Delta-Notch signaling is crucial for development of nearly every tissue in metazoans. Signals received by the Notch receptor influence transcription of select target genes that ultimately restrict the developmental fate of the signal receiving cell with respect to its neighbors. The Notch pathway also functions in contexts of abnormal proliferation and differentiation, e.g. cancer and inflammation. Therefore, understanding the regulation of signaling through the Notch receptor protein at the cellular and molecular level is of great significance. In this dissertation, I investigated three ways in which Notch signaling is regulated, namely (1) proteolysis of the Delta ligand; (2) endocytosis of the Delta ligand; and (3) proteolysis of the Notch receptor.. The Delta protein has three functions. First, Delta is a ligand for Notch when bound to it from an adjacent cell. Second, Delta is an inhibitor of Notch when coexpressed with it in the same cell. Third, Delta is hypothesized to be a receptor and, upon binding to Notch, signals to nucleus. Delta undergoes proteolysis by ADAM proteases and there are two contradictory models for the role of Delta cleavage: (1) cleavage disables Delta function; and (2) cleavage activates Delta function. Overall, the results presented in this dissertation strengthen the first model and weaken the second one. Consistent with the first model, we showed that preventing Delta cleavage strengthens its ligand function. As well, when co-expressed in the same with Notch, Delta cleavage is upregulated therefore disabling Delta function as inhibitor of Notch. In contrast to the second model, we showed that Delta proteolysis does not follow a previously established pattern of cleavages typical of cell surface proteins that are activated by proteolysis. Delta also undergoes endocytosis. Two general models have emerged that are again contradictory: (1) endocytosis downregulates cell surface expression of Delta and therefore diminishes its ability to bind Notch; (2) endocytosis of Delta invokes activation of Notch signaling. Overall, our results strengthen the first model and weaken the second one. In support of the first model, we first demonstrated that Notch activation shows a linear relationship to the amount of Delta ligand present on the cell surface and that subsequent inhibition of cell surface expression of Delta leads to its loss of function. In contrast to the second model, we showed that endocytosis of Delta is not required to activate Notch. We also resolved that earlier evidence in support for this model stemmed from misinterpretations of the properties of a Delta mutant protein. Proteolysis of Notch activates the signaling cascade. Binding of Delta to Notch was previously regarded as a requisite regulatory step to invoke receptor proteolysis. We identified the ability of Kuzbanian and TACE, ADAM proteases that cleave Notch in response to Delta stimulation, to activate Notch in a ligand-independent manner. Altogether, our results demonstrate that proteolysis and endocytosis of Delta are independent mechanisms that act to downregulate Delta function and are therefore an important means of attenuating the Notch signal. Alternatively, we find a novel means of enhancing Notch signals in specific contexts, namely through ligand-independent Notch activation by the ADAMs Kuzbanian and TACE. With respect to the latter observation, Kuzbanian and TACE expression is known to be elevated in several human diseases, and thus predicts that engagement of Notch signaling is a contributing factor in these pathologies.

This paper thoroughly examines the production of the thesis film, For Justin. Each area of the film's production is discussed and analyzed, including the writing, directing, production design, cinematography, editing, sound, and workflow. My decisions in these areas will be discussed at length and ultimately the final film will be analyzed in order to determine whether I achieved my goal of challenging myself to create a heartfelt, touching film with high production values for my twin brother, Justin.

