Syfte – Startpunkten för den här studien var att identifiera effektiva och ineffektiva delar av en kodbas som kan leda till förbättringar av koden. Detta utfördes på förfrågan av ett företag. För att stödja begärandet utnyttjades en bok av författaren Adam Tornhill. Han diskuterar flera metoder (också kallade analysmetoder) som används för att lokalisera och analysera platser i kod där effektivitet och ineffektivitet föreligger. De använder alla diverse variabler för det här syftet. En webbapplikation utvecklades för att upptäcka den här varianten av kod med hjälp av dessa variabler. Det spekulerades att det kan saknas samband mellan variablerna som kan upptäckas. Detta skulle ge mer insikt i hur verksam och overksam kod kan urskiljas och evalueras, utöver den insikt Adam Tornhills metoder understöder. Det vetenskapliga syftet och bidraget var därför att särskilja potentiella korrelationer mellan analysmetoderna. En frågeställning härleddes från detta syfte: ● Finns det korrelation hos variabler bland befintliga analysmetoder och i sådant fall, vilka är det? Metod – För att svara på frågeställningen var en noggrannare granskning av variablerna nödvändig för att utvärdera vilka som hade potentiella relationer. Efter det hämtades kvantitativa data av de valda variablerna från 7 open source projekter. Data erhölls från git commit historik från 2 år tillbaka. Informationen presenteras i form av grafer som examinerades för mönster och kontext bland de analysmetoder som var i fokus. Statistiska formler (som Pearsons korrelationskoefficient) utnyttjades i syfte att beräkna exakt korrelation för variablerna. Signifikansnivå sattes på 0,001 och ett p-värde kalkylerades. För de projekt med p-värde mindre än signifikansnivå beräknades även ett median och medelvärde med  deras olika korrelationskoefficienten. Resultat – I slutet påträffades två stycken variabler som undersöktes genom grafer för samband. Utredningen visade ett tydligt mönster som indikerar att när fler personer arbetar på en fil kommer också antalet logiska kopplingar att öka för korresponderande fil. För de olika korrelationsvärden visade det sig att 6 av de 7 projekten hade ett p-värde mindre än den satta signifikansnivån 0,001 som innebär att 6 koefficienter är mycket statistiskt signifikanta. Det var bara för 5 av de 6 projekten med godkänd signifikans som positiv korrelation uppmättes. Medelvärdet för de 6 projekten med p-värde mindre än signifikansnivån var 0.41 och medianvärdet 0.63 vilket indikerar en positiv korrelation mellan antal författare och logiska kopplingar Implikationer – I projekt där många personer jobbar på en fil borde försiktighetsåtgärder erfordras med avseende till logiska kopplingar. Vissa förhindrande medel kanske kan etableras för att vägleda andra att minska, eller i alla fall inte onödigt ackumulera, logiska kopplingar när åtskilliga personer inträder på en fil. Begränsningar – Bara två analysmetoder och deras två variabler undersöktes för korrelation och det kan finnas fler variabler som kan ha korrelation. De 7 projekten som det utvanns data från var alla från open source och därför kanske inte resultatet stämmer för closed source projekt. / Purpose – The starting point of this study was to locate efficient and inefficient code in a codebase to improve upon it, as a request from a company. To help with their request a book was used by author Adam Tornhill who has made several methods (also called analysis methods) for this purpose. They all use different variables that locate problems in the code. A web application was developed to use these variables. It was speculated that relationships between the variables may be missing which could improve the analysis methods and in turn uncover efficient and inefficient code better. The main scientific purpose and contribution was therefore to discover associations between the specific variables presented by Adam Tornhill. A question derived from this purpose:   ● Are there correlations with variables among existing analysis methods and in that case, what are they? Method – To