Types of investment funds from the point of view of positive law The purpose of my thesis is to present a comprehensive view on differences and possibilities of particular types of investment funds from the point of view of positive law. The main aim of the thesis is to contrast these differences and possibilities with other types. The first chapter deals with basic issues of investment funds. The aim of this chapter is to look at investment fund as an institution especially from a fundamental economic perspective and come through into its economic nature. Furthermore the chapter contain description of main benefits of mutual funds as compared with the individual investment, draws attention to the problem of conflicts of interest and contains the basic classification of investment funds. The aim of the second chapter is to describe in basic features development of legal framework of investment funds in Czech Republic in the light of Act on Investment Companies and Investment Funds from early beginnings to current. With regard to the scope of respective law, focuses the chapter mainly on applicability, structure, legal forms and on some chosen questions. Content of the third chapter is brief treatise about legal term of investment fund. Next chapters focus on organizational forms and other division...

The aim of this diploma thesis is to present a systematical view on basic aspects of forms of organisation of investment funds in the light of the Act No. 240/2013 Sb, on Investment Companies and Investment Funds with main focus on those of them which are regulated within the legal system of the Czech Republic in the most comprehensive and specific manner and to simultaneously analyze advantages (eventually disadvantages) regarding application thereof. The first chapter deals with elementary issues of mutual funds, describes its assets and detriments and also offers brief historical overview of its development in Czech legal system from its beginnings until current regulation which mainly lies in harmonization with the legislature of European Union. The aim of the second chapter is to define the term of the investment fund according to current legal regulation in comparison to its definition pursuant to the previous one. Furthermore, it outlines basic classification of investment funds in accordance with their division based on the place of business, legal personality and number of investors. The third chapter focuses on basic characteristics of collective investment funds, distinguishes standard collective investment funds and special collective investment funds and above all it enumerates...

Cette ébauche est une contribution au développement économique des États d’Afrique subsaharienne, en particulier ceux membres de l’OHADA. Elle répond à une problématique qui nuit au développement économique de ces États par la voie de l’investissement : celle de la mise en place d’un système juridique africain permettant d’asseoir des règles juridiques pertinentes, fondamentales à l’encadrement du champ des investissements en Afrique. Quoiqu’il existe déjà au niveau national et communautaire africain, des législations applicables en la matière, cette étude démontre l’insuffisance de ces règles, trop promotrices des investissements, et peu protectrices de leurs enjeux, à régir comme il se doit le domaine des investissements. Cette étude est de ce fait révélatrice d’une nécessité, d’une opportunité : celle de la réforme du système juridique africain des investissements par l’instauration d’un Acte uniforme OHADA relatif aux investissements (AUI). Le dispositif normatif de cet Acte uniforme se voudra à la fois préventif et curatif des irrégularités pouvant être commises par les acteurs publics africains et leurs partenaires occidentaux dans les phases de négociation des conventions d’investissement, d’admission de l’investissement, d’exécution et d’extinction de l’activité d’investissement mais aussi protecteur des enjeux sociaux et environnementaux liés à l’exécution des projets d’investissement en Afrique. Cette réforme est également le lieu de veiller aux intérêts économiques des États africains lors des partenariats économiques conclus avec les États occidentaux et entreprises occidentales, au respect par leurs partenaires du droit interne et communautaire africain objet de la réforme mais également de protéger les investisseurs étrangers face aux actes préjudiciables émanant des acteurs publics africains. L’effectivité de telles mesures n’est possible que par l’institution d’un organe communautaire africain (la CARICI : Cour Africaine de Répression des Infractions Commises en matière d’Investissement) qui aura pour mission le suivi de l’exécution des projets d’investissements conformément aux programmes ou plans d’investissements agréés et aux dispositions juridiques qui seront établies par ledit Acte uniforme relatif aux investissements. Telles sont les suggestions émises lors de la rédaction de ce travail de recherche, qui nous l’espérons concourras à une grande avancée du droit des investissements africains et par voie de conséquence à une croissance économique fulgurante de ce continent. / This study is a contribution to the economic development of sub-Saharan African states, in particular those that are members of OHADA. It responds to a problem that is detrimental to the economic development of these States through investment: that of the establishment of an African legal system making it possible to establish relevant legal rules, fundamental to the supervision of the field of investment in Africa. Although legislation already exists at the national and community level in Africa, this study shows the inadequacy of these rules, which are too promotive of investments and offer little protection to those at stake, to govern the field of investments as they should. This study is therefore indicative of a need and an opportunity: that of reforming the African legal system for investments through the introduction of an OHADA Uniform Act on Investments (UAI). The normative mechanism of this Uniform Act is intended to be both preventive and curative of irregularities that may be committed by African public actors and their Western partners in the phases of negotiation of investment agreements, admission of the investment, execution and termination of the investment activity; but also protective of the social and environmental issues related to the execution of investment projects in Africa. This reform is also the place to watch over the economic interests of African States during economic partnerships concluded with Western States and Western companies, the respect by their partners of African domestic and community law which is the subject of the reform, but also to protect foreign investors against prejudicial acts emanating from African public actors. The effectiveness of such measures is only possible through the institution of an African community body (the ACRIO: African Court of Repression of Investment Offences) which will have as its mission the monitoring of the execution of investment projects in accordance with the approved investment programmes or plans and the legal provisions which will be established by the said Uniform Act on Investments. These are the suggestions made during the drafting of this research work, which we hope will contribute to a great advance in African investment law and consequently to a dazzling economic growth of this continent.