Le carcinome rénal représente 5% des tumeurs de l’adulte et se développe au niveau des tubules rénaux. Le sous-type histologique majeur des cancers du rein est le carcinome rénal à cellules claires (cRCC). 90% des cRCC présentent une inactivation biallélique du gène suppresseur de tumeur de Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) induisant une activation constitutive de la voie de l’hypoxie via le facteur de transcription HIF1-α (Hypoxia Inducible Factor) qui contribue à la physiologie des tumeurs. Les cRCC sont des tumeurs à la fois radio- et chimiorésistantes, rendant la prise en charge thérapeutique des patients très difficile.Nos recherches consistaient en l’étude des rôles de la mucine membranaire MUC1, dont la queue cytoplasmique (MUC1 CT) peut interagir avec différentes voies de signalisation et agir en tant que co-activateur transcriptionnel de nombreux gènes impliqués dans la progression tumorale et la diffusion métastatique. Des travaux antérieurs réalisés au laboratoire montraient que la surexpression de MUC1 observée dans les cRCC était associée au statut métastatique des patients et marquait un mauvais pronostic. Cette surexpression de MUC1 est également impliquée dans la voie de l’hypoxie, voie majeure de la carcinogenèse rénale. Le premier objectif de l’étude était donc de déterminer les effets de la surexpression de MUC1 sur les propriétés des cellules de cRCC. Nous montrons ainsi que le domaine extracellulaire de MUC1 ainsi que sa partie cytoplasmique sont impliqués dans l’augmentation des capacités migratoires et de la viabilité des cellules cancéreuses rénales et qu’elle leur confère une résistance à l’anoïkis, programme de mort cellulaire déclenché lorsque la cellule perd ses contacts avec les cellules voisines ou avec la matrice extra-cellulaire et diminuent les propriétés d’agrégation des cellules tumorales. Nous montrons également que MUC1 est impliquée dans la chimiorésistance des cRCC en induisant l’expression de genes de chimiorésistance comme ABCG2 et GSTO2. Nous montrons par ailleurs que les propriétés invasives des cellules de cRCC sont exclusivement liées à MUC1 CT. Le deuxième objectif de l’étude était d’identifier les mécanismes moléculaires à l’origine du clivage de MUC1 CT. En utilisant différentes stratégies (siARN, inhibiteurs pharmacologiques et peptides), nous montrons pour la première fois que deux sheddases, ADAM10 et ADAM17 et la gamma secrétase sont nécessaires au clivage de MUC1 C, permettant ainsi sa délocalisation nucléaire et l’augmentation des propriétés invasives des cellules de cRCC. Enfin, nous montrons que la surexpression de MUC1 augmente l’expression protéique d’ADAM10/17, suggérant une boucle de régulation positive existant en conditions pathologiques.En conclusion, notre étude souligne le rôle de MUC1 dans la progression tumorale rénale et montre que la localisation nucléaire de MUC1-C est à l’origine de l’acquisition d’un phénotype invasif et chimiorésistant via l’action des sheddases ADAM10/17 et de la gamma secrétase. MUC1 apparait alors comme une cible thérapeutique potentielle intéressante dans la prise en charge des cRCC. / Renal cell carcinoma corresponds to 5% of all adult malignancies and originates from renal tubules. The main histologic subtype is represented by clear renal cell carcinoma. Ninety percent of cRCC present a biallelic inactivation of the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene resulting in constitutive activation of hypoxia signaling pathway via the Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) -1 transcription factor that contributes to the physiology of tumours. cRCC is typically highly resistant to conventional systemic therapies. MUC1 is a membrane-anchored mucin and its cytoplasmic tail (CT) can interact with many signaling pathways and act as a co-transcription factor to activate genes involved in tumor progression and metastasis. Previous studies have shown that MUC1 is diffusely overexpressed in cRCC and MUC1 overexpression has been found to be associated with metastatic disease and a worse prognosis.MUC1 is overexpressed in renal cell carcinoma with correlation to prognosis and has been implicated in the hypoxic pathway, the main renal carcinogenetic pathway. In this context, we assessed the effects of MUC1 overexpression on renal cancer cells properties. Using shRNA strategy and/or different MUC1 constructs, we found that MUC1-extracellular domain and MUC1 CT are both involved in increase of migration, cell viability, resistance to anoikis and to decrease of cell aggregation in cancer cells. We also showed that MUC1 is involved in cRCC chemoresistance by inducing chemoresistance genes expression like ABCG2 and GSTO2. Invasiveness depends only on MUC1 CT. Then, by using siRNA strategy and/or pharmacological inhibitors or peptides, we showed that sheddases ADAM10, ADAM17 and gamma-secretase are necessary for MUC1 C-terminal subunit (MUC1-C) nuclear location and in increase of invasion property. Finally, MUC1 overexpression increases ADAM10/17 protein expression suggesting a positive regulatory loop. In conclusion, we report that MUC1 acts in renal cancer progression and MUC1-C nuclear localization is driving invasiveness of renal cancer cells through a sheddase/gamma secretase dependent pathway. MUC1 appears as a therapeutic target by blocking MUC1 cleavage or nuclear translocation by using pharmacological approach and peptide strategies.

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English

This thesis represents a systematic analysis of one of the commentaries of Adam of Buckfield on the physical works of Aristotle. The aim is to indicate how natural philosophy was taught in the early universities and how Aristotle's text became canonical in the arts course. The evidence, from extensive palaeographical research, is used to assess Buckfield's influence at an important time when Oxford was a young university, still shaping its curricula. It is argued that since natural philosophy was forbidden in the university of Paris during the time when Buckfield was teaching, a particular importance attaches to Oxford's interpretation of the physical works of Aristotle. The subsequent revival of natural philosophy in Paris and other universities that followed the Parisian model, it is argued, therefore owes a considerable debt to Oxford and its early masters, among whom Adam of Buckfleld was the earliest to complete a commentary on all the major physical works. The thesis examines the manuscript traditions in which Buckfield's works survives: separate copies of commentaries; whole commentaries written out in the Corpus vetustius collections of physical works; fragments of commentaries in the standard gloss in the same collection. Reasons are suggested for the difference between the natures of these manuscripts in the context of thirteenth-century teaching. A special study of Buckfleld's commentary on the De dfferentia spirilus et anime illuminates these kinds of manuscripts, indicates where further work will be profitable, and allows a reconstruction of the teaching material and techniques of Oxford regent masters of the thirteenth century.

