O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em identificar as principais diferenças, similaridades e complementaridades entre os métodos Custeio Baseado em Atividades (ABC) e Unidade de Esforço de Produção (UEP). Existem indícios de que ambos os métodos apresentam características em comum, dado já existirem trabalhos que propõem a criação de um modelo de integração dos dois. No entanto, percebeu-se uma lacuna nos referidos trabalhos em termos de comparação teórica dos conceitos e fundamentos associados a cada um destes métodos, o que motivou o presente trabalho. Assim, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, descritiva e comparativa, fez-se inicialmente uma análise detalhada de cada um dos métodos, envolvendo aspectos relacionados a suas origens, histórico de desenvolvimento, etapas de implementação e operacionalização, propósitos de uso e pontos fortes e fragilidades. Com base nessas informações, procedeu-se então à comparação dos respectivos métodos, por meio da qual se extraíram elementos para se responder à questão de pesquisa proposta. Dentre as diversas similaridades encontradas entre os métodos podem-se destacar: representação do efetivo consumo de recursos; atividades e postos operativos podem ser entendidos como sinônimos; possível subjetividade na escolha de critérios; necessidade de um conjunto vasto de informações para a execução; elevados custos de implementação; fornecem informações de lucratividade e rentabilidade; e analise da organização como um todo - produtos e serviços, operações e processos. Por outro lado, eles apresentam um conjunto de diferenças advindas principalmente dos diferentes propósitos que lhes deram origem- enquanto que o UEP assume uma postura físico-operacional, voltada para a medição da produção, o ABC assume características voltadas para a gestão dos custos monetários. Consequentemente, o método UEP assume vantagens em atividades de fábrica, relacionadas ao processo de manufatura, enquanto que o método ABC é mais voltado para atividades administrativas e de apoio, o que pode ser encarado como uma complementaridade. Assim sendo, o UEP propicia informações importantes para a gestão do processo produtivo, tais como identificação de gargalos produtivos, gestão da capacidade produtiva e reestruturação de processos de produção, enquanto que o ABC fornece informações para gestão de custos administrativos. Outra importante constatação é que o UEP, diferentemente do ABC, mensura os custos de produção e dos objetos de custeio por meio do estabelecimento de relações constantes entre esforços de produção e, por isso, apresenta estabilidade perante conjunturas econômicas desfavoráveis, tais como altas taxas inflacionárias. / The objective of this research is to identify the main differences, similarities and complementarities between the methods Activity Based Costing (ABC) and Production Effort Unit (UEP). There are signs that both methods have characteristics in common, since there are already studies aimed to create a model of integration of the two methods. However, it was noticed a gap in these works in terms of theoretical comparison of concepts and fundamentals associated to each of these methods, which motivated this work. Thus, through a bibliographical, descriptive and comparative research, there was initially a detailed analysis of each method, involving aspects related to their origins, development history, implementation and operation stages, use of purpose and strengths and weaknesses. Based on this information it proceeded then to the comparison of the respective methods by which was extracted elements to answer the proposed question of this research. Many similarities were found between these methods and can be highlighted as: representation of the effective consumption of resources; activities and operating stations can be understood as synonyms; possible subjectivity in the selection criteria; need for a wide range of information for implementation; high implementation costs; provide profitability and yield information; and analyze the organization as a whole - products and services, operations and processes. On the other hand, they have differences arising mainly from the purposes that gave them birth- while UEP takes on a physical and operational approach, focused on the measurement of production, ABC assumes characteristics aimed to management of monetary costs. Consequently, the UEP method takes advantages of factory activities related to the manufacture process, while the ABC method is stronger on administrative and support activities, which can be seen as a complementary. Therefore, the UEP provides important information for the management of the production process, such as identifying production bottlenecks, management capacity and restructuring of production processes, while ABC provides information for administrative cost management. Another important finding is that the UEP, unlike ABC, measures the cost of production and products through the establishment of constant relations between production efforts and therefore provides stability against unfavorable economic situations, such as high rates of inflation.