O ácido valproico (AVP) é um fármaco de primeira linha no tratamento de convulsões parciais e generalizadas, porém os efeitos colaterais decorrentes das altas doses administradas produzem danos hepáticos por metabolização. O AVP apresenta alta afinidade com metais de transição e produz compostos de coordenação quimicamente estáveis. O presente estudo teve como objetivos sintetizar quatro complexos de AVP com Cu+2 e Zn+2 ligados com diiminas aromáticas 1,10-fenantrolina (Phen) e 2,2’-bipiridina (Bipy), determinar as estruturas químicas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica (FAAS), espectrofotometria de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (ESI-TOF-MS), e espectrometria de ressonância magnética nuclear (1H RMN e 13C RMN), avaliar as atividades antioxidantes por ensaios de Sod-like e Cat-like e determinar a citotoxicidade aguda frente à Artemia salina e à cultura celular CHO. O processo de síntese iniciou-se com a preparação dos compostos precursores Cu2(Valp)4 (1) e Zn2(Valp)4 (2) pela reação do valproato de sódio com os sais CuCl2 e ZnCl2 em meio aquoso. As estruturas químicas foram confirmadas por Ponto de Fusão, FAAS, FTIR, 1H RMN e 13C RMN. Os compostos de coordenação Cu(Valp)2(1,10-Phen) (3), Cu(Valp)2(2,2-Bipy).H2O (4), Zn(Valp)2(1,10-Phen).H2O (5) e Zn(Valp)2(2,2-Bipy).H2O (6) (inédito) foram sintetizados pela reação equimolar dos compostos 1 e 2 com os respectivos ligantes neutros 1,10- fenantrolina e 2,2-bipiridina em solvente DMF. Os dados das estruturas químicas dos compostos 3 e 4 foram obtidos por PF, UV-Vis, FAAS, FTIR e ESI TOF-MS e confirmados por comparação com dados da literatura. Os compostos 5 e 6 (inédito) foram analisados por PF, UV-Vis, FAAS, FTIR, ESI TOF-MS, 1H RMN e 13C RMN, e suas estruturas químicas foram confirmadas por comparação com a literatura (5) e por interpretação de espectros (6). O experimento de Sod-like para os compostos 3, 4, 5 e 6 não expressou atividade aparente para a metodologia utilizada, porém todos expressaram atividade de Cat-like. O experimento de citotoxidade aguda frente à A. salina indicou haver correlação dose/resposta para as diferentes concentrações testadas dos compostos 3, 4, 5 e 6 e para os controles 1,10-Phen, 2,2-Bipy e K2Cr2O7. O composto 3 mostrou-se o mais tóxico (CL50: 2 μg mL-1), seguido do composto 5 (CL50: 78 μg mL-1), composto 4 (CL50: 386 μg mL-1) e o composto 6 menos tóxico (CL50: 409 μg mL-1). Os resultados indicam haver maior toxicidade dos compostos com cobre, caso similar observado para os compostos com 1,10-Phen. Os experimentos de citotoxicidade aguda dos compostos 5 e 6 frente à linhagem celular CHO com 24 horas de exposição nas concentrações de 25, 20, 15, 10, 5 e 2 μg mL-1 não expressaram toxicidade para a metodologia utilizada. Os resultados corroboram com aqueles obtidos no ensaio de A. salina. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-02-12T11:42:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Paulo Roberto dos Santos.pdf: 6045218 bytes, checksum: cb95cd32e24570a819eff2fc9c3efe01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-12T11:42:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Paulo Roberto dos Santos.pdf: 6045218 bytes, checksum: cb95cd32e24570a819eff2fc9c3efe01 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. / Valproic acid (VPA) is a first-line drug in the treatment of seizures in general, but the side effects from high doses produce liver damage by metabolism. VPA has high affinity for transition metals and produces chemically stable coordination compounds. The present study aimed to synthesize four complexes VPA with Cu+2 and Zn+2 with 1,10- phenanthroline and 2,2’-bipyridine linked aromatic diimines, determine the chemical structures by