No description available.

Today adjustments on the pricing of internal transactions between multinational enterprises can lead to economic double taxation for the involved companies. This circumstance will result in an obstacle for private enterprising on the international market. Rules regarding corresponding adjustments and the mutual agreement procedure, that is used to eliminate economic double taxation, are today not sufficient tools to achieve this purpose. Consequently, changes regarding these rules should be implemented. The main reason for why economic double taxation is not put right is the competent authorities’ inability to reach a suitable solution for the dispute. This is essentially because the lack of time limit for the procedure and the lack of obligation for the authorities to reach a solution on the issue. These weaknesses should be attended to, if the procedure shall have a larger effect in the future. Since it is not appropriate to introduce cogent rules for the competent authorities to solve the dispute between themselves other alternatives should be considered, as international arbitration procedure and an international tax court. Although an international tax court probably would be the most effective alternative in order to eliminate economic double taxation, the situation in the area of international taxation requires that the alternative concerning an international arbitration procedure initially should be considered.

No description available.

No description available.

<p>Today adjustments on the pricing of internal transactions between multinational enterprises can lead to economic double taxation for the involved companies. This circumstance will result in an obstacle for private enterprising on the international market. Rules regarding corresponding adjustments and the mutual agreement procedure, that is used to eliminate economic double taxation, are today not sufficient tools to achieve this purpose. Consequently, changes regarding these rules should be implemented.</p><p>The main reason for why economic double taxation is not put right is the competent authorities’ inability to reach a suitable solution for the dispute. This is essentially because the lack of time limit for the procedure and the lack of obligation for the authorities to reach a solution on the issue. These weaknesses should be attended to, if the procedure shall have a larger effect in the future.</p><p>Since it is not appropriate to introduce cogent rules for the competent authorities to solve the dispute between themselves other alternatives should be considered, as international arbitration procedure and an international tax court. Although an international tax court probably would be the most effective alternative in order to eliminate economic double taxation, the situation in the area of international taxation requires that the alternative concerning an international arbitration procedure initially should be considered.</p>

No description available.

Money laundering, the financing of terrorism and proliferation financing continue to be serious threats to the stability of the international financial system. The international community therefore has prioritised the fight against these activities. For example, international bodies such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and others have developed standards and recommendations against which countries and organisations are measured in this regard. Against this background, this thesis investigates to what extent Botswana’s legislative framework regarding money laundering, terrorism financing and other illicit financial flows complies with international standards, especially the FATF Recommendations. The study sets the scene by defining and describing money laundering, financing of terrorism and proliferation financing, after which the current statutory framework in Botswana is discussed in detail. After subsequently setting out the various global and regional (specifically African) initiatives in the fight against money laundering and other financial crimes, the current state of affairs in Botswana is benchmarked against both the South African framework as well as the FATF Recommendations. The investigation is limited to a technical assessment (doctrinal analysis) of Botswana law to determine the current compliance (or lack thereof) of the country’s statutory provisions and to make recommendations regarding how the framework can be improved. It is difficult for some countries, especially African countries like Botswana, to comply fully with the FATF Recommendations, since compliance can be expensive and dependent on high levels of expertise on the part of the relevant authorities. Therefore, such more vulnerable countries tend to face a higher risk of being used as conduits for money laundering and related activities. Despite these and other challenges, Botswana has gone to great lengths to re-assess and improve its anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) legislation with a view to move towards full compliance with the FATF Recommendations. Nevertheless, the evaluation indicates that there are some remaining shortcomings in Botswana’s legislation. Consequently, the thesis concludes by proffering certain recommendations towards ensuring that Botswana’s AML/CFT legislation is rendered fully compliant with the FATF Recommendations. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Mercantile Law / LLD / Unrestricted

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>MiFID, direktiv om marknader för finansiella instrument är ett nytt europeiskt regelverk för den finansiella sektorn som träder i kraft den 1: a november 2007. Direktivet syftar till att förstärka konkurrenskraften för den finansiella sektorn, förbättra konsumentskyddet samt inkludera hela utbudet av finansiella tjänster och produkter. Då MiFID: s införlivande i svenska lag försenades fick de svenska värdepappersföretagen under 2007 en relativt kort tidsperiod på sig att anpassa sina verksamheter till de nya bestämmelserna. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka svårigheter tre svenska värdepappersföretag erfarit vid arbetet med att anpassa deras verksamheter till de nya bestämmelserna i MiFID. Vi har studerat direktivet och jämfört med nuvarande regleringar samt genomfört fyra intervjuer, varav tre med svenska värdepappersföretag av varierande storlek. Genom vår undersökning har vi funnit att särskilt två områden varit besvärliga för våra respondenter, orderhanteringen och kundkategoriseringen.</p><p>Abstract</p><p>MiFID, the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive is a new European regulation for the financial service industry which comes in to effect on 1 November 2007. The purpose of the directive is to strengthen the competitiveness of the financial sector, improve consumer protection and include all financial services and products. Because the implementation of MiFID into Swedish law was delayed the Swedish securities firms were given a relatively short period of time during 2007 to adapt their businesses to the regulations in MiFID.</p><p>The purpose of our thesis is to examine what difficulties three Swedish securities firms have experienced making their businesses compliant with the new regulations in MiFID. We have studied MiFID and compared it with Swedish regulations and carried through four interviews, three with Swedish securities firms of different size. Through our research we have found that client order handling and client categorisation were experienced as troublesome areas.</p>