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-04T11:45:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angela_Sofia_Ferrari_Nunes.pdf: 845469 bytes, checksum: 738a6498786e96ea784eda259c1eb755 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-06-26 / The main aim of this work is to demonstrate in a practical-theoretical way the verification of the indirect cost of the products of na Insurance Partnership through the Costing Method ABC - Activity Based Costing and identify the advantages in comparison with the Costing Method used before. The theoretical reference about the insurance operations were based on the current laws issued by regulating institutions that are responsible for the Brazilian Insurance market rules; on the technical books; on the post graduation monographies, mentioned in the bibliography reference. The theoretical grounding on the ABC - Activity Based Costing and a brief theory on ABM - Activity Based Management - can be found in the chapter III of this work. The reasons why the company opted for another cost method and its consequent advantages on decisions taking can be foun in the conclusions. / The main aim of this work is to demonstrate in a practical-theoretical way the verification of the indirect cost of the products of na Insurance Partnership through the Costing Method ABC - Activity Based Costing and identify the advantages in comparison with the Costing Method used before. The theoretical reference about the insurance operations were based on the current laws issued by regulating institutions that are responsible for the Brazilian Insurance market rules; on the technical books; on the post graduation monographies, mentioned in the bibliography reference. The theoretical grounding on the ABC - Activity Based Costing and a brief theory on ABM - Activity Based Management - can be found in the chapter III of this work. The reasons why the company opted for another cost method and its consequent advantages on decisions taking can be foun in the conclusions. / O objetivo principal deste trabalho ?? demonstrar de uma maneira te??rico-pr??tica, a apura????o dos custos indiretos dos produtos de uma sociedade seguradora atrav??s do M??todo de Custeio ABC (Activity Based Costing) e identificar se houve vantagens em compara????o com o m??todo de custeio utilizado anteriormente. O referencial te??rico sobre as opera????es de seguro foram embasadas nas legisla????es vigentes, expedidas pelos ??rg??os competentes respons??veis pela atua????o do mercado segurador no Brasil, tamb??m nos livros t??cnicos, disserta????es de mestrado e teses de doutorado, citados nas refer??ncias bibliogr??ficas. O fundamento te??rico sobre o M??todo de Custeio ABC (Activity Based Costing), utilizado neste trabalho, bem como, uma breve teoria sobre o ABM, consta no cap??tulo III. Nas considera????es finais, constam as raz??es que levaram a empresa a optar por outro m??todo de custeio e as vantagens obtidas pela seguradora para a tomada de decis??es.

O desenvolvimento do Sistema ABC (Activity-Based Costing/Sistema de Custeio Baseado em Atividades) e sua aplicação em organizações industriais apresentou-se como uma importante ferramenta no processo de gerenciamento das organizações. A viabilidade deste sistema em organizações industriais e a carência de um sistema que apoiasse o processo de gerenciamento em organizações hospitalares despertaram, na área acadêmica, o desenvolvimento de trabalhos científicos que objetivam discutir a viabilidade da aplicação deste sistema também nas organizações hospitalares. A pesquisa bibliográfica deste trabalho demonstrou a existência de muitos trabalhos acadêmicos abordando a aplicação deste sistema em organizações hospitalares, sendo, no entanto, que todos estes abordam a aplicação em setores isolados. Visando ampliar a discussão a respeito deste tema, procurando discutir como seria a aplicação do mesmo sistema em uma organização hospitalar como um todo, este trabalho teve como objetivo geral delinear um modelo a partir da identificação e integração de dados, baseado na concepção do sistema ABC, que seja aplicável às organizações hospitalares. Para atingir este objetivo, foi aplicado um estudo empírico no Hospital Universitário Clemente de Faria em todos os seus setores e clínicas. Os resultados revelaram que o Sistema ABC pode ser aplicado em qualquer tipo de organização hospitalar, seja esta pública, privada ou filantrópica, devendo-se apenas realizar algumas adaptações conforme as características de cada organização. / The viability of the ABC System (Activity-Based Costing) in industrial organizations has led to the academic area to investigate the viability of the application of this system also in hospital organizations. However the studies developed in Hospitals approach the application of this system in isolated sections. Enlarging the discussion concerning to this topic, this work had the purpose of delineating a model starting from the identification and integration of data basing on the conception of ABC system that would be applicable to hospital organizations in a generalized way. In order to reach to this objective, an empirical study was developed in all sections of the Hospital Universitário Clemente de Faria. With the study it was possible to delineate a model applicable to the studied institution. It is understood that this model is applicable to any kind of organization - public, private or philanthropic -, provided that some adaptations are done according to the characteristics of each organization.

