In the 1990s when enlargement of Euro-Atlantic organizations was slowly becoming reality, a theory exploring interaction between an organization and its member states gradually resigned from primary perception of the state as a socialized actor (socializee) and this concept was substituted by the notion of political actors. It was the theory of socialization that became more and more important in terms of examining impact of political organizations on political representatives of Member States, their behaviour and possible interaction between them. This recent and dynamic theory was often confronted with obstacles, especially in terms of its theoretical anchoring. Even within the framework of ongoing academic debate, this theory did not obtain clear recognition. Researches examining causal relationship between socialization and subsequent behaviour of politicians come up with various results. The aim of this thesis is to enter into this debate and verify the hypothesis assuming that the decisions of foreign policy actors are influenced by socialization of respective political actor. Verification of the hypothesis was carried out on example of Iraq in 2003 by the means of media coverage and official documents content analysis. Possible socialization of six foreign policy makers was examined on the...

Für eine konsistente Rechtevergabe in betrieblichen Anwendungssystemen ist die Einbeziehung umfassender intra- und interorganisationeller Strukturen unabdingbar. Die Kernproblematik aktueller Ansätze beruht auf der inkonsistenten Zuweisung von Aufgabenträgern bei der Rechtevergabe. Die Problematik fällt speziell bei aufbauorganisatorischen Änderungen, wie der Einstellung, der Versetzung und dem Ausscheiden von Aufgabenträgern in Unternehmen, ins Gewicht. Das Resultat der inkonsistenten Rechtevergabe ist die Verletzung von (Sicherheits-)Richtlinien in den Unternehmen. Der Neuheitswert der Arbeit basiert vorrangig auf der Entwicklung eines aufbauorganisatorischen Metamodells und einer korrespondierenden deklarativen Anfragesprache. Diese Komposition ermöglicht die konsistente Rechtevergabe und damit einhergehend die Einhaltung der (Sicherheits-)Richtlinien in den betrieblichen Anwendungssystemen. Des Weiteren wird der Wartungsaufwand in den betrieblichen Anwendungssystemen bei den erwähnten aufbauorganisatorischen Änderungen reduziert.

El mercado de multivitamínicos Over the Counter (OTC), en los últimos años ha tenido un crecimiento exponencial a nivel mundial, el Perú no es ajeno a ello y viene evolucionando gracias a la mega tendencia del cuidado de la salud. Asimismo, encontramos a una mujer empoderada, que considera importante el cuidado de la salud, además de ser la principal decisora de compra. El presente estudio busca identificar los principales factores que influyen en la decisión de compra de multivitamínicos OTC, en mujeres de 25 a 39 años, del Nivel Socioeconómico B de Lima Metropolitana, en el 2019; además determinará, qué influencias socioculturales, psicológicas y fuentes de comunicación, son las más relevantes. El documento consta de cuatro capítulos: Capítulo 1: establece la formulación del problema, los objetivos y el marco teórico, donde se define el comportamiento y los factores que influyen en la decisión de compra. Capítulo 2: indica la metodología de investigación, la cual es del tipo exploratoria-descriptiva, con un enfoque mixto, con entrevistas a profundidad, focus group y encuestas. Capítulo 3: desarrolla el análisis de resultados de la investigación. Capítulo 4: hace mención a las conclusiones, hallazgos y recomendaciones a las que se llegaron luego de efectuar el análisis. La principal motivación de la investigación, es brindar información de utilidad, para posteriores estudios de marketing en la industria farmacéutica. / The Over the Counter (OTC) multivitamin market, in recent years has had an exponential growth worldwide; Peru is no stranger to it and has been evolving thanks to the mega trend of health care. We also found an empowered woman, who considers health care important, as well as being the main purchasing decision maker. The present study seeks to identify the main factors that influence the purchase decision of OTC multivitamins, in women aged 25 to 39, of Socioeconomic Level B of Metropolitan Lima, in 2019, it will also determine which sociocultural, psychological and communication sources are the most relevant. The document consists of four chapters: Chapter 1: establishes the formulation of the problem, the objectives and the theoretical framework, where the behavior and the factors that influence the purchase decision are defined. Chapter 2: indicates the research methodology, which is of the exploratory-descriptive type, with a mixed approach, with in-depth interviews, focus groups and surveys. Chapter 3: develop the analysis of research results. Chapter 4: mentions the conclusions, findings and recommendations reached after the analysis. The main motivation of the research is to provide useful information for subsequent marketing studies in the pharmaceutical industry. / Tesis

