the carrier lifetime of SAW-driven electrons in the region of holes is shown to be $\sim 100$ ps, which is much shorter than the SAW period of $860$ ps. Hence, it is promising to observe single-photon emission in the optimised device. In order to test single-photon emission, a Hanbury Brown-Twiss experimental setup has been employed to record an autocorrelation histogram of the SAW-driven EL signal at the single-electron regime. Suppression of autocorrelation coincidences at time delay $\Delta t = 0$ is evidence of photon antibunching. By fitting theoretical functions describing the SAW-driven EL signal, it is found that the second-order correlation function shows $g^{(2)}(0) = 0.39 \pm 0.05$, which is lower than the common criterion for a single-photon source $g^{(2)}(0) < 0.5$. Moreover, theoretical calculation and simulation suggest that, if a constant background signal can be filtered out, $\sim 80 \%$ of the SAW-driven EL is single-photon emission.