Goal of this diploma thesis is to analyze calculations and their managing in Friall s. r. o. At first the costs are examined from the global angle -- their structure and evidence is described. The rest of thesis is connected with calculations. It analyzes present calculation system and draws up remaining two calculations method that are recommended in the latest theoretical sources. At the end of the thesis some modifications that follow from the done computation are suggested.

Devido à grande concorrência do mercado o controle de custos passa a ser peça fundamental no auxílio à tomada de decisão quanto à redução dos custos, visando uma lucratividade maior por parte das empresas. Essa dissertação trata sobre um novo modelo de custos, o RCA – Resource Consumption Accounting, que ainda não foi adotado por nenhuma empresa. Esse novo método de custeio foi aplicado como modelo piloto em uma empresa Americana onde os resultados foram favoráveis a ele em relação aos modelos existentes. Muitos autores defendem o RCA como sendo um grande aliado aos gestores e ao setor financeiro por ser de fácil entendimento, apurar a capacidade ociosa e principalmente por apurar os custos com maior precisão em relação aos métodos mais utilizados atualmente. O RCA deve superar ao método ABC – Activity Based Costing, pois ele possui algumas vantagens em relação a este, por exemplo, como tratar separadamente os custos fixos dos variáveis, evitando assim rateios arbitrários e gerando uma apuração dos custos dos produtos e das atividades com maior precisão, além de apurar a capacidade ociosa, auxiliando assim os gestores na tomada de decisão. O RCA, assim como o ABC, é caro de ser implantado, pois precisa ser utilizado junto com sistemas integrados, sendo a sua principal desvantagem. / Due to market competition, the cost control becomes a critical tool to assist managers in taking decisions pursuing the cost reduction improving the companies profitability. This dissertation is about a new cost management system, the RCA - Resource Consumption Accounting, which has not been adopted yet by any company. This new cost management system was applied as a pilot model for an American company and the results were favorable to him. Many authors support RCA as a great ally to managers and financial managers because it is easy to understand, work with embedded systems, and determine the idle capacity mainly determine costs with greater accuracy compared with the methods currently used. The RCA must overcome to ABC - Activity Based Costing, because presents some advantages over this, for example, treat separately the fixed costs of the variable ones, avoiding arbitrary apportionments and generating a calculation of the costs of products and activities more accurately, also determine the idle capacity, thereby assisting managers in taking decision. The RCA, as ABC, is expensive to deploy because it must be used with integrated systems, being its main disadvantage.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é validar a hipótese de que a acessibilidade à oportunidades influencia o comportamento dos padrões de viagens desempenhados pelos indivíduos. Para realizar a verificação desta hipótese foi formulado um procedimento (um teste de hipótese) baseado em um estudo de caso realizado na cidade de Uberlândia, utilizando informações sobre: (i) as características dos deslocamentos dos indivíduos, suas características demográficas e de participação em atividades; (ii) informações sobre o sistema de transportes, e; (iii) informações sobre a distribuição espacial das atividades. Para atingir a finalidade proposta na tese, foram elaborados procedimentos que constituem no processo de verificação da hipótese nula, constituído pelas seguintes etapas: (i) tratamento dos dados; (ii) construção das variáveis (iii) proposta para avaliação da acessibilidade no contexto da formação dos padrões de viagens; (iv) escolha de técnicas de modelagem do comportamento individual referente às decisões sobre padrões de viagens; (v) seleção das técnicas estatísticas para avaliação da significância das variáveis e desempenho dos modelos; (vi) modelagem para simulação do comportamento individual em três níveis de decisão da programação diária de atividades, modo de viagem, destino da atividade primária e padrão de viagens, e; (vii) análise dos resultados obtidos e conclusão sobre a hipótese. Após a realização do experimento realizado com as informações da cidade de Uberlândia, concluiu-se que pela verificação realizada não há elementos para rejeitar a hipótese nula, ou seja, a acessibilidade a oportunidades influencia o comportamento dos padrões de viagens encadeadas desempenhados pelos indivíduos. / The main aim of this work is to submit to a validation test the hypothesis that the accessibility to opportunities influences individuals\' trip chaining behavior. To perform the hypothesis test a procedure was developed on a study case in the city of Uberlandia, using data about: (i) characteristics of the