Sammanfattning MiFID, direktiv om marknader för finansiella instrument är ett nytt europeiskt regelverk för den finansiella sektorn som träder i kraft den 1: a november 2007. Direktivet syftar till att förstärka konkurrenskraften för den finansiella sektorn, förbättra konsumentskyddet samt inkludera hela utbudet av finansiella tjänster och produkter. Då MiFID: s införlivande i svenska lag försenades fick de svenska värdepappersföretagen under 2007 en relativt kort tidsperiod på sig att anpassa sina verksamheter till de nya bestämmelserna. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka svårigheter tre svenska värdepappersföretag erfarit vid arbetet med att anpassa deras verksamheter till de nya bestämmelserna i MiFID. Vi har studerat direktivet och jämfört med nuvarande regleringar samt genomfört fyra intervjuer, varav tre med svenska värdepappersföretag av varierande storlek. Genom vår undersökning har vi funnit att särskilt två områden varit besvärliga för våra respondenter, orderhanteringen och kundkategoriseringen. Abstract MiFID, the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive is a new European regulation for the financial service industry which comes in to effect on 1 November 2007. The purpose of the directive is to strengthen the competitiveness of the financial sector, improve consumer protection and include all financial services and products. Because the implementation of MiFID into Swedish law was delayed the Swedish securities firms were given a relatively short period of time during 2007 to adapt their businesses to the regulations in MiFID. The purpose of our thesis is to examine what difficulties three Swedish securities firms have experienced making their businesses compliant with the new regulations in MiFID. We have studied MiFID and compared it with Swedish regulations and carried through four interviews, three with Swedish securities firms of different size. Through our research we have found that client order handling and client categorisation were experienced as troublesome areas.

<p>Uppsatsen har som syfte att undersöka gällande rätt för internprissatta royaltybetalningar från fast driftställe till moderbolag. Problemet är att varken korrigeringsregeln eller artiklarna 9 och 12 i modellavtalet är tillämpliga. Hur ser möjligheterna ut i den interna rätt för att förhindra att nämnda transaktion utnyttjas i skatteundandragande syfte? Kan artikel 7 i modellavtalet användas för att förhindra sådant?</p><p>Royalty beskattas som regel i inkomstslaget näringsverksamhet på grund av delaktighetstanken. Den innebär att royaltybetalningar räknas som del i fast driftställe beläget i Sverige. Korrigeringsregeln så väl som artikel 9 fastslås som icke tillämpliga på grund av kravet att avtal föreligger mellan parterna. Artikel 12 kan inte heller tillämpas då royaltyer från fasta driftställen hänvisas till artikel 7. Armlängdsprincipen är den röda tråden inom internprissättning och går ut på att alla transaktioner ska bedömas som om de gjorts mellan skilda enheter eller fristående bolag. Alla lagregler i uppsatsen bygger på denna teori.</p><p>Artikel 7 i modellavtalet är tillämplig på fasta driftställen och fastslår att inkomster som kan härröras till fasta driftställen ska beskattas i källstaten. I svensk praxis fastslås att korrigeringsregeln ska tillämpas i första hand, men när den möjligheten inte finns är nästa alternativ ofta uttagsbeskattning. Författaren fastslår att felaktigt prissatta royaltybetalningar från fast driftställe till dess moderbolag uppfyller kriterierna för uttagsbeskattning. Diskussionen om nya, alternativa lösningar undersöks där införandet av källskatt respektive slopande av skatten är de ledande åsikterna.</p><p>Författaren är av åsikten att uttagsbeskattningen utgör gällande rätt men att en förändring bör ske och medan ett slopande av skatten skulle vara den mest enhetliga lösningen, skulle en källskatt innebära ett bättre skydd mot skatteundandragande.</p> / <p>The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the law in force regarding transfer pricing of royalties from permanent establishments (PE) to a parent company. The problem occurs because neither the rule of adjustment (korrigeringsregeln) nor articles 9 and 12 of the OECD model convention are applicable. What pos-sibilities exists in internal Swedish law to prevent the PE and parent company from using transfer pricing of royalty payments to ease the tax burden? Can article 7 be used in hindering capacity in regards to such a transaction?</p><p>Royalties are generally taxed as income of business due to the principle of par-ticipation (delaktighetestanken), which means that the royalty is considered part of a PE situated in Sweden. The rule of adjustment as well as article 9 are ruled not to be applicable due to the lack of a legally binding contract between the parties. Article 12 point 3 directs royalties from PE’s to article 7 and is therefore not applicable in this situation. A basic principle in regards to transfer pricing is the so called arm’s length method and this is highly important in dealings with PE’s or associated companies to make sure that the transactions are han-dled at market price.</p><p>The application of article 7 was analyzed with the result that income related to the PE is taxed in the Source state and the Source stated is allowed to adjust the income of the PE if incorrect transfer pricing occurs with the purpose of tax evasion. The Swedish internal tax system has a possibility to extract withdrawal taxes (uttagsbeskattning) in some cases when assets are removed from a company or PE. The conclusion is that these rules apply when incorrectly priced royalties are moved from the PE to the parent company.</p><p>Alternatives are examined and the author comes to the conclusion that a source tax on royalties would facilitate the application of tax on royalties as well as prevent tax evasion. However, in light of the circumstances that approximately 90% of royalty payments exiting Sweden are submitted to different kinds of ex-emption to taxation, a complete abolishment of taxation on royalties would not be unreasonable.</p>