Thesis (M.A.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of History. / Electronic thesis. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-135). Also available in print ed.

Zugl.: Diss.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2006. / Title from title screen (site viewed on September 12, 2006). PDF text of dissertation: xi, 76 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 46.33Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3208110. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm, microfiche and paper format.

Thesis (M.A.)--Catholic Theological Union, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-106).

Diss.--Freiburg (Breisgau)--Univ., 1996. / Notes bibliogr. en bas de p. Bibliogr. p. 165-192. Index.

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Silvio Marques Zanata / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Defesa: Curitiba, 31/03/2015 / Inclui referências : f. 155-165 / Resumo: ADAM23 é uma proteína transmembrana, da família ADAM (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease), altamente expressa em células neuronais, cujo papel biológico não está bem elucidado. Sabe-se que a ADAM23 está envolvida no processo de adesão celular em neuroblastomas através da interação com integrinas. Mecanismos de adesão celular envolvendo a ADAM23 humana, informações sobre o seu processamento intracelular e as propriedades do seu ectodomínio podem servir para a compreensão do papel estrutural e biológico dessa proteína. O presente estudo visou o desenvolvimento de vetores de expressão para a produção de quimeras protéicas constituídas pelo ectodomínio de ADAM23 e a região Fc de IgG humana (domínios CH2 e CH3). As quimeras serão utilizadas como bioferramentas no estudo do processamento de ADAM23 e da sua função na adesão e proliferação celular. Os fragmentos de nucleotídeos que codificam os resíduos 60-792 (ADAM23C1) e 287-792 (ADAM23C2) da ADAM23 humana foram clonados no vetor pINFUSE-hIgG1-Fc2 (secreção através do peptídeo sinal da IL-2) enquanto a sequência 1-792 foi clonada no vetor pcDNA3.1-hIgG1-Fc2 (secreção utilizando o peptídeo sinal da ADAM23). As três construções foram transfectadas nas linhagens N2A (neuroblastoma de camundongo), HEK-293T (rim humano) e CHO-K1 (ovário de hamster) e tanto os extratos celulares como os sobrenadantes de cultura foram analisados para a expressão das quimeras. A linhagem N2A apresentou a mais eficiente secreção das três proteínas quiméricas. As quimeras ADAM23C1 e ADAM23C2, foram adequadamente expressas e recuperadas dos sobrenadantes das culturas de células N2A e HEK-293T. A quimera ADAM23C3 (full-length do ecdomínio) foi identificada sempre na forma processada, indicando que seu peptídeo sinal foi reconhecido pelas maquinarias de secreção e processamento das células utilizadas. Diferentes métodos de purificação das quimeras foram comparados, sendo que a precipitação por sulfato de amônio mostrou-se ser o mais adequado, por aliar economicidade de recursos e retenção da estrutura da proteína. Paralelamente foi avaliada a expressão de ADAM23 em diferentes linhagens e tecidos, além do estabelecimento da localização celular das formas imatura e processada da ADAM23. Com a ajuda do anticorpo monoclonal DL11C8 foi possível determinar que a forma processada de ADAM23 (70 kDa) é a mais abundante no encéfalo de camundongos e é expressa na face externa da membrana plasmática da linhagem N2A. Estes dados mostram pela primeira vez que há uma baixa expressão da forma de 100 kDa (não-processada) no sistema nervoso, ao contrário do que foi observado em linhagens tumorais. A relevância da razão de expressão entre as formas imatura e processada para a função da ADAM23 no sistema nervoso, como a sua relevância na progressão do fenótipo tumoral merecem mais investigação. Palavras-chave: ADAM23. Ectodomínio. Desintegrina. Metaloprotease. Proteínas Fc quiméricas. / Abstract: ADAM23 is a transmembrane protein, member of ADAM (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease) family, highly expressed in neuronal cells, whose biological role is not yet totally elucidated. It is known that ADAM23 is involved in the cellular adhesion process in neuroblastoma. ADAM23 interacts with integrins promoting cell adhesion. However, ADAM23 full-involvement in cellular adhesion mechanisms remains to be established. The present study aimed for the development of biological tools, particularly the production of expression vectors that code for chimeric proteins containing human ADAM23 ectodomain fused to a human IgG Fc region. Nucleotide fragments coding for the residues 60-792 (ADAM23C1) and 287-792 (ADAM23C2) were cloned in the vector pINFUSE-hIgG1-Fc2 while the sequence 1-792 (ADAM23C3) was inserted onto modified plasmid pcDNA3.1-hIgG1-Fc2. Three different cell lineages (N2A, HEK-293T and CHO-K1) were transfected with the expression plasmids and the chimeric proteins detected in both cell extracts and culture supernatants by monoclonal antibody DL11C8. N2A cell lineage presented the most efficient expression/secretion of the three chimeric proteins. CHO-K1 showed chimeric ADAM23C1 and ADAM23C2 secretion, although ADAM23C3 was not observed in supernatants. The full-length construction (C3) was always detected as a processed protein, indicating that endogenous ADAM23 signal peptide and processing signals were correctly translated by cellular host machinery. Several protocols were compared for purification of chimeric proteins from culture supernatant, being ammonium sulfate salting-out the most practical and convenient. Besides, it was established that mature ADAM23 (70 kDa) is the abundant form in the mouse brain and the processed protein is located at N2A cell surface. In addition it was showed, for the first time, that non-processed ADAM23 (100 kDa) has low expression in the central nervous system when compared with the processed 70 kDa form. Interestingly, tumoral cell lines (MDA-MB-435 and N2A) presented the opposite behavior. If the non-processed/mature ratio profile is specific for each cell line or has a role in the tumoral phenotype will be further investigated in future. Key words: ADAM23. Ectodomain. Disintegrin. Metalloprotease. Fc chimeric proteins.