En droit financier, la conception des investisseurs protégés apparaît imprécise, alors que le dispositif juridique de protection est composé d’un grand nombre de mesures. Le contraste est saisissant. La première partie de cette recherche souligne la nécessité d’une clarification. Le flou entourant les investisseurs protégés est détaillé et ses conséquences sur l’objectif de protection, d’une part, et sur le dispositif de protection, d’autre part, sont mises en lumière. Plusieurs questions se posent, relatives à la notion d’investisseur comme à la logique et aux critères de protection. Source d’insécurité juridique, une conception indéterminée des investisseurs protégés pèse de différentes manières sur la qualité de la protection. La seconde partie est un essai de clarification qui porte sur la notion juridique d’investisseur, d’une part, et sur la politique juridique de protection, d’autre part. Il est ainsi proposé d’introduire une définition légale de l’investisseur dans le Code monétaire et financier, en s’appuyant sur les notions de sujet de droit et d’acte d’investissement. Une définition juridique de l’acte d’investissement contribue aussi à distinguer la notion juridique d’investisseur, d’un côté, et celles d’actionnaire, de client et de consommateur, de l’autre. La politique de protection envisagée ensuite s’appuie sur des axes connus mais qui gagnent à être réaffirmés et précisés. La pleine mise en oeuvre de cette politique impose alors, compte tenu aussi des catégories redéfinies d’investisseur et d’investisseur qualifié, d’élaborer une nouvelle catégorie juridique d’intervenants sur les marchés financiers. / In financial law, the conception of “protected investors” appears to reveal many uncertainties while at the same time, investor protection measures are numerous. This raises a number of questions. The first part of this research shows that there is a need to clarify this conception. Such a need results mainly from the detailed description of existing uncertainties and their negative consequences on investor protection objective and measures. These difficulties, which are about the concept of investor, the logic of the protection and its criteria, are a source of legal uncertainty. As a result, the quality of the protection is undermined in many different ways. The second part of this research is an attempt to clarify these points. It focuses on the legal concept of investor and on investor protection policy. The idea is to amend the legislative part of the French Monetary and Financial Code to introduce a definition of the word « investor », which relies on the suggestion that an investor should have legal personality and that there should be an act of investment. The legal definition suggested for the concept of “act of investment” also helps to draw distinctions between the legal concept of investor on the one hand, and those of shareholder, client and consumer, on the other hand. The investor protection policy which is then described lies on grounds that may look familiar, but to state them more precisely appears to be useful. For this policy to be fully implemented, and taking into account the definitions or amendments brought to the categories of “investor” and of “qualified investor”, a new legal category of actors in the financial markets needs to be elaborated.