answer the question posed, a closer look on the variables was needed to see which ones had a potential connection. After that empirical data of the chosen variables was gathered in the form of quantitative data from 7 open source projects from two years back. This was done by fetching commits from git, called commit history, and presenting the data in a suitable way in form of graphs. In the end the graphs were reviewed to detect possible patterns and then statistical formulas (Pearson's correlation coefficient) were used to calculate the exact correlation between the variables. A significance level was set at 0,001 and then p-value calculated. Median and mean value of the correlation coefficients of projects with p-value less than the significance level were also calculated. Findings – Two variables were inspected in the end, number of authors and number of logical couplings for the same file, and were made into a new analysis method with a graph. Through the graph analysis the methods seem to vary together. The graph shows a clear pattern that as more people work a module the more logical couplings will increase. For 6 out of 7 of the projects analyzed, the p-value was less than the significance level set from the beginning, meaning 6 coefficients were highly statistically significant. It was only for five out of these 6 that a positive coefficient was calculated. For the 6 projects with p-value less than significance the mean correlation coefficient was 0.41 and median 0.63, which both indicate a positive correlation between number of authors and number of logical couplings. Implications – Projects that have several people working on a module should watch out for logical couplings on that same module. Perhaps preventative measures can be made to ensure that people watch out for these logical couplings as more people start working on a module. Limitations – Only two analysis methods and their variables were inspected for further determination of a correlation, and there could be more correlations that are missing. Furthermore, the 7 projects that were used as data were open source and therefore the result from this study may not be the same as for closed source projects.

This thesis deals with two theories of international trade: the theory of comparative advantage, which is connected to the name David Ricardo and is dominating current trade theory, and Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage. Both theories are compared and their assumptions are scrutinised. The former theory is rejected on theoretical and empirical grounds in favour of the latter. On the basis of the theory of absolute advantage, developments of free international trade are examined, whereby the focus is on trade between industrial and underdeveloped countries. The main conclusions are that trade patterns are determined by absolute production cost advantages and that the gap between developed and poor countries is not reduced but rather increased by free trade. / Die vorliegende Publikation vergleicht die zwei zentralen Theorien des internationalen Freihandels: die Theorie der absoluten Kostenvorteile und die Theorie der komparativen Kostenvorteile. Dieser Vergleich führt zu dem Schluss, dass die Theorie der komparativen Kostenvorteile im Gegensatz zu der Theorie der absoluten Kostenvorteile auf unrealistischen und problematischen Annahmen beruht. Im Anschluss werden auf Grundlage der Theorie der absoluten Kostenvorteile zentrale Tendenzen in der Entwicklung des internationalen Handels herausgearbeitet. Im Mittelpunkt steht hierbei die Auswirkung von Freihandel auf entwickelte und unterentwickelte Länder. Die zentralen Schlussfolgerungen dieser Arbeit sind erstens, dass die Richtung des internationalen Handels nicht durch komparative Kostenvorteile, sondern durch absolute Kostenvorteile bestimmt wird und zweitens, dass Freihandel zwar vorteilhaft für unterentwickelte Länder sein kann, aber dass durch Freihandel die Unterschiede zwischen Industrieländern und Entwicklungsländern nicht verkleinert, sondern vergrößert werden.