In the face of climate change, our planet is going through unprecedented changes, making international governance and cooperation on this issue a necessity. Recent studies indicate that the window to act to stay within the 1.5 °C target of the Paris Agreement has narrowed, and that strong and urgent action is needed. Furthermore, there are indicators that Sweden will not reach its national emission reduction goal of net zero emissions by 2045. Many researchers point to the Paris Agreement's increased focus on non-state actors as contributors to climate change governance, and their ability to 'bridge the gap' between current actions and the actions needed to limit global warming. Businesses and the private sector are prominent non-state actors because of their financial and technological power. Hence, this study investigated how Swedish climate change initiatives that gather companies can assist with the transition to net zero emissions by 2045. Utilizing a mixed methods research design, this study has conducted both a survey as well as several in-depth interviews to investigate how climate change initiatives are perceived to affect member companies to reduce their emissions. It also explored the larger impact of climate change initiatives on non-members and society. The findings show that the main influence of climate change initiatives happens through lobbying. Lobbying is both described as one of the main reasons behind companies joining an initiative, as well as where climate change initiatives are perceived to have the largest impact. Furthermore, the study found that participation in initiatives may lead companies to reformulate their internal reduction targets into being more ambitious. It is, however, difficult to determine whether participation leads to actual emission reductions. Finally, climate change initiatives may also lead to impact further down the value chain of a company and facilitate knowledge sharing both internally and externally.

In recent years, pressures for making society more sustainable have been on a constant increase, and many of the new green technology solutions which will facilitate this change are likely to originate from small high-tech firms. However, young technology-based firms often fail to successfully bring their products to the market – a process known as commercialization. The purpose of this study was to from a managerial perspective contribute to narrowing the gap between practice and academia in the largely unexplored area of commercializing green tech. A qualitative study using an abductive research approach was conducted based on semi-structured interviews carried out at five Swedish green tech companies, followed by an analysis based on grounded theory. From this, four main challenges of green tech commercialization in Sweden were identified, including the reliance of green tech firms on external actors, challenges related to attracting employees and partners, the risk of green tech markets not materializing, and difficulties related to securing financing. Additionally, four underlying themes connected to these challenges were discussed, including issues related to the apparent interrelatedness of green tech markets, the importance of policy support to green tech viability, the importance of investor support, and issues related to gaining trust.

Stockholms län är en expansiv region vars befolkning har vuxit kraftigt de senaste årtiondena och kommer enligt prognoser att fortsätta växa under en överskådlig framtid. Inflyttningen har inneburit att en redan hög efterfrågan på hyresrätter har blivit ännu högre. Trots en hög efterfrågan så är utbudet på hyresrätter trögrörligt och har inte hunnit i kapp. Detta har resulterat i att det råder bostadsbrist i stort sett i hela regionen. Det pågår ständigt en debatt bland experter, politiker och aktörer på fastighetsmarknaden om vad som kan göras för att åtgärda bristen på hyresrätter i regionen. En orsak till det låga byggandet av hyresrätter är att privata aktörer oftast betraktar den som en olönsam investering jämfört med bostadsrätten. Detta har hämmat byggandet enligt flera experter. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka åtgärder som kan ge incitament till privata aktörer att öka byggandet av hyresrätter, med fokus på Stockholmsregionen. För att undersöka detta intervjuades flertalet privata aktörer på regionens hyresmarknad för att få deras syn på lönsamheten i att bygga hyresrätter, samt vad som skulle ge dem incitament att öka byggandet. Vi fann tre utmärkande svar:  Det saknas tillgång till planlagd mark. Detta på grund av att det saknas resurser hos kommunerna och att den kommunala planprocessen är ineffektiv.  Den skattemässiga obalansen mellan upplåtelseformerna bör reformeras för att skapa balans i beskattningen.  En översyn av hyressättningsprincipen för att dels göra den mindre reglerad, dels för att öka säkerheten i framtida intäkter. Ovanstående lösningar är troligen effektiva och kan stimulera byggandet av fler hyresrätter men problemet, bristen på bostäder överlag, behöver ses över i sin helhet. En huvuddel av alla bostäder i Sverige utgörs av det befintliga beståndet. En ökad rörlighet bland det befintliga beståndet samt förbättrad infrastruktur skulle bidra till en mera fungerande marknad. Detta skulle leda till en högre investeringsvilja och att andelen hyresrätter skulle öka. Ökas rörligheten i det äldre beståndet möjliggör rimligen detta att ekonomiskt svagare grupper kan erhålla en äldre lägenhet med lägre hyra, medan ekonomiskt starkare kan erhålla en lägenhet i nyproduktion. / The Stockholm region is an expanding region with a growing population, which will continue to grow for a foreseeable future according to various predictions. The region’s rapid growth has increased an already large demand for rental housing. Despite a high demand, the slow-moving supply of rental housing has not caught up which has resulted in a region-wide housing crisis. There is an ongoing debate in the Stockholm region amongst experts, politicians and interest groups on the Swedish real estate market regarding what measures can be taken to solve the lack of rental housing. According to many experts, an underlying problem of the low level of construction is that private actors often consider rental housing an unprofitable investment compared to condominiums. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate what measures would give private actors incentives to increase their level of construction of rental housing, especially in the Stockholm region. Therefore, private actors on the region’s rental market were interviewed about what measures would give them incentives to increase construction of rental housing. Also, their view on the profitability of constructing rental housing in general was explored. Three measures that possibly can increase profitability were mentioned multiple times:  There is a need of more land allocation agreements. This is due to that the Swedish municipalities, the governing bodies of land usage in Sweden, lack resources and have an often slow process of distributing land for the construction of housing.  The unbalanced taxation system between rental housing and condominiums needs to be revised. The different forms of tenure need to be equally taxed.  Improvements to the current rent control, to make the system less regulated and to secure future incomes. The measures mentioned above may prove efficient in stimulating construction, although the problem needs to be studied in its entirety. A majority of Sweden’s housing consists of the current stock. An increased movement of tenants within the current stock and improved and expanded infrastructure may improve the rental market of the Stockholm region. This would make investments in rental housing more attractive and would increase the rate of production. An increased movement of tenants in the current stock will enable several income classes to obtain affordable accommodation, whilst more affluent groups occupy newly built housing