Hur använder sig Paulus av dopet i sin argumentation och vad är dopets funktion i Romarbrevet 5:12-6:14? Jag delade in Romarbrevet 5:12-6:14 i mindre delar för att kunna göra mindre analyser av Paulus argumentation. Genom att fokusera på hur Paulus argumenterar, och ta fasta på nyckeltermer kunde jag se vad som var Paulus påståenden och hur han argumenterar för dessa. Genom argumentationsanalysen har jag kommit fram till följande: Att Paulus använder sig av dopet som ett redskap för att värja sig emot anklagelser, faktiska eller påhittade som en del av retoriken i argumentationen. Dessa anklagelser som han tänkte skulle kunna uppstå från Rom 5:20, att där synden växte flödade nåden. Han tänkte sig att det skulle kunna tolkas som att de kristna inte behövde leva moraliskt. Men det är inte vad han menade, han menade att Kristus är ett friköpande från synd, att det sker genom dopet. Dopet som Paulus här menar är ett dop in i Kristus död, och att de begravts tillsammans med Kristus i dopet. Det som Paulus verkar försvara sig emot, är att de tycks finnas de som tyckte att han predikade billig nåd. Men att dö i dopet var också i en viss mening att uppstå, inte att uppstå som Kristus, utan uppstå till ett förnyat liv. Att de kristna ska vandra i ett förnyat liv, menade Paulus var att leva på ett nytt sätt där synden inte härskade i deras liv, utan där nåden ska härska. Det är frågan om en moralisk aspekt, de ska inte fortsätta leva i synd, de har dött från den. Det förnyade livet som de ska vandra i, är ett liv som inte är präglat av synd. De kristna uppmanas av Paulus att låta Gud brukar deras lemmar för rättfärdigheten och inte låta synden härska över deras dödliga kropp.           Precis som synden kom in i världen genom en människas överträdelse, så friköper dopet från synden, detta genom att de döpta dör i dopet med hänseende på synden. Detta kan ske genom en människas rättfärdiga handling, på samma sätt som en människas handling ledde till synd och död. Det som Paulus använder dopet för i denna kontext, är att visa på den gemenskap den döpta får med Kristus. En gemenskap som delar hans död, en död som var bort från synden. Paulus använder sig bara av dopet i 6:3-4, som en del av hans argumentation i vad som skulle kunna ses som rättfärdiggörelse av tro genom dopet. Att det är genom dopet som det sker, visar sig ganska tydligt då Paulus använder sig av formulering ἐβαπτίσθημεν εἰς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν εἰς τὸν θάνατον αὐτοῦ ἐβαπτίσθημεν, att de som har blivit döpta in i Kristus Jesus, har blivit döpta in i hans död. Paulus argumenterar för att gemenskapen de får tillsammans med Kristus är genom dopet, dopet är funktionen som gör att de delar hans död och får ett förnyat liv, som ska präglas av moral. Men det är också en gemenskap i eskatologisk mening, att de ska uppstå från de döda. Dopet blir som en länk mellan synd och rättfärdighet, där Adam står för synden och Kristus för rättfärdigheten, genom en människas överträdelse kom synden som människan får dela, men genom en människans rättfärdiga handling, får människan ett frikännande och evigt liv genom dopet.