Universidad Complutense, Diss--Madrid, 2006.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Mannheim, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. xxiv-xliii).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Philosophy, Dec. 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 260-280) Also available on the Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:21:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3510.pdf: 4191245 bytes, checksum: 06d51dcbc27b48e71902ca9fa212b568 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Cancer metastasis is the major cause of death, consequently studies to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in this process are essential to the knowledge of this disease. Cell migration and invasion are part of the metastatic process; therefore, molecules that are able to prevent cell migration can be used as model to develop new anti-metastasis drugs. The aim of this project was to study the mechanisms involved on metastasis, then the disintegrin domain of a human ADAM9 (A Disintegin and Metalloprotease), ADAM9D, was cloned in the pGEX-4T-1 plasmid and was expressed in E. coli AD494(DE3) in a soluble and active form. Assays were performed using mama and prostate cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and DU- 145 respectively) with ADAM9D to verify its functions and the interactions with its ligands. ADAM9D was able to bind to different integrins, β1, αvβ5, αvβ3 and α2 in both cell lines, but only with α6 in DU-145 cells. ADAM9D inhibited cell adhesion to collagen type I in MDAMB- 231 cell, however it did not have the same effect in DU-145 cells. During the proliferation assay ADAM9D did not affect the proliferation in all cell lines tested (MDAMB- 231, DU-145 and human fibroblasts). ADAM9D decreased cell invasion and migration in the transwell and wound healing assays, MMP-2 and MMP-9 had lower expression. ADAM9D decreased cell invasion and migration (wound healing assay), although in the transwell migration assay, ADAM9D increased cell migration and MMP-2/-9 expression. Therefore, this project provides more information about the disintegrin domain of ADAM9 and its role in cell invasion and migration of prostate and mama cancer cells. / A metástase é a maior causa de morte no câncer, desta forma estudos que visam compreender os mecanismos nela envolvidos são importantes para o entendimento deste processo. A migração e invasão celular participam do processo metastático, portanto, estudos de moléculas que impeçam a migração podem fornecer as bases para o desenvolvimento de fármacos anti-metastáticos. Com o objetivo de estudar os mecanismos envolvidos na metástase, o domínio desintegrina de uma ADAM (A Desintegrin And Metalloprotease) humana, a ADAM9D foi clonada em vetor bacteriano pGEX-4T-1 e expresso em células E. coli AD494(DE3) de forma solúvel e ativa. Ensaios celulares nas linhagens de câncer de mama (MDA-MB-231) e próstata (DU-145) foram realizados utilizando a ADAM9D no intuito de verificar suas funções e interações com ligantes. A ADAM9D é capaz de interagir com as integrinas β1, αvβ5, αvβ3 e α2 nas duas linhagens celulares e com a subunidade α6 somente na linhagem DU-145. A ADAM9D inibiu a adesão ao colágeno tipo I na linhagem MDA-MB-231, entretanto, não teve a mesma capacidade na linhagem DU-145. No ensaio de proliferação celular a ADAM9D não apresentou atividade em nenhuma das linhagens celulares testadas (Fibroblastos humanos, MDA-MB-231 e DU-145). Nas células MDA-MB- 231 a ADAM9D inibiu a invasão e migração em ensaios transwell e de wound healing, além de inibir a expressão das metalopeptidases de matriz, MMP2 e MMP-9. A ADAM9D, nas células de câncer de próstata, inibiu a invasão e a migração em ensaio de wound healing. Entretanto, no ensaio de migração transwell a ADAM9D provocou um aumento da migração celular e um aumento na expressão das MMP-2 e MMP-9 no ensaio wound healing. Portanto, este estudo foi capaz de fornecer mais informações sobre as funções do domínio desintegrina, e sobre seu papel na migração e invasão de células tumorais de câncer de mama e de próstata.