individuals\' trips, their demographic features and activity participation; (ii) transportation system information, and; (iii) information about the spatial distribution of activities. To achieve the purpose of the thesis, it was developed procedures which consist in the hypothesis test, made by the following stages: (i) data processing; (ii) setting of the variables; (iii) a proposal to evaluate the accessibility on the context of trip chaining patterns; (iv) choosing modeling techniques to represent individual behavior regarding to its decisions on trip chaining patterns; (v) selection of statistical techniques for measures of model and variable performance; (vi) modeling individual behavior on three decision levels of the daily activity schedule, mode choice, destination choice and trip chaining patterns, and; (vii) discussion of the results and conclusion about the hypothesis. The main conclusion is that the hypothesis cannot be rejected, i.e., accessibility to opportunities influences individuals\' trip chaining behavior.

Recent developments in microsimulation modeling of activity and travel demand have called for the explicit recognition of time-space constraints under which individuals perform their activity and travel patterns. The estimation of time-space prism vertex locations, i.e., the perceived time constraints, is an important development in this context. Stochastic frontier modeling methodology offers a suitable framework for modeling and identifying the expected vertex locations of time space prisms within which people execute activity-travel patterns. In this work, stochastic frontier models of time space prism vertex locations are estimated for samples drawn from a household travel survey conducted in 2001 in the city of Thane on the west coast of India and National Household Travel Survey 2001, United States. This offers an opportunity to study time constraints governing activity travel patterns of individuals in a developing as well as developed country context. The work also includes comparisons between males and females, workers and non-workers, and developed and developing country contexts to better understand how socio-economic and socio-cultural norms and characteristics affect time space prism constraints. It is found that time space prism constraints in developing country data set can be modeled using the stochastic frontier modeling methodology. It is also found that significant differences exist between workers and non-workers and between males and females,possibly due to the more traditional gender and working status roles in the Indian context. Finally, both differences and similarities were noticed when comparisons were made between results obtained from the data set of India and United States. Many of these differences can be explained by the presence of other constraints including institutional, household, income, and transportation accessibility constraints that are generally significantly greater in the developing country context.

<p>Background:</p><p>Companies of today commonly search to gain competitive advantages throughout different forms of co-operation, one of which is referred to as Supply Chain Management. Although little research has been assigned to the topic of how to manage and control this type of relation, lately a growing number of academics has been arguing that ABC is an appropriate mean of controlling this type of relationships.</p><p>Purpose:</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to investigate to what degree the ongoing debate on the use of ABC as a mean of control within SCM correspond to the present theories related to ABC and SCM respectively.</p><p>Research method:</p><p>The thesis takes it’s starting point within the literature, meaning that the empirical information consists of published articles in the ongoing debate. This information is put in relation to the original theories concerning both topics.</p><p>Conclusions:</p><p>The results shown in the thesis in some content agrees with the ongoing debate referring to the positive aspects that could result from using ABC as a mean of control within SCM. However the main result of the study is the discovery of a lack of discussion concerning the problems that implementing ABC within SCM might implicate, a fact that we believe contributes to the mainly positive view on using ABC within Supply Chain Management.</p> / <p>Bakgrund</p><p>Företag av idag ingår i allt större utsträckning i någon form av samarbete för att på så vis skapa sig konkurrensfördelar på marknaden, en av dessa samarbetsformer går under beteckningen Supply Chain Management. Hur styrningen i denna typ av relation bör se ut är ett relativt outforskat ämne, dock finns det i dagens forskningsdebatt flera forskare som förespråkar ABC-kalkylering som ett lämpligt styrinstrument för denna typ av relationer.</p><p>Syfte</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur väl den pågående forskningsdebatten gällande användandet av ABC som styrverktyg inom SCM överensstämmer med befintlig teoribildning inom de respektive forskningsområdena.