FAAS, FTIR, ESI-TOF MS , 1H NMR and 13C NMR, evaluate the antioxidant activities by Sod-like and Cat-like and determine acute cytotoxicity front of Artemia salina (brine shrimp) and CHO cell culture. The synthesis procedure began with the preparation of precursor compounds Cu2(Valp)4 (1) and Zn2(Valp)4 (2) by the reaction of Sodium Valproate with chlorides of metals in aqueous medium. The chemical structures were confirmed by MP, FAAS, FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Coordination compounds Cu(Valp)2(1,10-Phen) (3) Cu(Valp)2(2,2- Bipy).H2O (4), Zn(Valp)2(1,10-Phen).H2O (5) and Zn(Valp)2(2,2-Bipy).H2O (6) (unpublished) were synthesized by equimolar reaction of compounds 1 and 2 with the corresponding neutral ligands 1,10-phenanthroline and 2.2-bipyridine in DMF solvent. The data of chemical structures of compounds 3 and 4 were obtained by MP, UV-Vis, FAAS, FTIR and ESI-TOF MS and confirmed by comparison with the literature data. Compounds 5 and 6 (unpublished) were analyzed for MP, UV-Vis, FAAS, FTIR, ESI TOF-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR, and their chemical structures were confirmed by comparison with the literature (5) and interpretation spectra (6). The Sod-like experiments for compounds 3, 4, 5 and 6 were not significant, but all showed activity of Cat-like. The experiment of acute cytotoxicity in A. saline showed significant for compounds 3, 4, 5 and 6 in 8 different concentrations tested results. Compound 3 was found to be the most toxic (LC50: 2 mg mL-1), followed by compound 5 (LC50: 78 mg mL-1), compound 4 (LC50: 386 mg mL-1) and less toxic compound 6 (LC50: 409 mg mL-1). It can be observed correlation affix the higher toxicity of the compounds with copper, the case that observed for similar compounds with 1,10-Phen. The experiments of acute cytotoxicity of compounds 5 and 6 against CHO cell lines after 24 hours of exposure at concentrations of 25, 20, 15, 10, 5 and 2 μg mL-1 showed no significant differences in toxicities to controls. The results corroborate the results obtained using the A. salina.

O ácido valproico (AVP) é um fármaco de primeira linha no tratamento de convulsões parciais e generalizadas, porém os efeitos colaterais decorrentes das altas doses administradas produzem danos hepáticos por metabolização. O AVP apresenta alta afinidade com metais de transição e produz compostos de coordenação quimicamente estáveis. O presente estudo teve como objetivos sintetizar quatro complexos de AVP com Cu+2 e Zn+2 ligados com diiminas aromáticas 1,10-fenantrolina (Phen) e 2,2’-bipiridina (Bipy), determinar as estruturas químicas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica (FAAS), espectrofotometria de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (ESI-TOF-MS), e espectrometria de ressonância magnética nuclear (1H RMN e 13C RMN), avaliar as atividades antioxidantes por ensaios de Sod-like e Cat-like e determinar a citotoxicidade aguda frente à Artemia salina e à cultura celular CHO. O processo de síntese iniciou-se com a preparação dos compostos precursores Cu2(Valp)4 (1) e Zn2(Valp)4 (2) pela reação do valproato de sódio com os sais CuCl2 e ZnCl2 em meio aquoso. As estruturas químicas foram confirmadas por Ponto de Fusão, FAAS, FTIR, 1H RMN e 13C RMN. Os compostos de coordenação Cu(Valp)2(1,10-Phen) (3), Cu(Valp)2(2,2-Bipy).H2O (4), Zn(Valp)2(1,10-Phen).H2O (5) e Zn(Valp)2(2,2-Bipy).H2O (6) (inédito) foram sintetizados pela reação equimolar dos compostos 1 e 2 com os respectivos ligantes neutros 1,10- fenantrolina e 2,2-bipiridina em solvente DMF. Os dados das estruturas químicas dos compostos 3 e 4 foram obtidos por PF, UV-Vis, FAAS, FTIR e ESI TOF-MS e confirmados por comparação com dados da literatura. Os compostos 5 e 6 (inédito) foram analisados por PF, UV-Vis, FAAS, FTIR, ESI TOF-MS, 1H RMN e 13C RMN, e suas estruturas químicas foram confirmadas por comparação com a literatura (5) e por interpretação de espectros (6). O experimento de Sod-like para os compostos 3, 4, 5 e 6 não expressou atividade aparente para a metodologia utilizada, porém todos expressaram atividade de Cat-like. O experimento de citotoxidade aguda frente à A. salina indicou haver correlação dose/resposta para as diferentes concentrações testadas dos compostos 3, 4, 5 e 6 e para os controles 1,10-Phen, 2,2-Bipy e K2Cr2O7. O composto 3 mostrou-se o mais tóxico (CL50: 2 μg mL-1), seguido do composto 5 (CL50: 78 μg mL-1), composto 4 (CL50: 386 μg mL-1) e o composto 6 menos tóxico (CL50: 409 μg mL-1). Os resultados indicam haver maior toxicidade dos compostos com cobre, caso similar observado para os compostos com 1,10-Phen. Os experimentos de citotoxicidade aguda dos compostos 5 e 6 frente à linhagem celular CHO com 24 horas de exposição nas concentrações de 25, 20, 15, 10, 5 e 2 μg mL-1 não expressaram toxicidade para a metodologia utilizada. Os resultados corroboram com aqueles obtidos no ensaio de A. salina. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. / Valproic acid (VPA) is a first-line drug in the treatment of seizures in general, but the side effects from high doses produce liver damage by metabolism. VPA has high affinity for transition metals and produces chemically stable coordination compounds. The present study aimed to synthesize four complexes VPA with Cu+2 and Zn+2 with 1,10- phenanthroline and 2,2’-bipyridine linked aromatic diimines, determine the chemical structures by FAAS, FTIR, ESI-TOF MS , 1H NMR and 13C NMR, evaluate the antioxidant activities by Sod-like and Cat-like and determine acute cytotoxicity front of Artemia salina (brine shrimp) and CHO cell culture. The synthesis procedure began with the preparation of precursor compounds Cu2(Valp)4 (1) and Zn2(Valp)4 (2) by the reaction of Sodium Valproate with chlorides of metals in aqueous medium. The chemical structures were confirmed by MP, FAAS, FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Coordination compounds Cu(Valp)2(1,10-Phen) (3) Cu(Valp)2(2,2- Bipy).H2O (4), Zn(Valp)2(1,10-Phen).H2O (5) and Zn(Valp)2(2,2-Bipy).H2O (6) (unpublished) were synthesized by equimolar reaction of compounds 1 and 2 with the corresponding neutral ligands 1,10-phenanthroline and 2.2-bipyridine in DMF solvent. The data of chemical structures of compounds 3 and 4 were obtained by MP, UV-Vis, FAAS, FTIR and ESI-TOF MS and confirmed by comparison with the literature data. Compounds 5 and 6 (unpublished) were analyzed for MP, UV-Vis, FAAS, FTIR, ESI TOF-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR, and their chemical structures were confirmed by comparison with the literature (5) and interpretation spectra (6). The Sod-like experiments for compounds 3, 4, 5 and 6 were not significant, but all showed activity of Cat-like. The experiment of acute cytotoxicity in A. saline showed significant for compounds 3, 4, 5 and 6 in 8 different concentrations tested results. Compound 3 was found to be the most toxic (LC50: 2 mg mL-1), followed by compound 5 (LC50: 78 mg mL-1), compound 4 (LC50: 386 mg mL-1) and less toxic compound 6 (LC50: 409 mg mL-1). It can be observed correlation affix the higher toxicity of the compounds with copper, the case that observed for similar compounds with 1,10-Phen. The experiments of acute cytotoxicity of compounds 5 and 6 against CHO cell lines after 24 hours of exposure at concentrations of 25, 20, 15, 10, 5 and 2 μg mL-1 showed no significant differences in toxicities to controls. The results corroborate the results obtained using the A. salina.