A integração entre o citoesqueleto celular e a MEC mediada pelas integrinas gera a produção de força mecânica sobre a membrana plasmática. Isto permite às células gerar tração durante sua migração e tensão durante o remodelamento da MEC. Várias proteínas com diferentes funções já foram identificadas como ligantes das subunidades a e b das integrinas. O estudo de proteínas capazes de se ligar e interferir na sinalização via integrina, como as desintegrinas-like e cisteina-rich presentes nos venenos de serpente e proteínas conhecidas como ADAM (A Disintegrin And Metaloprotease), torna-se cada vez mais importante. Assim, o isolamento, a caracterização e a determinação da estrutura de várias desintegrinas oferecem valiosas ferramentas para o desenvolvimento de novos compostos terapêuticos para um vasto número de doenças, sendo excelentes candidatos-protótipo para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos que interfiram nas funções celulares moduladas por proteínas de adesão. Entretanto, as formas como a integrina e a ADAM interagem ainda não foram bem esclarecidas. Neste contexto, este trabalho visa analisar em escalar molecular a estrutura da integrina alpha6beta1 e do domínio desintegrina-like das ADAMs 2 e 9 humanas, e a forma como estas proteínas interagem, aplicando metodologias de biologia computacional estrutural como modelagem e dinâmica molecular. Com o objetivo de estudar a interação destas proteínas, modelos estruturais foram construídos por homologia a partir das estruturas 3D de proteínas obtidas por cristalografia de raio-X, e realizaram-se simulações de dinâmica molecular com solvente explícito para as proteínas isoladas e em complexo. Através do estudo estrutural e funcional pelo método in silico da integrina alpha6beta1 e ADAMs 2 e 9 humanas, as análises dos resultados das simulações e da flutuação dos resíduos de contato entre as duas proteínas durante a dinâmica molecular, foram desenhados e caracterizados novos candidatos peptídicos para inibição da integrina alpha6beta1. Nas simulações da movimentação angular do domínio bA/Hybrid, visando a possível ativação da integrina alpha6beta1 através da interação com o domínio desintegrina-like de ADAM9 e ligantes peptídicos, obtivemos resultados positivos para os peptídeos A9b e A9d. Este estudo aponta para o desenvolvimento de inibidores protéicos viáveis da integrina alpha6beta1 com base nestas estruturas. Nossos resultados ainda comprovam pelas metodologias in silico a eficácia dos modelos construídos, conseguindo reproduzir o comportamento das proteínas em estudo. / The production of mechanical force on plasma membrane is mediated by integrins, connecting ECM components and cell cytoskeleton. This allows cells to generate traction during migration and tension during ECM remodeling. Integrins are membrane-spaning adhesion receptors that mediate dynamic linkages between intracellular actin cytoskeleton and the extracelullar adhesive matrix, outside-in/inside-out signaling, migration and detachment. Several proteins with diferent functions have already been identified as integrin ligands, and some important candidates as disintegrin-like and cystein-rich domains present in the snake venon metalloproteinases and ADAM (A Disintegrin and Metaloprotease) become important as they interfere in cell signaling pathways mediated by these transmembrane receptors. Thus, the isolation, characterization and structure determination of disintegrin-like domains o_er valuable tools for the development of new therapeutic compounds for a wide range of diseases. These compounds may provide new treatments for diseases such as cancer and inflammation pathologies. However, the mechanisms of ADAM-Integrin interaction have not been well clarified, yet. In this perspective, this study aims to analyze the molecular structure of the alfa6beta1 integrin and the disintegrin-like domain of human ADAM2 and ADAM9. Computational biology methods such as homology modeling and molecular dynamics were used in order to study the dynamics of the interaction of these proteins. Using in silico experimentation, detailed models of human alfa6beta1 and human ADAM 2 and 9 were obtained. Based on these models, the molecular basis of alfa6beta1-ADAMdsld interactions was assessed, and the most important structural components in ligand recognition/discrimination were identified. Using the collected structural information, we designed different small peptide based inhibitors, based on the structure of the interaction loop of human ADAM 9 disintegrin-like domain. Here proposed A9a inhibitor was testedin vitro, showing satisfactory results in blocking cell adhesion on specific substrates by alfa6beta1- laminin affnity inhibition in nanomolar concentrations. Our results also show the effcacy of the constructed models, the power of computational biology tools in new drug-design technologies, and clearly suggest that here presented alfa6beta1 inhibitors are good candidates for further