The diploma thesis deals with textual analysis, their methods and subsequent aplication of these mehods within the methods of newspapers´ editorials of journals Le Monde and Lidové noviny. The aim of the thesis is the analysis of editovals from the point of view of their structure and argumentation and specification and functioning of means used for argumentation. The thesis is divided into the part practical and theoretical. The first part deals with the general characteristics of newspaper´s editorial, as the type of communication and methods of textual analysis. The practical part is dedicated to its own analysis of editovals from the point of view of their structure and functioning of individual means of argumentation.

The thesis argues that two ways in which we can consider empathy’s role in ethics are fundamentally flawed because they fail to take into account the myriad ways in which empathy can be affected and influenced by our motivations. I apply what I call ‘the motivation objection’ to these two views. This has three aspects: (1) reliability: because empathy can be affected and influenced by our motivations, empathizing does not always lead to the right results; (2) function: because it can be affected and influenced by our motivations, empathy is not sufficient for various functions; (3) circularity: because it can be affected and influenced by our motivations, empathy cannot be used to define or explain certain aspects of morality in a non-circular way. The two ways of considering empathy’s role in ethics are what I call constitutive views, according to which empathy in some way constitutes, or is the foundation for, morality, and instrumental views, according to which empathy is of instrumental value in morality. I apply the motivation objection to three constitutive views, two historical and one contemporary, each of which is a sentimentalist theory of morality with empathy (or sympathy, in the case of the historical theories) at its heart. These are the sentimentalist moral theories of David Hume, Adam Smith and Michael Slote. I then apply the motivation objection to instrumental views of empathy’s role in ethics, before defending one particular instrumental view, according to which empathy can play a positive role in morality when integrated with virtue, and the virtue of compassion in particular.

This dissertation examines the aesthetics of Adam Smith. It argues that, despite appearances to the contrary, Smith not only articulated ideas on the subject and was engaged in the aesthetic debates of his time, but that he in many ways innovates on and challenges received opinion—he thus differs significantly from some of his better known contemporaries, including Edmund Burke and David Hume. For this reason, he is not merely a major thinker who happened to dabble in aesthetics; on the contrary, he considered the subject, which appears in nearly all his works, important, and often interrogates its issues in a more studied way. My project thus makes a case for Smith as a significant thinker in the history of aesthetics, one who merits renewed attention. This study does so by investigating the major aesthetic issues of the day, which Smith in fact discusses. It begins by examining Smith’s remarks on taste—the aesthetic issue of the century—which occur largely in Theory of Moral Sentiments. Though seemingly tangential, his discussion of taste is significant as it argues against the predominant eighteenth-century current that maintained the existence of a standard. He also challenges theorists such as Hume who made aesthetic experience classless and, especially via sympathy, disinterested. The study next investigates Smith’s aesthetic normativity and what are for him valid aesthetic judgments, which can be reconciled with his remarks problematizing taste. Here too, Smith appears to argue against the predominant impulse that sought to ground valid aesthetic experience in the immediate; in doing so, Smith demystifies and democratizes aesthetic experience. Finally, the dissertation investigates tragedy, by far the literary genre that most interested Smith, and which also drew attention from better known theorists. The paradox of tragedy—why readers and spectators are attracted to painful representations—was an aesthetic issue that vexed many thinkers of the century, and although Smith appears to ignore the issue, we have in his moral theory a solution to the paradox, one that is unique and more satisfying than those of his contemporaries. The project concludes by examining Smith’s relation to neoclassical dramatic theory. Though superficially appearing complacent in uncritically adopting neoclassical doctrine, Smith, even here, is being original.