</p><p>Genomförande</p><p>Studien tar sin utgångspunkt i litteraturen, med detta avses att den empiri som studeras består av publicerade artiklar i den aktuella debatten. Informationen ställs sedan i relation till den existerande teoribildningen inom ABC respektive SCM.</p><p>Slutsats</p><p>De resultat som framkommer ur studien visar på att den aktuella debatten i vissa avseenden har rätt i de positiva effekter ett ABC-system skulle kunna generera inom SCM. Men vad studien huvudsakligen kommer fram till är att det i forskningsdebatten saknas en ordentlig problematisering av ämnet, vilket enligt oss också förklarar den övervägande positiva syn som föreligger till användandet av ABC inom SCM.</p>

<p>Background: The Activity-Based Costing model has its origin in the Manufacturing Industry and has since its origin become more usual. The ABC-method is beginning to break through in several others businesses than just the Manufacturing Industry, but there are insufficient information about how the ABC-model can be developed in Trading Company for instance. These companies often use simple and stereotyped calculations in their organizations and assume the cost price by calculating, which give rise to an inappropriate allocation of the costs. ABC could therefore be a solution to these problems and therefore would it be interesting to investigate how this model can be designed in a trading company. </p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the design and usage of the Activity-Based Costing in a Trading Company. Method: The paper has a sign of a case study. A more deep study has also been made at Materialservice in Nässjö, while the study at ICA, Hall.miba and Svenskt Papper has been of a more supplementary nature. We have also made interviews with two firms of consultants, Prodacapo and SAM in purpose to make our study/investigation more general. </p><p>Result: We have found that the result the customer has a more important role in the Trading Company than the Manufacturing Industry and that the Trading Company use more activities and cost drivers in their ABC-model. The result also shows that the main area of use of ABC in the trading company is to guide the behaviours of the company and the customers.</p>

<p>Gottfridsson, H. O., 2007, Färdmedelsvalets komplexa förutsättningar – En studie av arbetspendling i småbarnshushåll med Kils kommun som exempel, (Complex conditions governing choice of transport – A study of parents of young children commuting to work from the municipality of Kil).</p><p>Travel is a means through which people fulfil a variety of social and biological requirements. In turn, the purpose, destination and identity of the traveller set different requirements that different forms of transport have different opportunities of fulfilling.</p><p>The purpose of this dissertation is to find out about the complex conditions that form the scope for action in the choice of transport, in this particular case for parents of young children when travelling to and from work. The dissertation emphasises the importance of studying the whole picture and of the interchange between the component parts in order to gain a better understanding of the conditions governing a commuter’s choice of transport.</p><p>In the study a theoretical framework of reference is gradually established by mixing empiricism and theory. As a result, a number of factors significant for the transport selection process are identified. These factors include the composition and organisation of the household, transport system structures, local community structures and the resources and preferences of the commuter.</p><p>Several methods were used during the collection of data. Data about commuters was collected via surveys and travel diaries. Traffic systems and associated structures were studied with the help of maps.</p><p>Work requirements combined with local structures such as the location of the home, workplace and services, and how the household chooses to organise daily activities, place specific demands on the planning of the journey to and from work. Different transport systems meet these demands in varying degrees. The choice of transport is also determined by the commuter’s socio-economic situation, travel resources and how he or she, depending on motives, knowledge and habits finally perceives the alternatives available.</p><p>The results confirm that car users and public transport users have different strategies when choosing transport. The results also indicate that there are commuters who declare the same grounds for their choice of transport, but who in practice conclude different consequences and choose different means of transport. The data also indicates clearly that among users of public transport there are major differences in journey times, number of stops, distance to bus stops and travel costs, and that commuters who use public transport are more complex as a group.</p>