development of new therapeutic agents against inflammation pathologies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EricoPF_DISSERT.pdf: 1164113 bytes, checksum: 508a6460f8201a2a6bab800c025eb067 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work aims at analyzing how Adam Smith, one of the founders of the liberal regime was seen by Roberto Campos, one of the patriarchs of Brazilian liberalism. In this sense, it will be shown how and why the legacy of Scotland was used to legitimize the new pattern of accumulation necessary to capitalism from the second half of the twentieth century on. So, it is the intention to make explicit that the changes in Campos discursive form are consistent with the requirements of capitalism in crisis and were fundamental in the creation of another common sense. To achieve these goals it will be assessed in what way the liberal rhetoric of the Brazilian, harmonized with foreign authors with the same vision, has become an important weapon to transform Smith into a myth in contrast to the political and economic criteria advocated by the same, but valuable to what Roberto Campos intended / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar como Adam Smith, um dos fundadores do regime liberal, foi visto por Roberto Campos, um dos patriarcas do liberalismo brasileiro. Neste sentido, se mostrar? como e porque o legado do escoc?s foi utilizado para legitimar o novo padr?o de acumula??o necess?rio ao capitalismo a partir da segunda metade do s?culo XX. Assim, se procurar? explicitar que as altera??es na roupagem discursiva de Campos coadunam-se com as exig?ncias do capitalismo em crise e foram fundamentais para a cria??o de outro senso comum. Para alcan?ar tais metas se avaliar? como a ret?rica liberal do brasileiro, harmonizada com autores estrangeiros de mesma vis?o, tornou-se uma arma relevante ao transformar Smith em um mito alheio aos crit?rios pol?tico-econ?micos defendidos pelo mesmo; mas valioso ao que pretendia Roberto Campos

A presente tese trata da teoria da justiça de Adam Smith, especialmente das operações de linguagem realizadas por ela no conceito de justiça distributiva, contribuindo para o processo histórico de deslizamento deste conceito, a resultar na inexigibilidade jurídica dos temas distributivos e sua confusão com o conceito de caridade. Para isso, valemo-nos da metodologia proposta por Quentin Skinner e J.G.A. Pocock, de acordo com a qual é necessária a contextualização do texto, para se identificarem as linguagens da teoria política com as quais o autor teve que dialogar. Assim, a tese é divida em duas partes. Na primeira, buscando se tal contextualização, foram estudados autores que antecederam ou conviveram com Adam Smith, para se identificarem os problemas filosóficos por ele enfrentados e a maneira como buscaram resolvê-los. No primeiro capítulo foram vistas as instituições tradicionais escocesas, especialmente a jurisprudênciade Lord Stair (1619-1695). No seguinte, examinou-se o movimento de transição dos filósofos escoceses, buscando reformular tais instituições, a fim de adaptá-las à sociedade comercial inglesa, tendo em vista o Ato de União de 1707. Assim, trata-se da teoria da justiça de Gershom Carmichael (1672-1729), Francis Hutcheson (1694-1746) e Lord Kames (1696-1782). Desta primeira parte, notou-se que, na transição filosófica moral escocesa, foi dedicada especial atenção à concepção de virtude. Na segunda parte, no terceiro capítulo se fez uma contextualização histórica e notou-se que o conceito de virtude desempenhou um papel fundamental nos debates políticos ingleses dos séculos. XVII e XVIII. No quarto, tratou-se do papel da imaginação na teoria do conhecimento de Smith, falando-se sobre a imaginação simpatética (da filosofia moral), mas especialmente da imaginação teorética (das ciências naturais). Constatando-se a pretensão de Smith em aplicar o método da ciência especulativa a todas as áreas do conhecimento, conclui-se por sua necessidade de naturalizar as instituições sociais, a fim de que houvesse um objeto a ser espelhado (speculum) pelas ciências especulativas. Assim, no quinto, se viu como Smith procurou naturalizar a instituição social da linguagem. No sexto, como, através de sua história conjectural, buscou naturalizar a própria sociedade. No sétimo, como, apropriando-se de diversas tradições filosóficas, e operando deslizes em seus conceitos de virtude, Smith naturaliza sua concepção geral de virtude, decorrente da naturalização de suas quatro virtudes particulares (prudência, benevolência, justiça e autodomínio), fazendo com que ela não mais dependa de uma perspectiva de racionalidade prática. No oitavo, como a virtude particular da justiça foi restrita ao campo da justiça comutativa, que seria a única exigível, e como a justiça distributiva se tornou objeto da benevolência (caridade). No nono, como os temas distributivos foram relegados à política econômica. Ao final, concluiu-se que, com a naturalização da