The aim of this research is to analyse and describe the promotion of sustainable entrepreneurship by governmental organizations to new entrepreneurs. The thesis looks into the Investment and Development Agency of Latvia (LIAA) which is the main governmental body for organizing business idea competitions in Latvia. The desired outcome of this study is to provide insight into sustainability education to new entrepreneurs and point out issues on state level that hinder transition to sustainability. A qualitative research technique was selected as it offers a way to conduct a comparative research for analysing different points of view for case studies. The results showed that, among other findings, that there is too little emphasis on sustainability at national level, resulting in little interest from the public and a correspondingly narrow range of offerings from LIAA. Consequently, the excessive volume of work and functions is hindering the agency's work, which is reflected in delayed development at sustainability context. The fact that Latvia is lacking a clear national image could be perceived as the result of inability to define values for several decades and failure to implement innovative, sustainability-oriented education system.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to extend the knowledge on how Swedish companies canbecome more embedded in the Chinese market by building relationships with political actors. Research question: How do Swedish managers develop and maintain relations with politicalactors in China, and how do they perceive the outcomes from such relations? Method: Qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews. Results: The results of the study shows that managers initially use local middlemen orconsultancies to get in contact with political actions. Further, they participate in variousactivities to build upon and develop that relationship, something that is argued by therespondents to be more time-consuming and extensive than in western countries. The outcomeof having these relationships is that firm could gain a competitive edge and the managers tobecome more efficient in their role. Contribution: This study contributes with additional research to the Extended BusinessNetwork and relationship building with non-business actors in China from a Swedishmanagerial perspective.

The discussion of a ‘cultural’ dimension of sustainability has been brought forward in sustainable development and in particular sustainable urban development (SUD) in the last three decades. Despite both an advancement of scientific discourse and advocacy through international organisations, empirical examples discussing explicitly leadership and organisation for implementation of culture in SUD are still rare. Through the lens of leadership and organisation, important questions regarding norms, values and behavior are being addressed that provide the foundation for future development. To advance empirical knowledge in the described field, the thesis takes a look at the city of Malmö in the form of a case study. In Malmö, culture has been assigned an important and all-encompassing role in the city’s organisation and sustainable development plan, manifested through a local policy, the so called ‘Culture Strategy’. This in-depth study aims at understanding the practical application of culture in SUD, given a theoretical framework including the possible roles of culture in SUD and the meanings of creative organisation and leadership in a neoliberal urban context. It is followed by a comprehensive analysis of a range of official documents and eight semi- structured interviews. Asking for the communication of visions and actors’ roles and understandings of culture in relation to practices and organisational structures, the thesis shows that the cultural strategy so far has a dual function as a catalyst and representative for the discussion of culture in SUD. Over-departmentalisation and a lack of communication present hinders for organisational change and the potential of development through learning is not given adequate space and time so far. In conclusion, the municipal organisation must detach from the idea to control, and rather enable ‘spaces’ for diverse actors to collectively employ creativity and allow for an experimental process to unfold.

The thesis deals with the analysis of the social networks of actors of public, non-profit and private sectors active within the inner periphery, which is located in the border area of central, west and south Bohemia. The objective of the thesis is to try to identify and characterize social networks of actors active in the area of interest and acquire knowledge about the complexity, density and overall organization of these networks. The main research questions of the thesis include evaluation of the complexity of the identified social networks, characterization of frequency of collaboration between the actors in networks, or assess the influence of the actors within the area of interest from their perspective. The effort is also to compare the analyzed results of these networks within three individual parts of the area of interest. The input data are gained using the content analysis of documents, namely the content analysis of local periodicals published within the area of interest Then, using a method of social networks analysis and the UCINET program, the features and characteristics of identified social networks of actors within the area of interest such as size, density, centrality of a network, or specification of core and periphery actors of such network. Part of the empirical research is...