Microsporidia infect invertebrate and vertebrate animals. Human pathogenic microsporidia are associated with severe disease in immunocompromised individuals, and mostly asymptomatic infection in the immunocompetent. Treatment options for microsporidiosis are limited, incompletely effective, and associated with toxicity. Furthermore, microsporidia infection of healthy individuals is poorly understood, and the consequences of asymptomatic infection have not been determined. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of microsporidia infection, but such information is essential for the development of new therapies. Spores adhere to host cell surfaces in vitro. Our laboratory has focused on determining specific host cell and microsporidia spore surface participants in spore adherence. Our previous studies have shown that host cell sulfated glycosaminoglycans and the spore surface protein EnP1 participate in spore adherence to host cells. Additionally, in vitro inhibition or augmentation of spore adherence decreased or increased host cell infection, respectively. These studies demonstrated the importance of spore adherence in host cell infection and began to characterize the host cell and spore determinants of adherence. The goal of this research was to further characterize host cell and spore participants in microsporidia adherence and infection of host cells in vitro. We characterized an intracellular microsporidia protein and related antibodies for analyses of microsporidia spore surface proteins; characterized a spore surface protein, MsADAM, involved in spore adherence to and infection of host cells in vitro; and suggested a role for host cell integrins in microsporidia adherence to and infection of host cells in vitro.

The furious pace of Moore's Law is driving computer architecture into a realm where the the speed of light is the dominant factor in system latencies. The number of clock cycles to span a chip are increasing, while the number of bits that can be accessed within a clock cycle is decreasing. Hence, it is becoming more difficult to hide latency. One alternative solution is to reduce latency by migrating threads and data, but the overhead of existing implementations has previously made migration an unserviceable solution so far. I present an architecture, implementation, and mechanisms that reduces the overhead of migration to the point where migration is a viable supplement to other latency hiding mechanisms, such as multithreading. The architecture is abstract, and presents programmers with a simple, uniform fine-grained multithreaded parallel programming model with implicit memory management. In other words, the spatial nature and implementation details (such as the number of processors) of a parallel machine are entirely hidden from the programmer. Compiler writers are encouraged to devise programming languages for the machine that guide a programmer to express their ideas in terms of objects, since objects exhibit an inherent physical locality of data and code. The machine implementation can then leverage this locality to automatically distribute data and threads across the physical machine by using a set of high performance migration mechanisms. An implementation of this architecture could migrate a null thread in 66 cycles -- over a factor of 1000 improvement over previous work. Performance also scales well; the time required to move a typical thread is only 4 to 5 times that of a null thread. Data migration performance is similar, and scales linearly with data block size. Since the performance of the migration mechanism is on par with that of an L2 cache, the implementation simulated in my work has no data caches and relies instead on multithreading and the migration mechanism to hide and reduce access latencies.

In The Sources of Normativity, Christine Korsgaard argues that in order to avoid the threat of moral skepticism, our moral theories must show how the claims they make about the nature of our actions obligate us to act morally. A theory that can justify the normativity of morality in this way answers what Korsgaard calls “the normative question.” Although Korsgaard claims that only Kantian theories of morality, such as her own, can answer the normative question, I argue that Adam Smith’s sentimentalist moral theory, as presented in The Theory of Moral Sentiments, can answer the normative question as well. As a result, it is possible to respond to the moral skeptic in the way Korsgaard outlines without accepting some of the theoretical drawbacks of Korsgaard’s own moral theory.

In A Treatise of Human Nature, David Hume argues that moral judgments are the product of sentiment. The mechanism of sympathy allows individuals to enter into a common point of view in order to produce judgments that are truly moral, and not merely self-interested. Hume argues that the common point of view is the standard that moral judgments are subjected to. I argue that the common point of view is an inadequate standard for distinguishing between proper and improper moral judgments. The common point of view is inadequate because it is subjective and unreflective. In The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Adam Smith offers an account of moral judgment that has an adequate standard for distinguishing between proper and improper moral judgments. Smith avoids the problems with Hume’s account due to his distinction between partial and impartial spectators and the role that self-command plays in his theory of moral judgment.

In this thesis I argue literary readership allows us to gain imagined experiences necessary to sympathize with people whose experiences are different from our own. I begin with a discussion of Adam Smith’s conception of sympathy and moral education. Although sympathy is a process we take part in naturally as members of a society, we can only be skilled spectators if we practice taking the position of the impartial spectator and critically reflect on our judgments. As I will argue in this thesis, literature provides a way for us to practice spectatorship without the consequences that come along with making mistakes when judging real people. Literature also provides a way to build up a stock of experiences, which can be applied together with our personal life histories to create the most informed judgments possible.