virtude e a restrição da exigibilidade da justiça ao campo comutativo, a possibilidade de distribuição deixou de ser matéria deontológica e passou a depender ontologicamente da eficiência produtiva, deixando a lógica distributiva a se referir a um critério racional deontológico de igualdade, passando sua causa a se submeter à lógica econômica de eficiência, e a maneira da distribuição, ao sentimentalismo moral da caridade. / The present thesis concerns Adam Smiths theory of justice, in particular the operations of language realized by it in the concept of distributive justice, contributing to the historical process of erosion of this concept and resulting in the judicial uncoerciveness of the distributive themes and their confusion with the concept of charity. For that, we make use of the methodology proposed by Quentin Skinner and J. G. A. Pocock, according to which the text must be contenxtualized, in order that the political theory language with which the author had to hold a dialogue with can be identified. In that manner, the thesis is split into two parts. In the first, aiming for such a contextualization, we study the authors that either preceded Adam Smith or were his contemporaries, so that the philosophical problems by him faced and the manners in which resolutions were attempted can be identified. In the first chapter the traditional Scottish institutions are seen, in particular the jurisprudence of Lord Stair (1619 -1695). In the following, we examined the movement of transition of the Scottish philosophers, which aimed to reformulate such institutions with the goal of adapting them to the commercial English society, in the light of the Union Act of 1707. Thus, the treatment is of the theories of justice of Gershom Carmichael (1672 -1729), Francis Hutcheson (1694 -1746) and Lord Kames (1696 -1782). From this first part, it was noted that in the transition of the Scottish moral philosophy special attention was given to the concept of virtue. In the second part, in the third chapter, after performing a historical contextualization, it is noted that the concept of virtue played a fundamental role in the English political debates of the XVII e XVIII centuries. In the fourth, the role of imagination in Smith\'s theory of knowledge is treated, discussing sympathetic imagination (of moral philosophy), but particularly the theoretical imagination (of the natural sciences). Having established Smith\'s intention in applying the speculative science method to all areas of knowledge, his necessity in naturalizing the social institutions in ascertained, in order that there is an object to be mirrored by (speculum) the speculative sciences. Hence, in the fifth, it is seen how Smith aimed to naturalize the social institution of language. In the sixth, how, through his conjectural history, he aimed to naturalize society itself. In the seventh, appropriating himself of various philosophical traditions and operating shifts in his concepts of virtue, Smith naturalizes his general conception of virtue, itself derived from the naturalization of his four particular virtues (prudence, benevolence, justice and self-command), so that it no longer depends on a practical rationality perspective. In the eighth, it is seen how the particular virtue of justice was restricted to the field of commutative justice, which would be the only claimable one, one, and how distributive justice became the object of benevolence (charity). In the ninth, we see how distributives themes were relegated to economic policy. Finally, it is concluded that with the naturalization of virtue and the restriction of the liability of justice to the commutative field, the possibility of distribution ceased to be a deontological matter and became ontologically dependent on productivec efficiency, leaving distributional logic to refer to a criterium of deontological equality, its cause submitted to economic\'s logic of efficiency, and the manner of distribution, to the moral moral sentimentalism of charity.

The submitted diploma thesis focuses on the role of Russian federation within the post- communist area. The issue will be surveyed on the basis of Adam Watson's typology. Adam Watson is one of the representatives of the English school. The thesis describes the development of the Russian foreign policy, with regard to post-soviet area, from the disintegration of the Soviet Union to the present. The attention is paid to the idea of the eurasianism, or new eurasianism, which has become the most popular in the Russian foreign policy. The other part of the thesis presents the detailed analysis of the development of the Russian federation's relations with the other states and its degree of influence on the states within the post-soviet area. It examines both the degree of influence of the Russian federation's states and the degree of influence which Russia has within the integration groups, which came into being after the Soviet Union disintegration.