Ce travail de recherche a pour objet l'application du procédé de polymérisation en miniémulsion de l'acétate de vinyle pour l'encapsulation de principes actifs à usage cosmétique. Ce procédé permet d'obtenir des latex à haut taux de solide et contenant une forte proportion de molécules actives. Ce travail est divisé en deux partie : l) la formation de nanoparticules et l'étude de l'incorporation de différents principes actifs, 2) la détermination de la morphologie des particules. Dans un premier temps, nous avons optimisé le procédé de polymérisation radicalaire en miniémulsion de l'acétate de vinyle. La composante hydrophobe indispensable à la bonne stabilité de la miniémulsion est assurée par le principe actif lui-même. Nous avons obtenu des latex stables pendant six mois à trois températures différentes : 4°C, 20°C et 40 °C et ce pour différents principes actifs. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié la morphologie interne des nanoparticules. Une étude prédictive basée sur les mesures des tensions superficielles et interfaciales entre les différents composés de la miniémulsion indiquent une encapsulation partielle du principe actif par le polymère. Bien que difficiles à mener sur les latex de PAcV, les observations par microscopie électronique semblent confirment cette tendance. Un changement de tensioactif et l'addition de monomère lors de la réaction de polymérisation pourraient favoriser la formation de nanocapsules / The aim of this work is the encapsulation of active ingredients by vinyl acetate miniemulsion polymerization for cosmetic use. This process allows to obtain latexes with high solid content and containing high amount of active molecule. This work is divided into two parts: 1) nanoparticles formation by miniemulsion polymerization and incorporation of different active principles 2) determination of the nanoparticles morphology. At first, the process of radical miniemulsion polymerization in for vinyl acetate is optimized. The hydrophobe compound, which is essential for the miniemulsion stability, is ensured by the active principle itself. We obtained several stable latexes with different active molecules at three different temperatures: 277 °K, 293°K and 313°K during six months. In the second part of this work, we studied the internal morphology of nanoparticles. A predictive study, based on the surface and the interfacial tension measurements between the different compounds of miniemulsion has been undertaken, which indicates a partial engulfing of the active principle by the polymer. Although the observation of PVAc lattices by electronic microscopy may be questionable, these studies seem to confirm this trend. The change of the surfactant and the monomer addition during the reaction of polymerization can favour the formation of nanocapsules

Dans le contexte actuel, les communautés scientifiques et politiques sont centrées sur les différentes manières de mieux préserver et utiliser les ressources naturelles de notre planète. Dans le but de réduire la consommation des matières issues du pétrole, et de développer de nouveaux produits et procédés industriels plus propres, l’industrie des fragrances et des arômes cherche aujourd’hui à développer de nouveaux matériaux bio-sourcés pour protéger leurs molécules volatiles odorantes. Dans ce travail de thèse, les maltodextrines ont été choisies comme composé majoritaire, les protéines de pois et un amidon modifié ont été sélectionnés comme additifs compatibilisants pour la composition des matrices d’agromatériaux. L’incorporation des molécules volatiles odorantes, ainsi que l’élaboration des matrices encapsulantes ont été réalisées en une seule étape, grâce à la technologie d’extrusion bi-vis à basse température. Les caractéristiques physicochimiques, thermiques et morphologiques de ces nouvelles matrices enrobantes ont été analysées, de même que la détermination de leur efficacité d’encapsulation et du profil de libération du principe actif. Les différentes investigations menées ont permis de mieux comprendre l’impact des formulations et de l’incorporation des molécules volatiles odorantes sur les paramètres opératoires. Les interactions entre la matrice enrobante et le principe actif ont également été étudiées. Les conditions d’extrusion établies, ainsi que les caractéristiques de ces nouvelles matrices encapsulantes, s’avèrent être pertinentes pour le domaine de la parfumerie. / Nowadays, scientific and political communities are focused on ways to better preserve and manage the natural resources of our planet. In order to reduce consumption of fossil resources, and to develop more environmentally friendly industrial processes, the industry of flavors and fragrances became interested in developing new bio-based encapsulating materials. In the present work, maltodextrins have been chosen as main component of the matrix, and pea protein isolate and a modified starch were selected as compatibilizing additives. The incorporation of volatile odorant compounds and the elaboration of the new bio-based delivery systems were performed, all in one single step, by low temperature twin-screw extrusion. The physicochemical, thermal and morphological properties of these matrices were studied, as well as the encapsulation efficiency and the release profile of the active compounds. These investigations have led to a better understanding of the impact of the formulations and of the incorporation of the active compound on the process parameters. The interactions between the wall and the encapsulated materials were also analyzed. The characteristics of the new bio-based delivery systems and the established extrusion process conditions were found to be very promising to be employed in the field of perfumery.